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Master Plan of the Amami Island Group Sustainable Tourism

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Master Plan of the Amami Island Group Sustainable Tourism Master Plan of the Amami Island Group Sustainable Tourism 1. Beginning 1.1 Background “The Master Plan for sustainable tourism in the Amami Island Group (hereinafter called “The Master Plan”) is a policy to actively promote “the sustainable utilization of tourism” in the Amami Island Group. Promoting local sustainable tourism associated with the preservation of the natural environment in a planned and consistent manner, utilizing local resources. The aim is the preservation and succession of environmental culture1, and the promotion of the local economy and society. (1) Why promote sustainable tourism? Sustainable tourism seeks the sustainability of society, economy and environment, and is a new style of tourism expecting to replace mass-tourism.2 Mass-tourism is a phenomenon in which tourism used to be limited to the rich, but has spread more widely to other economic classes3, and has recently been referred to as the “mass tourism phenomenon”4. Mass-tourism, which brings a large number of people has been giving great impact to tourism sites and their surroundings. This has caused the destruction of the natural environment, local communities and their traditions, and also troubles of inappropriate tourist facilities, in which the lack of manners and ignorance of the tourist was highlighted. In reflection of these problems, new modes of thought “Alternative tourism” and “Appropriate tourism” were generated in the 1980s, instead of mass-tourism. Based on the principle of “sustainable utilization of local resources" and “coexistence with nature”, new local community development in the Amami Island Group aims toward the realization of a sustainably fulfilled local community. Aiming toward “sustainable tourism” as one aspect of local development means to show “objectives which are easily understood and make effort” toward local people. In “tourism” programs which local communities are proactive in doing, there are many people engaged, not only tour agencies but also local people, and it directly contributes to the promotion of the local community and economy. Therefore, aiming for the realization of sustainable tourism in the Amami Island Group through the use of the Master Plan Guide will help ensure the sustainability of the local nature, culture, economy and community while using “tourism” as a tool which is very closer to the relevant local constituencies. We will positively use the Master Plan as a tool to preserve the natural environment and the succession of the environmental culture, which has been greatly changed by World Heritage registration, as well as to pursue the promotion of the local community and economy. The Master Plan is one of the ways of thinking to develop “a 1 Environmental culture: It is the relation between nature and people, which built up for many years, and it is the local life and culture that people formed while getting meal without destructing nature. 2 “Towards the sustainable earth from self-sustaining tourism~Challenge of the ecotourism~” (tentative translation title), Shikida Asami. Research Faculty of Media and Communication, Hokkaido University, Series of researches 70, 2008 3 “JTB Tourism Research & Consulting Co.”, http://www.tourism.jp/tourism-database/glossary/mass-tourism/ (Access date: 2016/3/15) 4 “A Study on Requirements for “Sustainable Tourism”: Two Process for Constructing the Concept, Miyamoto Yoshinori. Aichi Toho University publication, Vol.38,2nd issue, December, 2009 new local community” where various local proactive agencies use tourism as a method and they will be connected for the preservation of the natural environment and promoting and improving the wealth of the Amami Island Group. (2) What is sustainable tourism in the Amami Island Group? Reflecting on the negative effects of mass-tourism, new tourism types such as ecotourism and green tourism were born. Ecotourism is defined as “the experience and study of the natural environment while minimizing the burden of it, and providing appropriate benefits and contributions to local destinations of tourism sites (Shikida, Shigemori, 2003)”, “The idea of tourism to experience and study the subjects of natural environment and historical culture, and have the responsibility for preserving the natural environment and historical culture of local target tourism sites, (Ecotourism Propulsion Council, 2003~2004, Ministry of Environment)” and so on. The aim is to preserve the natural environment while promoting the tourism industry and local community. However, promoting tourism types like ecotourism and green tourism are not necessarily equal with achieving sustainable tourism. The causes of the negative effects of mass-tourism, which have been considered problematic, are not popularization and extension of tourism, but it because that tourist industry kept going without preparing proper structures to reduce bad effects toward tourism related sites and people. In the existing mass-tourism model, the aim is to pull in excessive amounts of customers in the short period in the pursuit of profits by outside constituents, which tends to progress the commodification of local resources, regardless of the local community’s intentions. Usage by many people or groups of people, which is the characteristic of mass-tourism, brings great economic effect to local sites. If ecotourism only had formal characteristics such as “small number of people-based”, “experience-based” and “community-based”, its might give a lot of burden to tourism sites like the existing mass-tourism system. Furthermore, depending on the planning, even mass-tourism can be sustainable, and it brings great positive effects to the local economy, utilizing the advantages of it. On the basis of prior experience, the promotion of tourism from a viewpoint of the community development should be considered, and it is necessary that local community manage it by themselves. According to our experience, to make the Amami Island Group tourism sustainable, it is important to clearly divide into distinct areas for the usage of both large (mass-tourism) and small groups of people, and it is important to manage local tourism appropriately by using each area’s uniqueness. 1.2 Definition Since the Amami Island Group has been registered as a national park and World Natural Heritage Site, approaching the local society’s sustainable development, while the protection and succession of diverse rich nature and environmental culture is demanded. Therefore, to cope with the change of local society and economy after the heritage registration, it is important to promote a new “building local community” based on the heritage value principle of the preservation of the natural environment. This Master Plan is defined as a common guideline among relevant related authorities, namely the central government, prefectural governments, municipalities and private sectors, to promote “Systematic tourism management”, which is one of the strategies of the Amami original community development. Through promotion of the sustainable usage of tourism, we seek preservation and succession of the Amami’s peculiar nature and environmental culture, and sustainable development of the community. Promotion of the new community development [Sustainable utilization of local resources and coexistence with nature] Promotion of the action based on the sustainable tourism master plan Action [Systematic tourism management] Action Appropriate placement and Implementation of the Amami Adequacy promotion of the maintenance of facilities that World Natural Heritage Trails utilization with nature fit to nature characteristic (provisional title) preservation principle Promotion of sustainable tourism utilization Preservation and succession of Amami’s peculiar nature and environmental culture / sustainable development of regions Figure 1 Framework of the Master Plan 2. The recent conditions and problems of the Amami Island Group 2.1. Nature and life The original rich natural environment has been preserved, and the livelihood and faith at Shima (village) continued having a close relationship with the natural environment. You can experience it in the current lifestyle, and deep environmental culture in the community. This experience becomes an attractive reason the Amami Island Group. (1) Biodiversity in Kagoshima prefecture Through 600km from Shishijima Island (northern edge) to Yoron Island (southern edge), there are mountain areas, which are over 2,000 meters above sea level in Kagoshima, and you can see the vegetation of cool-temperate, warm-temperate and subtropical zones. It corresponds approximately to an expanse from Hokkaido to the Nansei-Shoto Islands. Kagoshima is the both northern and southern limit of many kinds of species along Japanese islands. In Kagoshima, there are many islands having a long history after isolation from the main island. Therefore, almost a half of wildlife species, which are seen in Japan, can be confirmed, and they contain a variety of rich species. In addition, Kagoshima prefecture belongs to two biogeographical regions separated by Watase’s Line5, which cuts through the Tokara Islands. Biogeographical regions are divisions of the Earth's land surface, based on the distributional patterns of terrestrial organisms. The warm-temperate group of organisms locates on the north side of Watase’s Line, and the subtropical group of organisms locates on south side of it. Figure 2 World Biogeographic Region (Red line is the Watase’s Line: between Akuseki Island and Kodakarajima Island) 5 Watase’s Line: A biogeographical
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