DOCSLIB.ORG

Sugarcane Cultivation in the Islands of Kagoshima Byoung-Jae PARK

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Sugarcane Cultivation in the Islands of Kagoshima Byoung-Jae PARK KAWAI, K., TERADA, R. and KUWAHARA, S. (eds): The Islands of Kagoshima Kagoshima University Research Center for the Pacific Islands, 15 March 2013 Chapter 16 Sugarcane Cultivation in the Islands of Kagoshima Byoung-jae PARK 1. Introduction er by the sugar manufacturing industry. Addition- agoshima Prefecture consists of about 600 ally, compared to other crops, sugarcanes are more Kor more islands, including the mainland resilient to typhoons, which cause the most serious (the Satsuma and Osumi districts), Tanegashima, damage to agricultural products in the southwest Yakushima, Amami Islands, covering over approx- islands. imately 600 km in the north-south direction. Vari- Annually, 647,700 t of sugarcane is produced ous climate types exist in these islands, because in the Kagoshima Prefecture, which accounts for vast land areas are distributed in both from the 44.1 % of the annual sugarcane production in Ja- tropical and subtropical zones. Additionally, the pan. Moreover, the agricultural output for sugarcane prefecture has the rich natural surroundings of the in Kagoshima Prefecture in 2010 was about JPY world natural heritage in Yakushima Is., food va- ¥14,300 million and was ranked third after rice and rieties such as Kurobuta (black pigs) and Shochu sweet potato (Table 1). Sugarcane is cultivated in (distilled spirits), and a unique history and culture. about 10,500 ha, with about 80 % of the farmers Kagoshima has the 3rd largest agricultural out- being employed in the sugar industry. In the Ka- put in Japan, and it was one of the leading agricul- goshima Prefecture, 2,384 farmhouses (61.3 %) are tural prefectures in Japan in 2011. The main agri- present in the Tanegashima Is. and 6,682 (81.7 %) cultural products of Kagoshima are livestock and in the Amami Islands (Table 2). Further, the sug- the prefecture is the major producer of beef cattle, ar industry is a major contributor to the regional pork, and chicken in Japan, addition to sweet po- economy of the islands. tato, sugarcane, podded pea, green tea, and broad bean. In particular, the southwest islands, such as the Tanegashima, Yakushima, and Amami Is- Table 1. The number of sugarcane farmhouses in the Kagoshima lands, represent about 27 % of the total area of the Prefecture (2011) Ratio of Cultivated Kagoshima Prefecture, and they mainly employ Number of sugarcane acreage per Number of a sugarcane farmhouse １farmhouse multi-managements schemes, where cultivation farmhouse farmhouse (%) (are) of the main crop, sugarcane, is mixed with that Tanegashima Is. 3,891 2,384 61.3 117.8 of horticultural crops, such as vegetables, flow- Amami Islands 8,174 6,682 81.7 112.5 ers, and fruits, as well as beef cattle management Total 12,065 9,066 75.1 113.9 (KPAD 2012). Source: 2010 Census of Agriculture and Forestry by MAFF 2. Characteristic of sugarcane in Kagoshima Table 2. Agricultural output of the main crops in the s the crops supporting agriculture and the Kagoshima Prefecture (2010) economy of the islands, sugarcane is the ba- Agricultural Ratio of Ranking A output Production domestic in the sic crop in the southwest island area. This is be- (JPY ¥ million) (ton) (%) domestic cause the sugarcane has a high production output, Rice 20,200 117,600 1.4 28 high utilization characteristic to livestock by top Sweet potato 17,100 347,500 40.2 1 silage, dead leaves, and bagasse. Furthermore, be- Sugarcane 14,300 647,700 44.1 2 cause added value of the sugarcane becomes high- Source: Statistical yearbook of MAFF (2011). 95 Kagoshima University Research Center for the Pacific Islands Although sugarcanes are used for manufactur- N177, Ni22, and Ni23. In 2011, NiF8 was cultivated ing brown sugar, they are mostly used to obtain in the highest area at 52 %, followed by Ni17, Ni22, centrifugal sugar; hence, factories manufacturing Ni23, N177, and other cultivars (Fig. 1). However, centrifugal sugar in Kagoshima Prefecture are NiF8 covers 84 % of the area in Tanegashima Is., present in Tanegashima Is. of the Kumage County, 2 % in Amami-Oshima Is., 62 % in Kikaijima Is., and in Amami-Oshima Is., Kikaijima Is., Toku- 43 % in Tokunoshima Is., 41 % in Okinoerabuji- noshima