Peran Dan Kedudukan Perempuan Mangkunegaran Dalam Sejarah Perkembangan Kebudayaan Jawa Masa Mangkunegara I-Viii

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Peran Dan Kedudukan Perempuan Mangkunegaran Dalam Sejarah Perkembangan Kebudayaan Jawa Masa Mangkunegara I-Viii Seminar Nasional: Seni, Teknologi, dan Masyarakat #5 PERAN DAN KEDUDUKAN PEREMPUAN MANGKUNEGARAN DALAM SEJARAH PERKEMBANGAN KEBUDAYAAN JAWA MASA MANGKUNEGARA I-VIII Dhian Lestari Hastuti1), Imam Santosa2), Achmad Syarief 3), dan Pribadi Widodo4) 1, 2, 3, 4) Program Studi Doktor Ilmu Seni Rupa dan Desain, Fakultas Seni Rupa dan Desain Institut Teknologi Bandung [email protected] ABSTRACT This research focuses on the role of Mangkunegaran women in the Mangkunegaran Kadipaten, so this study focuses on women’s activities in the history of the Mangkunegaran Kadipaten until Indonesia’s in- dependence. The role of women (wives) in Javanese culture cannot be separated from the perspective of the paternalistic society as konco wingking. The understanding that man (Prophet Adam) was the first human and woman was created from his left rib. Left connotes something unimportant. Although this paternalistic perspective is inherent, no research has found a relationship between the policies of the Mangkunegaran kings and women as konco wingking. After understanding this position, so this research aims to reveal and understand this meaning in the policies of the Mangkunegaran kings. Based on the interaction analysis method of a qualitative approach with historical studies, this study collected informant insights and reference data through interviews, observation and document analysis. The results showed that the term konco wingking for Mangkunegaran kings was more appropriate with the term “garwo or sigaraning nyowo”, because the struggles and policies of the kings of Mangkunegaran involved women as a form of adaptive cultural system implementation, both in the domestic sphere and in formal education and even as a form cultural diplomacy. Keywords: Duchy of Mangkunegaran, king’s policy, the role of women, cultural system I. PENDAHULUAN bagi perempuan dalam bentuk kata kerja ak- 1. Latar Belakang tif adalah mereka memiliki kewajiban untuk masak (memasak), macak (berhias), manak Budaya Jawa mengenal pembagian (melahirkan). Sekilas terkesan dangkal dan peran terhadap laki-laki dan perempuan yang perempuan hanya sebagai properti dan objek, dipengaruhi oleh konsep paternalistik. Selama bukan subjek. Namun di sisi lain ada istilah ini konsep tersebut yang diketahui masyarakat garwo atau sigaraning nyowo atau belahan jiwa umum. Di antara konsep tersebut adalah mem- dalam bahasa Indonesia. Garwo lebih terkesan posisikan perempuan dengan istilah sebagai sejajar sebagai dua yang menjadi satu. Istri konco wingking. Laki-laki dianggap sebagai menjadi separo entitas yang satu dari suami istri manusia pertama yang hadir di dunia dan per- (Handayani dan Novianto, 2004: 120). empuan tercipta setelahnya dan berasal dari tulang rusuknya yang sisi kiri. Lahir setelah Budaya Jawa memiliki prinsip-prinsip dalam laki-laki dan berasal dari tulang rusuk kiri, etika berelasi dengan orang lain, yang menun- terkesan bahwa perempuan menjadi sesuatu tut setiap pribadi untuk mawas diri. Salah satu yang tidak penting. Terlebih dengan istilah kon- ungkapan tersebut adalah empan papan yang co wingking yang diartikan bahwa perempuan bermakna positif (Endraswara, 2016: 5). Sebai- khususnya istri, hanya diposisikan sebagai knya individu mampu menempatkan diri dalam subordinat dan bertanggung jawab di wilayah situasi dan kondisi di manapun tempatnya, agar domestik di seputar kasur (tempat tidur), dapur, tetap terawat keselarasan relasi sosialnya. Un- dan sumur. Tiga tempat tersebut sebagai area gkapan atau pepatah lain yang menjadi jati diri khusus bagi perempuan ketika sudah menikah. orang atau masyarakat Jawa adalah sadumuk Tanggung jawab terhadap tiga area tersebut bathuk sanyari bumi ditohi pati (Endraswara, 68 Volume 3 Tahun 2020 Peran dan Kedudukan Perempuan Mangkunegaran ... Masa Mangkunegara I-Viii - Dhian Lestari Hastuti, dkk 2016: 3). Pepatah ini berarti satu sentuhan sebagai gelar raja muda atau dimaknai sebagai pada dahi dan satu pengurangan ukuran atas wakil raja. Penguasa Mangkunegaran adalah tanah (bumi) selebar jari bisa dibayar atau di- pengusa setingkat kadipaten, sehingga gelar bela dengan nyawa (pati). Makna dari pepatah yang disandang rajanya adalah adipati. tersebut, sedemikian tinggi harga diri orang Keberadaan raja-raja Jawa tidak lepas dari Jawa, sehingga menghargai diri orang lain relasi atau peran para perempuan di sekeliling- sama besarnya dengan menghargai diri sendiri. nya, baik secara imajiner maupun nyata dalam Demikian halnya dalam relasi kepemilikan sah berkehidupan. Berlangsungnya pemerintahan seseorang atas pasangan, istri atau suami atau kekuasaan tidak lepas dari kepercayaan pantang untuk disentuh orang lain, yang