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Memaknai Bentuk Rupa Lambang Keraton Mangkunegaran

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Memaknai Bentuk Rupa Lambang Keraton Mangkunegaran MEMAKNAI BENTUK RUPA LAMBANG KERATON MANGKUNEGARAN Herliyana Rosalinda1, Umi Kholisya2 Program Studi Desain Komunikasi Visual Fakultas Bahasa dan Seni, Universitas Indraprasta PGRI, Jakarta. [email protected], [email protected] Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan Makna Simbolis Lambang Keraton Mangkunegaran Surakarta. Pmbahasannya digolongkan sebagai penelitian deskriptif kualitatif menggunakan metode historis, untuk menafsirkan makna simbol yang ada pada lambang keraton Mangunegaran digunakan pendekatan hermeunitika. Objeknya Keraton Mangkunegaran Surakarta sedangkan subjek penelitian ini adalah Makna Simbolis Lambang Keraton. Penelitian juga difokuskan pada hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan pemerintahan kerajaan Mangkunegaran Surakarta, selain itu pemaknaan lambang sebagai identitas legitimasi suatu pemerintahan dalam kerangka budaya juga menjadi kajian yang penting, terutama dari bentuk visual, rupa, maksud atau makna simbolik yang ada pada lambang kerajaan Mangkunegaran Surakarta. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan: pada setiap periodesasi pemerintahan Mangkunegara, lambang Mangkunegaran memiliki bentuk rupa dan makna simbol yang berbeda-beda. Hal ini disesuaikan dengan karakteristik pemikiran, pemerintahan, maupun filosofis dari dalam diri raja Mangkunegaran yang sedang memerintah. Umumnya unsur gambar yang ada pada lambang Mangkunegaran berisi gambar mahkota, padi dan kapas, surya, dan logotype MN. Sedangkan untuk perbedaannya ddilihat dari perbedaan tampilan bentuk ataupun jumlah masing-masing jenis gambar tersebut. Kata Kunci : Bentuk rupa, Simbol, Lambang, Mangkunegaran INTERPRET SHAPE OF EMBLEM ON MANGKUNEGARAN PALACE Abstract This study aimed to describe the Meaning of Mangkunegaran Surakarta Symbol. The explanation of this study classed as a qualitative descriptive using historical methods, and then to interpret the meaning of the symbol on the emblem used Mangunegaran palace hermeunitika approach. The object is Kraton Mangkunegaran while the subject of this study was the Meaning of Symbol palace. These study focused to the royal government Mangkunegaran, in addition to the meaning of the emblem as the identity of the legitimacy of a government within the framework of culture is also important, especially in the visual form, appearance, purpose or symbolic meanings that exist in the royal Mangkunegaran. The results showed: at any periodicity Mangkunagara government, emblem Mangkunegaran have such a shape and meaning of different symbols. It is adapted to the characteristics of thinking, government, or philosophical inner Mangkunegaran monarch. Generally elements of the image on the emblem Mangkunegaran contain pictures crown, rice and cotton, sun shine, and logotype MN. As for the difference can be seen from the differences in the form or amount of each type of the picture. Keywords : shape, symbol , emblem , Mangkunegaran PENDAHULUAN satu hal yang menarik barangkali karena letaknya yang berada pada setiap sudut Lambang merupakan bagian istana keraton, seperti pendhapa, gapura, identitas yang mewakili sifat, ciri, pintu gerbang kerajaan dan setiap sudut ataupun visi dan misi dari seorang tokoh kerajaan lainnya dapat kita lihat ketika maupun organisasi tertentu. Lewat memasuki Istana Keraton Mangku- lambang atau logo maka masyarakat negaran. Hal ini unik, karena lambang percaya pada keagungan atau karakter kerajaan seperti ini hanya terdapat kuat yang divisualisasikan pada bentuk di Keraton Mangkunegaran, tidak dapat rupa suatu lambang, karena didalamnya kita temui pada kerajaan lain. Tata letak terdapat beberapa simbol yang ditampil- dan tata susun lambang kerajaan ini juga kan melalui macam-macam jenis gambar memiliki maksud tersendiri. Ada se- tertentu yang memiliki makna bahkan rangkaian kandungan ajaran di balik falsafah tersendiri. Lambang keraton wujud lambang yang ingin disampaikan dalam budaya Jawa menjadi daya dukung sang penggagas, Kanjeng Mangkunegara. yang sangat kuat dan merupakan bagian Itulah sebabnya hingga sekarang, wujud yang tidak terpisahkan dari unsur simbol kerajaan masih dilestarikan oleh kebudayaan dan silsilah pemerintahan di penguasa-penguasa Mangkunegaran dalamnya, seperti keraton Surakarta dan berikutnya. Keraton Mangkunegaran yang memang Mengacu pada perspektif budaya, merupakan dua keraton yang mengemban maka bentuk dan corak ungkapan peran penting sebagai bagian dari pusat kesenian tidak semata-mata untuk kebudayaan Jawa. Keraton Mangku- pemenuhan keindahannya saja, melain- negaran merupakan generasi penerus kan juga terkait secara menyeluruh perjalanan sejarah kerajaan-kerajaan di dengan pemenuhan kebutuhan lainnya. Jawa dan menjadi salah satu pusat