Is., Okinoerabujima Is., and Yoronjima ma Is., and 13 % in Yoronjima Is. Thus NiF8 is the Is. of the Amami Islands. main cultivar in Tanegashima Is., Kikaijima Is., and During the Satsuma Domain, toward the end Tokunoshima Is. Further, Ni22 is the main cultivar in of the 1600s, sugarcane was introduced into the Amami-Oshima Is. (37 %) and Okinoerabujima Is. Amami Islands from Ryukyu, and the sugar indus- (44 %), and Ni23 is the main cultivar in Yoronjima Is. try was subsequently established. The sugar manu- (69 %). In general, cultivars are selected based on facturing technology then spread to other areas un- their resistance to environmental factors, such as der the Satsuma Domain, such as Tanegashima Is. typhoon or drought, cultivation skill or type, and in the 1800s, and sugarcane became the crop that production base or sugar manufacturing system supported the finances of the Satsuma Domain. (KOMAKI 2011). Further, it is considered that the Satsuma Domain has played an active role in the Meiji Restoration 4. Sugarcane production and cultivation by sugarcane production. Brown sugar production trend in Kagoshima was prosperous until the 1960s, after which cen- n 2010, the production output of sugarcane trifugal sugar production increased and is currently Iaccounted for JPY ¥4,300 million (23 %) in the dominant sugar manufacturing process in the Tanegashima Is., and ¥9,400 million (32 %) in the country (HUMOTO 2011). Amami Islands. In both islands region, the produc- tion output of sugarcane was ranked the first place 3. Sugarcane cultivars in the island of Ka- in all crops. Therefore, sugarcane plays a major goshima he sugarcane variety, POJ2725, became popu- lar in 1929 in the Kagoshima Prefecture and T etc. currently occupies more than 90 % of the planted 5% area in the Amami Islands, after the Yomitanyama Ni23 NiF8 variety, which was introduced from Okinawa in 13% 52% 1892 (YASUNIWA 2010). The NCo310 variety was a recommended cultivar of the southwest islands and was grown about 30 years, from 1959 to early Ni22 1960. In 1990, the NiF8 cultivar was prominently 21% used to recommended cultivar in the Kagoshima Prefecture, and it has remained so until now, be- cause this cultivar is early high sugar variety, and resistant to smut and other diseases. Thus, improve- ments in the productivity and quality of sugarcane Ni17 in the islands were achieved by popularization of 7% F177 the NiF8 cultivar (WAKAMATSU and HURUE 2010, 2% YASUNIWA 2010). Furthermore, the use of mulching Fig. 1. Proportions of cultivated areas for the in Tanegashima Is. led to stable ratoon sprouting different sugarcane cultivars in the Kagoshi- and high yields, after which the cultivated area was ma Prefecture (2011). Source: Based on the reference of the Sugarcane examination & expanded to 90 % within a 15 year period (1994- research committee in the Kagoshima Pre- 2010). Other recommended cultivars include Ni17, fecture. 96 The Islands of Kagoshima economical role in southwest islands of the Ka- infrastructure development, namely, irrigation fa- goshima Prefecture. cilities and windbreak forests or influence of the About 648,000 t of sugarcane was produced in growing environment, ratooning cultivation forms the Kagoshima Prefecture in 2010 (450,000 t in the 50-70 % of the cultivation type in all the islands Amami Islands and 198,000 t in Tanegashima Is.), and has been increasing over the past 10 years. In which was about 80 % of the total annual produc- addition, the trend of summer cultivation is de- tion by the Okinawa Prefecture (820,000 t) (Table creasing. 3). The annual sugarcane production in 1985 was The labor expense represents 49.9 % (2011) of about 900,000 t from 12,595 ha. However, the pro- the sugarcane production costs. Further, labor time duction decreased to about 530,000 tons in 2005 from 8,800 ha, because of aging farmers (Fig. 2). Therefore, the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry Table 3. Sugarcane production in each island in and Fisheries and Kagoshima Prefecture launched the Kagoshima Prefecture (2010, 2011) the “Increasing Production of the Sugarcane Proj- (10,000 t) ect,” and as a result, has been recovered production Production Production (2010) (2011) and cultivation area in the islands. The order of Tanegashima Is. 19.8 (31%) 17.1 (37%) cultivation areas are as follows: Tokunoshima Is. > Tanegashima