Practical Manual Engineering Chemistry

VPCOE CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL VPCOE VIDYA PRATHISHTHAN’S COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING PRACTICAL MANUAL ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY (Academic year 20152015----16)16) FOR FIRST YEAR ENGINEERING DEGREE COURSES ACCORDING TO THE REVISED SYLLABUS OF S.P.PUNE UNIVERSITY (W.E.F. 2012) Head PrinPrinPrincipalPrin cipal Gen. Sc. & Engg. Dept VPCoE PREPARED BY Dr. APARNA G. SAJJAN Assistant Professor of Chemistry VPCOE (2014 -15) Page 1 of 46 VPCOE CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL CONTENTS Common Laboratory Glassware I Titration Assembly II Glassware and Their Use III - V Safety Rules & Acknowledgement by Student V - VII I) Determination of Alkalinity of Water Sample 1−4 II) Determination of Hardness of Water by EDTA Method 5−8 III) Determination of Dissociation Constant of Weak Acid (Acetic Acid) using 9−13 PH - Meter IV) To Determine Maximum Wavelength of Absorption of FeSO 4, to Verify Beer’s Law and to Find Unknown Concentration of Ferrous ions (Fe 2+ ) in 14−17 Given Sample by Spectrophotomety / colorimetry V) Titration of Mixture of Weak Acid and Strong Acid with Strong Base 18−20 Using Conductometer VI) Preparation of Polystyrene and Phenol - Formaldehyde or Urea - 21−24 Formaldehyde Resin and their Characterization VII) To Determine Molecular Weight of a Polymer using Ostwald’s Viscometer 25−27 VIII) Proximate Analysis of Coal 28−30 Appendix 31–34 References 35 Development of Intellectual and Motor Skills 35 Grid Table 36 Page 2 of 46 VPCOE CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL COMMON LABORATORY GLASSWARES Burette Pipette Test-tube Measuring cylinder Conical flask Separating funnel Volumetric flask Beaker Filter funnel I Page 3 of 46 VPCOE CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL TITRATION ASSEMBLY White tile (To observe sharp colour changes) Correct method to note down the readings Graduated Cylinder Burette The reading is 36.5 ml. The reading is 27.8 ml II Page 4 of 46 VPCOE CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL Sl. Glassware Use Material No. It is a simple container for stirring, mixing and Made of heating liquids commonly used in laboratories. Borosilicate Beaker is cylindrical in shape, with a flat bottom. glass or 1 Beaker Also has a small spout (or "beak") to aid pouring as Polypropylene Available in a wide range of sizes, from plastic (not for one millilitre up to several litres. heating). A graduated cylinder or measuring cylinder is Made of laboratory equipment used to measure the volume Borosilicate 2 Measuring of a liquid (salt solution, water, etc.). Available in a glass or (Graduated) wide range of sizes, from two millilitre up to Polypropylene Cylinder one litre. plastic. A burette is vertical cylindrical laboratory Made of glassware with a volumetric graduation etched Borosilicate permanently on its full length and a precision tap, glass and the or stopcock with plug and bore, on the bottom. It is commonly used to dispense known amounts of used stopcocks a liquid reagent in experiments such as in can be 3 Burette a volumetric analysis (titration) until the precise end a ground- point of the reaction is reached. Burettes are glass barrel or extremely accurate. Burettes measure from the top a plastic plug since they are used to measure liquids dispensed out made of PTFE, at the bottom. The difference between starting and depending on final volume is the amount dispensed. Available in the liquid to be different sizes, from two millilitre upto 100 ml. carried A pipette is a laboratory tool which is a small Made of glass tube, often with an enlargement or bulb in the 4 Pipette Borosilicate middle, and usually graduated, used for transferring glass. or delivering measured quantities of a liquid. An Erlenmeyer flask , also known as a conical flask , is a widely used laboratory flask which has a flat bottom, a conical body, and a cylindrical neck. It is named after the German chemist Emil Erlenmeyer, who created it in 1861. It is used in Made of Erlenmeyer or chemical labs for titration. The opening usually has 5 Borosilicate Conical Flask a slight rounded tip so that the flask can be easily glass. stoppered using a piece of cotton wool, rubber bung or cork. The conical shape allows the contents to be swirled during an experiment, either by hand or by a shaker; the narrow neck keeps the contents from spilling out and reduces evaporative losses. I II Page 5 of 46 VPCOE CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL A volumetric flask or graduated flask is laboratory glassware, a type of flask, calibrated to contain a precise volume at a particular temperature. Volumetric flasks are used for precise dilutions and preparation of standard solutions. These flasks are usually pear-shaped, with a flat Graduated or Made of bottom, and made of glass or plastic. The flask's 6 Volumetric Borosilicate mouth is either furnished with a screw cap