Dengan kata lain, lambang kerajaan dapat pelestarian adat yang diwariskan secara dipandang sebagai salah satu cara pe- turun-temurun. Karena itu, keberadaan muasan akan keindahan yang Keraton Mangkunegaran dan Keraton keberadaannya ditentukan oleh aspek- Kasunanan, dinilai sangat penting dalam aspek kebudayaan. Bertolak dari pendinamisasian kehidupan adat dan pemikiran itu, maka mengkaji lambang budaya yang bersumber pada kosmogoni kerajaan sebagai karya seni budaya, pada Jawa. Keberadaan dua kerajaan tersebut, dasarnya berhadapan dengan tuntutan menyebabkan masyarakat Jawa men- untuk melihat karya seni itu secara utuh, contoh upacara adat dan budaya yang yang tidak lepas dari keinginan dan berkembang di dalam tembok Istana atau ideologi penggagas, yaitu Kanjeng Keraton. Mangkunegara. Oleh karena itu perlu Lambang Keraton Mangku- dipertanyakan bagaimana aspek-aspek negaran dalam kerangka budaya bukan kebudayaan eksternal memberikan sekedar simbol kerajaan, melainkan pengaruh terhadap bentuk ornamen memiliki peran yang lebih luas. lambang dan maknanya dalam konsep Meskipun berwujud simbol, lambang pikir Raja Mangkunegara. Kerajaan Mangkunegaran tidak hanya Dari penjelasan tersebut, maka digunakan untuk melakukan peran fisik, pada penelitian ini, penulis ingin tetapi ada peran psikis yang bersifat merepresentasikan bentuk rupa dan maknawi. Selain itu, lambang ini makna simbolik pada lambang keraton merupakan salah satu daya tarik kuat Mangkunegaran dengan menggunakan pada Kerajaan Mangkunegaran. Salah metode sejarah. Metode sejarah digunakan untuk mengungkap latar PEMBAHASAN belakang sejarah dan perkembangan keraton Mangkunegaran, khususnya Gambaran Umum Keraton terkait dengan asal mula makna simbolis Mangkunegaran dari lambang keraton Mangkunegaran. Keraton Mangkunegaran Metode sejarah mencakup empat Surakarta terletak di Kelurahan Keprabon kegiatan, yaitu heuristik atau pengumpul- RT. 20 Kecamatan Banjarsari, Surakarta an dan pemilihan sumber yang relevan dengan luas tanah 302,50 x 308,25 m atau dengan topik penelitian. Pengumpulan 9.345.625 m2. Berbatasan dengan, sumber antara lain dilakukan melalui sebelah selatan adalah jalan studi arsip, studi pustaka, dan wawancara. Ronggowarsito, bagian barat dengan Selanjutnya kritik sumber atau menguji jalan Kartini, timur dengan jalan Teuku secara kritis dengan menyingkirkan Umar, dan sebelah utara dengan jalan bahan-bahan yang tidak otentik dan untuk R.M. Said. Bangunan utama Pura mendapatkan fakta yang dapat dipercaya. Mangkunegaran yaitu Pendapa Ageng Langkah selanjutnya yaitu interpretasi yang berbentuk joglo, kemudian Dalem fakta atau penyimpulan kesaksian dan Ageng berbentuk joglo, Dalem Ageng penafsiran hubungan antarfakta berbentuk limasan, serta Peringgitan (Gottschalk, 1986: 12). Fakta-fakta yang yang berbentuk kutuk ngambang (Reksa telah diseleksi selanjutnya diorganisasi- Pustaka, 2009: 1) kan dengan mengikuti alur proses Keraton ini merupakan istana penafsiran hermeunitika yang merupakan tempat kediaman Sri Paduka kaijan penafsiran terhadap suatu karya, Mangkunegara di Surakarta dan dibangun seni, aksi dan tulisan manusia (Palmer, setelah tahun 1757 dengan mengikuti 2005: 45). Penafsiran dilakukan dengan model keraton yang lebih kecil. Secara mengumpulkan arsip mengenai pen- bentuk bangunan ini memiliki ciri yang jabaran bentuk rupa dan simbol yang sama dengan keraton, yaitu pada pada lambang keraton Mangkunegaran pamedan, pendopo, pringgitan, dalem, dan menganalisis makna yang ter- dan kaputen, yang seluruhnya dikelilingi kandung. Untuk mencapai penafsiran oleh tembok yang kokoh. Keraton yang lebih baik diperlukan historical- Mangkunegaran menyimpan kesenian mindedness, sehingga fenomena yang dan budaya yang adiluhung, harta dan dikaji dapat dilihat sesuai dengan suasana koleksi yang indah dan tidak ternilai kesejarahan dan kebudayaan pada suatu harganya. Seni budaya tersebut sebagian masa (Kartodirdjo, 1993: 70). Setelah besar berasal dari Majapahit (1293-1478) langkah-langkah tadi dilakukan, maka dan Mataram (1586-1755) masa selanjutnya melakukan historiografi atau kekaisaran, tarian topeng klasik, wayang penyusunan fakta-fakta menjadi tulisan orang (tarian drama), pakaian wayang sejarah (1986: 32). Dari penjelasan kulit, dan wayang kayu, patung-patung tersebut tersebut, yang menjadi persoalan religius, perhiasan dan benda-benda antik atau permasalahan, yakni tentang serta pusaka-pusaka yang tidak terhitung bagaimana bentuk rupa dan makna nilainya (Wasino, 2014: 16). Hingga saat simbolik dari lambang keraton Mangku- ini terdapat sembilan periodesasi negaran. pemerintahan Mangkunegaran. Berikut ini penjabaran tabel periodesasinya: Tabel 1. Periodesasi Pemerintahan Mangkunegaran Periodesasi Pemerintahan Mangkunegaran Mangkunegara I (Raden Mas Said) 1757-1796 Mangkunegara II 1796 – 1835 Mangkunegara III 1835 – 1853 Mangkunegara IV 1853 – 1881 Mangkunegara
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