Is. > Okinoerabujima Is. > Kikaijima Amami-Oshima Is. 3.3 (5%) 1.8 (4%) Is. > Amami-Oshima Is. > Yoronjima Is (Figs 3-4). Kikaijima Is. 8.8 (14%) 5.8 (3%) In regard to the cultivation type in Kagoshima Tokunoshima Is. 22.0 (34%) 14.3 (31%) Prefecture, ratooning cultivation accounted for 46 %, Okinoerabujima Is. 8.0 (12%) 5.0 (11%) the spring cultivation (planting in February-March) Yoronjima is. 2.9 (4%) 1.8 (4%) accounted for 23 %, and the summer cultivation Total 64.8 (100%) 45.9 (100%) (planting in August-September) accounted for 13 % ( ): Ratio of production (Fig. 5). Although the percentage of the cultivation Source: Based on the reference of the Sugarcane type in the various islands differs depending on the examination & research committee in the Kagoshima Prefecture 10,000 1,000 ha Production Area tons 14 100 12 80 10 60 8 6 40 4 20 2 0 0 '65 '70 '75 '80 '85 '90 '95 '00 '05 '08 '09 '10 '11 Fig. 2. Change in sugarcane production and cultivated area in the Kagoshima Prefecture (1965-2011). Source; Sugarcane and sugar production results by Kagoshima Prefectural Agriculture Department (1965-2011). 97 Kagoshima University Research Center for the Pacific Islands is the highest during harvest; hence, harvester ma- 5.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Genetic Lineage of the Amami Islanders Inferred from Classical Genetic Markers
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.04.18.440379; this version posted April 19, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Genetic lineage of the Amami islanders inferred from classical genetic markers Yuri Nishikawa and Takafumi Ishida Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Correspondence: Yuri Nishikawa, Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan. E-mail address: [email protected] 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.04.18.440379; this version posted April 19, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Abstract The peopling of mainland Japan and Okinawa has been gradually unveiled in the recent years, but previous anthropological studies dealing people in the Amami islands, located between mainland Japan and Okinawa, were less informative because of the lack of genetic data. In this study, we collected DNAs from 104 subjects in two of the Amami islands, Amami-Oshima island and Kikai island, and analyzed the D-loop region of mtDNA, four Y-STRs and four autosomal nonsynonymous SNPs to clarify the genetic structure of the Amami islanders comparing with peoples in Okinawa, mainland Japan and other regions in East Asia.
    [Show full text]
  • Nansei Islands Biological Diversity Evaluation Project Report 1 Chapter 1
    Introduction WWF Japan’s involvement with the Nansei Islands can be traced back to a request in 1982 by Prince Phillip, Duke of Edinburgh. The “World Conservation Strategy”, which was drafted at the time through a collaborative effort by the WWF’s network, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), posed the notion that the problems affecting environments were problems that had global implications. Furthermore, the findings presented offered information on precious environments extant throughout the globe and where they were distributed, thereby providing an impetus for people to think about issues relevant to humankind’s harmonious existence with the rest of nature. One of the precious natural environments for Japan given in the “World Conservation Strategy” was the Nansei Islands. The Duke of Edinburgh, who was the President of the WWF at the time (now President Emeritus), naturally sought to promote acts of conservation by those who could see them through most effectively, i.e. pertinent conservation parties in the area, a mandate which naturally fell on the shoulders of WWF Japan with regard to nature conservation activities concerning the Nansei Islands. This marked the beginning of the Nansei Islands initiative of WWF Japan, and ever since, WWF Japan has not only consistently performed globally-relevant environmental studies of particular areas within the Nansei Islands during the 1980’s and 1990’s, but has put pressure on the national and local governments to use the findings of those studies in public policy. Unfortunately, like many other places throughout the world, the deterioration of the natural environments in the Nansei Islands has yet to stop.