dapat masyarakat Jawa, bahwa sumber langgengnya terwakili dengan kata sadumuk bathuk. Hal kepemimpinan raja dan kemakmuran wilayahn- tersebut tidak dalam makna harfiah atau fisik, ya dipengaruhi oleh relasi tersebut. Tokoh ima- namun lebih pada harga diri atau kehormatan. jiner perempuan dalam budaya Jawa dikenal Dua kaidah dasar kehidupan masyarakat sebagai pemberi kesuburan dan kemakmuran Jawa dalam menjaga keselarasan adalah prin- adalah Dewi Sri, sedangkan penguasa sumbu sip rukun dan hormat, di samping kesadaran kosmis selatan Nyai Roro Kidul adalah Dewa dan kewaspadaan dalam menempatkan diri dan Anantaboga bermakna memberi kesabaran dan harga diri, (Suseno, 1996: 39-81). Prinsip rukun kasih (Frick, 1997: 85). Selain tokoh perempuan adalah hal yang utama dengan tidak mengambil imajiner tersebut raja-raja Jawa hidup dengan posisi yang mengakibatkan konflik, sedangkan sistem perkawinan poligami, tidak hanya istri prinsip hormat adalah cara bersikap dan ber- utama sebagai permaisuri, bahkan memiliki komunikasi dengan memahami kedudukan dan permaisuri lebih dari satu dan banyak selir posisi dalam struktur sosial, sehingga setiap in- (Soeratman, 1989: 50). dividu dapat mengendalikan diri untuk menjaga Keberadaan para perempuan raja-raja keselarasan relasi sosial. Muara ungkapan-un- Mangkunegaran dikenal memiliki peran pada gkapan dalam relasi sosial masyarakat Jawa, masa perjuangan dan selama pemerintahan baik empan papan maupun sadumuk bathuk Kadipaten Mangkunegaran, bahkan hingga sanyari bumi ditohi pati adalah prinsip rukun kadipaten ini menyatakan diri menjadi ba- dan hormat tersebut. Semuanya tidak hanya gian dari pemerintah Republik Indonesia. menjadi ungkapan fisik saja, namun melibatkan Bagaimana raja-raja Mangkunegaran sebagai sikap batin setiap pribadi manusia Jawa. pemegang kekuasaan setingkat kadipaten Kehidupan masyarakat Jawa tidak lepas memposisikan dan memberikan peran para dari peran para raja, karena raja dipercaya perempuan dalam sejarah berdirinya Kadipat- sebagai sumber kekuatan kosmis yang men- en Mangkunegara dan dalam pengembangan galir dan membawa ketentraman, keadilan budaya Jawa. Bagaimana raja-raja Mangku- dan kesuburan. Raja yang bertempat atau negaran menempatkan para perempuannya di bersemayam bukan saja sebagai pusat politik masa pemerintahannya, hingga prinsip rukun dan budaya namun juga sebagai area sakral dan hormat dapat terjaga hingga relasi sosial kerajaan. Akibat perjanjian Giyanti dan Salatiga di dalam lingkungan Pura Mangkunegaran menjadikan kerajaan Mataram terbagi menjadi menjadi selaras dan harmoni. empat kerajaan dengan wilayah kekuasaan Objek penelitian ini adalah serat atau nas- masing-masing. Kerajaan di wilayah Surakarta kah, dan dokumen yang berkaitan dengan posisi terdiri atas Kasunanan Surakarta dengan nama dan peran para perempuan dalam budaya Jawa penguasa Paku Buwana yang berarti paku di perpustakaan Reksapustaka Pura Mangku- jagad raya, sedangkan Kadipaten Mangkuneg- negaran. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian ara dengan nama penguasa Mangkunegara kualitatif dengan metode interaksi analisis den- berarti yang memangku negara. Gelar bagi raja gan studi sejarah, penelitian ini mengumpulkan Mangkunegara adalah Kanjeng Gusti Pangeran wawasan informan dan data referensi melalui Adipati Arya (KGPAA) Mangkunegara, adipati wawancara, observasi dan analisis dokumen. Volume 3 Tahun 2020 69 Seminar Nasional: Seni, Teknologi, dan Masyarakat #5 Keberadaan perempuan dalam budaya (a) Pura Mangkunegaran sebagai pusat sistem Jawa mengungkap kesejatian kedudukannya budaya dan sosial kadipaten dengan latar dalam sistem sosial masyarakatnya. Begitu budaya Jawa sebagai dasar filosofi dan juga dalam sistem sosial masyarakat Kadipaten falsafah dalam berkehidupan. Mangkunegaran, perempuan menjadi bagian (b) Pura Mangkunegaran sebagai tempat dari kepentingan raja dalam berinteraksi mem- implementasi segala kebijakan raja, yang bentuk identitas sosialnya dengan penguasa berlaku bagi para perempuan Jawa yang swapraja lainnya dan pemerintah kolonial. berada di lingkungan pusat pemerintahan Dalam tiga wujud kebudayaan menurut Koentja- yang setingkat kadipaten. raningrat (181-185, 224), yaitu: (a) kebudayaan Penelitian dilakukan dalam dua tahap, yaitu: yang berwujud gagasan, ide, norma atau pera- turan; (b) kebudayaan yang berwujud aktivitas (a) Tahap deskripsi tentang posisi perempuan kompleks dan tindakan berpola manusia dalam (khususnya istri) di dalam beberapa Serat masyarakat; (c) kebudyaan sebagai benda hasil (Naskah atau Sastra Jawa) dan dalam karya manusia. J.J Honigmann menyebutnya ungkapan sebagai konco wingking diper- dengan tiga gejala kebudayaan, yaitu ideas, bandingkan dengan posisi sebagai garwo activities, dan artifact. atau sigaraning nyowo. Berdasarkan referensi tersebut maka, pene- (b) Tahap studi sejarah dengan tahapan 1) heu- litian ini fokus pada activities
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