or fitted glass Flask with a joint to accommodate a glass stopper. The neck of the volumetric flasks is elongated and narrow with an etched ring graduation marking. The marking indicates the volume of liquid contained when filled up to that point. The volumetric flasks are of various sizes from 2 ml to 10 L. A separating funnel , also known as separation funnel is laboratory glassware used in liquid-liquid extractions to separate ( partition ) the components of a mixture into two immiscible solvent phases of different densities. Typically, one of the phases Made from will be aqueous, and the other a non-polar organic borosilicate Separating glass and their 7 solvent such as ether, chloroform, etc. Funnel stopcocks are A separating funnel takes the shape of a cone with a made from hemispherical end. It has a stopper at the top and glass or PTFE. stopcock (tap), at the bottom. Different sizes are between 50 mL and 3L. On top of the funnel there is a standard taper joint which fits with a ground glass or Teflon stopper. A Silica crucible is cup-shaped laboratory equipment used to contain chemical compounds when heating them to very high temperatures. Crucibles are commonly used with a high temperature-resistant crucible cover (or lid) made of Made of high 8 Silica crucible a similar material. The lids are typically loose- grade Silica fitting to allow gases to escape during heating of a (Porcelain) sample inside. Crucibles and their lids can come in various sizes, but rather small 10 - 15 ml size crucibles are commonly used for gravimetric chemical analysis. Funnel is a pipe with a wide mouth, good for Made of feeding, often conical mouth and a narrow stem. It Borosilicate 9 Filter Funnel is used to pour liquid or fine-grained substances glass or into containers with a small opening like burette, Polypropylene volumetric flask, etc. without spillage. plastic. IV Page 6 of 46 VPCOE CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL A test tube , also known as a culture tube or sample tube , is common laboratory Made glassware consisting of a finger-like length tube of borosil open at the top, usually with a rounded U-shaped glass or 10 Test Tube bottom. A large test tube designed specifically for clear plastic boiling liquids is called a boiling tube . (not used for Are available in different sizes typically from 10 to boiling) 20 mm wide and 50 to 200 mm long. Desiccators are sealable enclosures containing desiccants used for preserving moisture- sensitive items such. A common use for desiccators is to protect chemicals which are hygroscopic or which react with water from humidity. Desiccators are sometimes used to remove traces of water from an almost-dry and hot sample. The desiccator contains lumps of freshly calcined Made of thick 11 Desiccator quicklime or calcined calcium chloride to absorb glass. water vapors. The substance is put in the upper compartment (on the porcelain plate). The ground- glass rim of the desiccator lid must be thoroughly greased with a thin layer of petroleum jelly melted together with beeswax or paraffin wax. In order to open the desiccator without damage, remove the lid sideways horizontally not to upwards. Cover the desiccator in the same way. A. GENERAL 1. Keep your bags in the cupboards below the working table 2. First-aid kit is available for emergency use only in the laboratory. Band-aids for minor cuts are also available in the First-aid kit. Notify your instructor or the technicians if you use safety items. 3. Notify your instructor if any accidents and/or injuries, regardless of their severity. If you need medical treatment, you will be promptly taken to the near by Health Center. 4. Learn the location and use of safety equipments, including the eyewash bottle, fire extinguisher, and sand bucket. 5. Work cautiously with chemicals only after you have learned about their potential hazards as well as the chemical properties. Laboratory has a catalogue of MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheet) sheets that contain all the information about chemicals. V Page 7 of 46 VPCOE CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL 6. Wash your hands well before leaving the laboratory. 7. Keep your hands away from your face, while working. 8. Handle the apparatus and chemicals carefully. 9. Leave plenty of tap water after discarding the waste in the sink. 10. In the event of a chemical spill, large or small, consult your laboratory instructor or the technician as to the appropriate method of clean-up. B. HANDLING OF CHEMICALS & WASTE DISPOSAL IN THE LABORATORY 1. To avoid spattering of acids which can cause burns, always add acid to water. Never add water to acid. 2. Before taking any reagent, you must read carefully the label on the bottle. Many chemicals have similar names however they may exhibit different properties viz. concentration level, etc. 3. To avoid unnecessary waste, obtain only the required amount of chemicals in an experiment.

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