    [Show full text]
  • Mapping Small Islands Communicative Ecologies: a Case Study from the Amami Islands
    South Pacific Studies Vol.39, No.1, 2018 Mapping Small Islands Communicative Ecologies: a Case Study from the Amami Islands Papoutsaki Evangelia 1* and Kuwahara Sueo2 1: School of Arts and Science, University of Central Asia, Naryn Campus, 310 Lenin St. Naryn, 722918, Kyrgyz Republic 2: Center for General Education, Kagoshima University *Corresponding author E-mail: [email protected] Abstract This paper provides a conceptual framework for an islands’ communication ecology (CE) approach and an overview of the key findings of exploratory ethnographic research that aimed at mapping the CE of the Amami islands. The communicative ecology approach refers to the various forms, resources, activities, channels and flows of communication and information unique to an island or group of islands, to the island context and identity and a milieu of island agents. This research contributes towards an in-depth understanding of these Islands’ communicative environment; identifies key island mediated communicative networks and practices; explores the role of media in localized information flows unique to the islands; and attempts to explore how small island experiences can help contextualize the theoretical approach of communicative ecology. Key words: Amami Island, Island Media, Island Radio, Islands Communicative Ecology, Mapping Islands Information Ecosystems ―――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――― Received: 01 September, 2018 Accepted: 30 November, 2018 26 South Pacific Studies Vol.39, No.1, 2018 Introduction This article draws upon a research project aimed at exploring the Amami Islands’ communicative environment by identifying key communicative networks and practices that contribute to sustaining the Amami Islands’ sociocultural cohesion and investigating the role that key mediated forms of communication, particularly community based, play in localized information flows unique to these islands.
    [Show full text]
  • The Chrysomelidae of Japan and the Ryukyu Islands. IV
    九州大学学術情報リポジトリ Kyushu University Institutional Repository The Chrysomelidae of Japan and the Ryukyu Islands. IV Kimoto, Shinsaku Hikosan biological laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Kyushu University https://doi.org/10.5109/22722 出版情報：九州大学大学院農学研究院紀要. 13 (2), pp.235-262, 1964-10. 九州大学農学部 バージョン： 権利関係： Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Vol. 13, No. 2 October 30, 1964 The Chrysomelidae of Japan and the Ryukyu Islands. WY”) Shinsaku K IMOTO 3, Subfamily EUMOLPINAE Key to Japanese genera of Ezmzolpinae 1i. Anterior margin of prothoracic episterna convex, more especially near antero- internal angle, the latter generally reflexed ............................................. 2 k-rterior margin of prothoracic episterna straight or concave, antero-internal angle not reflexed ................................................................................. 7 2. Elytra not rugose on each side .................................................................. 3 Elytra more or less transversely rugose on each side behind humeri ......... ........................................................................................................ Abirus 3. Dorsal surface of body glabrous .................................................................. 4 Dorsal surface of body clothed with hairs or scales .................. Acrotlzimhz 1. Intermediate and posterior tibiae not emarginate on outer side near apex ............................................................................................................... 5 Intermediate
    [Show full text]
  • Intertidal Molluscan Fauna in Mageshima Island
    INTERTIDAL MOLLUSCAN FAUNA IN MAGESHIMA ISLAND 著者 "YAMAMOTO Tomoko, ISHIDA So" journal or 南太平洋海域調査研究報告=Occasional papers publication title volume 38 page range 93-95 URL http://hdl.handle.net/10232/9808 南太平洋海域調査研究報告 No．３８（ ２００３年２月） OCCASIONALINTERTIDAL PAPERS No． MOLLUSCAN３８（February2003） FAUNA IN MAGESHIMA ISLAND ９３ INTERTIDAL MOLLUSCAN FAUNA IN MAGESHIMA ISLAND Tomoko YAMAMOTO and So ISHIDA Molluscan fauna of intertidal rocky shores were investigated at Mageshima Island, which is located 12 km west of Tanegashima Island, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan. Eighty-four species belonging to 31 families were sampled and they included many subtropical species. Some characteristics of this fauna showed that intertidal rocky shores of Mageshima Island were environmentally comparable to cobble shores. Keywords: Fauna, Intertidal, Mollusca Introduction Mageshima Island is located 12 km west of Tanegashima Island and has a 12 km coastline and is 8.5 in surface-area. It is a flat island with a maximum elevation of 71 m. Historically, this island had no residents and was used as a base for fishing or as a farm except from 1951 to 1980, when more than 500 people reclaimed the island and resided to cultivate sugarcane. The coast of the island is known for a good abalone fishery. Therefore, we can expect that this island has a preferable environment for coastal organisms because of very low human impact on intertidal shores and having subtidal shores which can persevere rich abalone resources. There have been some studies dealing with terrestrial flora and fauna of Mageshima Island (SASAKI et al., 1960; NAKAMINE, 1976). One subspecies of sika deer, , was described from this island (KURODA & OKADA, 1950).
    [Show full text]
  • A Historical Look at Technology and Society in Japan (1500-1900)
    A Historical Look at Technology and Society in Japan (1500-1900) An essay based on a talk given by Dr. Eiichi Maruyama at the PART 1 Japan-Sweden Science Club (JSSC) annual meeting, Tokyo, 31 Gunpowder and Biotechnology October 1997. - Ukiyo-e and Microlithography Dr. Maruyama studied science history, scientific philosophy, and phys- In many parts of the world, and Japan was no exception, the 16th ics at the University of Tokyo. After graduating in 1959, he joined Century was a time of conflict and violence. In Japan, a number of Hitachi Ltd., and became director of the company’s advanced re- feudal lords were embroiled in fierce battles for survival. The battles search laboratory in 1985. He was director of the Angstrom Tech- produced three victors who attempted, one after another, to unify nology Partnership, and is currently a professor at the National Japan. The last of these was Ieyasu Tokugawa, who founded a “per- Graduate Institute for Policy Studies. manent” government which lasted for two and a half centuries before it was overthrown and replaced by the Meiji Government in Introduction 1868. Japanese industry today produces many technically advanced prod- ucts of high quality. There may be a tendency to think that Japan One particularly well documented battle was the Battle of Nagashino has only recently set foot on the technological stage, but there are in 1575. This was a showdown between the organized gunmen of numerous records of highly innovative ideas as far back as the 16th the Oda-Tokugawa Allies (two of the three unifiers) and the in- century that have helped to lay the foundations for the technologi- trepid cavalry of Takeda, who was the most formidable barrier to cal prowess of modern day Japan.
    [Show full text]
  • The Wakasa.Pdf
    The Wakasa tale: an episode occurred when guns were introduced in Japan F. A. B. Coutinho Faculdade de Medicina da USP Av. Dr. Arnaldo 455 São Paulo - SP 01246-903 Brazil e-mail: coutinho @dim.fm.usp.br Introduction : Very often the collector of Japanese swords becomes interested in both Japanese armor and Japanese matchlocks ( teppo or tanegashima ). Not surprisingly, however, the books that deal with swords generally deal very superficially with teppo: the little information provided on the history of teppo may not answer all the questions which may arise. In fact, most books mention only that the teppo were introduced in Japan by the Portuguese in 1543. Sometimes it is mentioned that this happened in Tanegashima , a small island in the south of Japan. Occasionally, some authors add a little more to the story; for example, I. Bottomley and A.P. Hobson ( Bottomley (1996) page 124) write that “the Lord of Tanegashima bought two teppo… for an exorbitant sum”. He asked his swordsmith to copy the guns. There were some technical problems which the swordsmith finally resolved “by exchanging his daughter for lessons with another Portuguese who arrived a short time after.” Also according to Hawley ( Hawley (1977 ) page 94), the governor of the Island tried to buy a gun: “…making all sorts of offers which the trader continued to refuse. Finally the governor, perhaps to soften him up, put on a big going-away feast complete with music, drinks and geisha . At this feast the trader got a glimpse of the governor´s daughter who was an outstanding beauty.
    [Show full text]
  • A Guide for the Study of Kinship and Social Organization in the Amami Islands Sumie NAKATANI
    KAWAI, K., TERADA, R. and KUWAHARA, S. (eds): The Islands of Kagoshima Kagoshima University Research Center for the Pacific Islands, 15 March 2013 Chapter 9 A Guide for the Study of Kinship and Social Organization in the Amami Islands Sumie NAKATANI 1. Pioneering studies in the 1950s the Tohoku region of northern Japan, where dou- n the 1950s when the Amami Islands were re- zoku, a patrilineal family-kin network was domi- Iturned to Japan, a joint survey was conducted by nant. OYAMA’s study in Yoronjima Is. was finally the members of nine Japanese academic associa- published in the book “Nanseisyoto no Kazoku no tions (Kyu Gakkai Rengo). From 1955 to 1958, a Kenkyu (A Study of Family Systems in the Nansei total of 100 researchers participated in the survey Islands )” (OYAMA 1960). of five of the Amami Islands. Researchers in the In the 1950s, Japanese ethnologists were eager fields of ethnology and sociology were interested to identify the original form or roots of Japanese in kinship relations, locally called hara, haroji, culture. Rural communities of Amami were stud- and hiki, because they seemed to play central roles ied in comparison with those of mainland Japan. in the lives of the people of the Amami Islands. GAMOU, who did his fieldwork in Kikaijima Is. and Several papers based on the survey were focused on the kinship system called haroji, point- published in the journal “Jinrui Kagaku (Human ed out three characteristics of haroji. Science)” and in a book titled “Amami Shizen to 1: The membership of haroji could be traced Bunka (Amami: Nature and Culture)” (OYAMA bilaterally.
    [Show full text]
  • A Study on Wind Erosion Landforms in Humid Temperate Climate Focused on the Forming Processes of the Blowouts and Dunes on the Coastal Cliff Tops
    1 A Study on Wind Erosion Landforms in Humid Temperate Climate Focused on the Forming Processes of the Blowouts and Dunes on the Coastal Cliff Tops in Northern and Eastern Japan Kikuko TANINO Supervisor Professor Makiko WATANABE Graduate School of Urban Environmental Sciences Tokyo Metropolitan University March, 2018 2 Summary The effect of moisture on threshold friction speed of particle transportation is a basic interest for scientists, even though the wind erosion studies have been majored in arid and semi-arid zones or coastal dune fields. This study is expected to provide some clues for the earliest developing stage of wind erosion landforms in terms of targeting studies in humid climate area, because some of large aeolian landforms in arid and semi-arid zones were originated from fluvial processes under a past humid climate. Moreover, the limited conditions for wind erosion due to mild and humid climate zones often lead our attention to the areas eroded on a large scale with unique characteristics of natural environments and to collecting information on histories of climate change. The objective of this study is to elucidate the geomorphological features and forming processes of wind erosion ‘blowouts’ under a humid temperate climate, and physicochemical properties of reworked deposits ‘dunes’. For this purpose, field studies supported by aerial photo interpretations at Esashi, Shiriyazaki, Isozaki-Ajigaura, and Kashima areas in northern and eastern Japan and physical, chemical and mineralogical analyses: pH(NaF), grain size distributions, total carbon content and humic properties (MI, PI, ΔlogK), color values (CIE-L*a*b*) and mineral composition of the dune materials were carried out.
    [Show full text]
  • Master Plan of the Amami Island Group Sustainable Tourism
    Master Plan of the Amami Island Group Sustainable Tourism 1. Beginning 1.1 Background “The Master Plan for sustainable tourism in the Amami Island Group (hereinafter called “The Master Plan”) is a policy to actively promote “the sustainable utilization of tourism” in the Amami Island Group. Promoting local sustainable tourism associated with the preservation of the natural environment in a planned and consistent manner, utilizing local resources. The aim is the preservation and succession of environmental culture1, and the promotion of the local economy and society. (1) Why promote sustainable tourism? Sustainable tourism seeks the sustainability of society, economy and environment, and is a new style of tourism expecting to replace mass-tourism.2 Mass-tourism is a phenomenon in which tourism used to be limited to the rich, but has spread more widely to other economic classes3, and has recently been referred to as the “mass tourism phenomenon”4. Mass-tourism, which brings a large number of people has been giving great impact to tourism sites and their surroundings. This has caused the destruction of the natural environment, local communities and their traditions, and also troubles of inappropriate tourist facilities, in which the lack of manners and ignorance of the tourist was highlighted. In reflection of these problems, new modes of thought “Alternative tourism” and “Appropriate tourism” were generated in the 1980s, instead of mass-tourism. Based on the principle of “sustainable utilization of local resources" and “coexistence with nature”, new local community development in the Amami Island Group aims toward the realization of a sustainably fulfilled local community.
    [Show full text]
  • R-Epenthesis and Ryukyuan
    言語研究（Gengo Kenkyu）155: 101–130（2019） doi: 10.11435/gengo.155.0_101 r-Epenthesis and Ryukyuan Brent de Chene Waseda University (Emeritus) Abstract: Focusing on the Shuri dialect of Okinawan, this paper poses the question of whether Ryukyuan languages display evidence that speakers have adopted the analysis of verbal suffix alternations proposed for Japanese by de Chene (2016) (“Analysis A”), according to which consonant-stem allomorphs are the underlying representations of alternating suffixes and regular vowel-stem allomorphs are derived by intervocalic epenthesis of r at verb stem boundary. It is found that there is abundant evidence for the adoption of Analysis A in the his- tory of pre-Shuri and that the contemporary language illustrates the logical end- point of the changes that analysis entails, namely the total assimilation of vowel- stem inflection to the inflectional pattern of r-stems. Alternative interpretations of the innovative forms taken as confirmation of Analysis A are considered and rejected, notably interpretations that appeal to proportional analogy based on r-stem forms. When we broaden the focus to Ryukyuan as a whole, we find that all Ryukyuan languages other than Miyako display clear evidence for the adop- tion of Analysis A, confirming its naturalness for the alternations in question.* Key words: Ryukyuan, Shuri, verb inflection, vowel-stem, r-Epenthesis 1. Introduction de Chene (2016) investigates the alternations of Japanese verbal suffixes whose shape depends on the consonant/vowel (C/V) polarity of the stem-final segment, such as Conclusive -u ~ -ru and Causative -ase- ~ -sase-. While at least four analy- ses of these alternations have been proposed in the literature, de Chene notes that each makes different claims about which forms are regular and which are irregular and thus generates distinct predictions about what changes should be observed if irregular forms are eliminated in favor of regularized substitutes.
    [Show full text]
  • Ryukyu Islands, Japan)
    14 4 ANNOTATED LIST OF SPECIES Check List 14 (4): 681–692 https://doi.org/10.15560/14.4.681 Elateridae (Insecta, Coleoptera) from Tanegashima Island (Ryukyu Islands, Japan) Kôichi Arimoto1, Reo Itô2 1 JT Biohistory Research Hall, Takatsuki City, Osaka, 569–1125 Japan. 2 Oita City, Oita, Japan. Corresponding author: Kôichi Arimoto, [email protected] Abstract There are few records of beetles of the family Elateridae from Tanegashima Island, in the Ôsumi Islands, in the Ryukyu Islands, Japan, and the elaterid fauna of this island has not been reviewed. We examined newly collected specimens and reviewed the previous records from the island. In field work and from a colleague’s collection, we found 27 spe- cies, of which 13 were recorded for the first time on the island. As result 43 species are confirmed from this island and a checklist of all elaterid species from Tanegashima Island is provided. Key words Elaterid beetles, new distributional records, lowland, geographical boundary, Palearctic region. Academic editor: Juan Pablo Botero Rodriguez | Received 23 March 2018 | Accepted 26 July 2018 | Published 31 August 2018 Citation: Arimoto K, Itô R (2018) Elateridae (Insecta, Coleoptera) from Tanegashima Island (Ryukyu Islands, Japan). Check List 14 (4): 681–692. https://doi.org/10.15560/14.4.681 Introduction Moreover, there is discordance between information from the distributional records for Tanegashima Island Tanegashima Island is the easternmost Ôsumi Islands, in and a checklist of the Japanese elaterid fauna (Kishii the northernmost part of the Ryukyu Islands of Japan. The island is the second largest of the Ôsumi Islands, covering 1976b, 1999, Ôhira 2005, Ôtsubo 2013).
    [Show full text]