The Response of Weevil Communities (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) to the Altitudinal Zones of Beech Stands
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JOURNAL OF FOREST SCIENCE, 54, 2008 (6): 262–272 The response of weevil communities (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) to the altitudinal zones of beech stands J. Beránek Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic ABSTRACT: Good knowledge of geobiocoenoses is one of the primary preconditions for biogeographical differentia- tion of the landscape, protected territory tending and preservation of forest ecosystems. For deepening the knowledge of the complex geobiocoenological relations the study of curculiocoenoses was conducted. It was conducted in eighteen permanent research plots based in beech stands of the 3rd, 4th and 5th altitudinal zone in the regions of South Moravia and East Bohemia. The relation of weevils to altitudinal zones was proved on the basis of some ecological index numbers and statistic methods DCA and CCA (P ≤ 0.001). It was found out that curculiocoenoses of the investigated altitudinal zones overlapped and some species decreased or increased their dominance and abundance with increasing altitude. Characteristics of the beech stand curculiocoenoses have been proposed for the 3rd, 4th and 5th altitudinal zone, which can be used as an ancillary component of the geobiocoenological or typological system. For a more complex conclu- sion similar research of weevils should be carried out in the beech stands of other altitudinal zones and also in other forest stands. Keywords: altitudinal zones; beech stand; geobiocoenology; weevils; Curculionoidea; zoocoenosis Study of biocoenoses has been a problematic proc- 2000). In recent years more and more authors ess for a long time; its origins can be found already at have been concerned with insects, in the animal the beginning of the AD era (Klika 1948). Although component a part of geobiocoenoses (e.g. Turin since the 1950s the specialists have been interested et al. 1991; Pelikán 1996; Povolný, Znojil 1998; more deeply in the relations between phytocoenoses Schlaghamerský 2000; Šustek 2000; Holuša and zoocoenoses (Schmölzer 1953; Heyde- 2003b; Stejskal 2006). Although many insect spe- mann 1955; Vašátko 1972; Povolný, Šustek cies are not so closely connected with the ecotope 1981; Šustek 1993; Mazur 2001; Holecová, as plants – usually because of their mobility and Sukupová 2002; Holecová, Slašťanová 2003; the way of obtaining their food, it is possible to Brouat et al. 2004; Eyre et al. 2005, and others), record certain relationships to certain coenoses there are still certain deficiencies (Buček 2000; (e.g. Thiele 1977; Šustek 2000; Holuša 2003b; Lacina, Vašátko 2004). Strejček 2003; Stejskal 2006). Next to anthro- Thanks to some of their characteristics inverte- pogenic influences, altitudinal zones (AZ) are one brates seem to be the most useful for geobiocoeno- of the important factors influencing insect com- logical differentiation of the landscape (Vašátko munities (Králíček, Povolný 1978; Šustek 2000; Supported by the Ministry of the Environment of the Czech Republic, Project No. VaV-MZP-CR-SP/2D4/59/07 Biodiversity and Target Management of Endangered and Protected Organisms in Coppices and Coppice-with-Standards under the Natura 2000 System. 262 J. FOR. SCI., 54, 2008 (6): 262–272 J. FOR.SCI., Table 1. Basic characteristics of all permanent research plots Annual Altitude Annual mean average Trophic PRP Location Topography Exposition Soil type Humus form Stand density AZ 54 (m a.s.l.) rainfalls (mm) temperature sequence , 2008(6):262–272 (°C) 1 B easy slope 440 N MC TM 637 7.4 10 3 AB 2 B easy slope 420 NE MC TM 626 7.6 10 3 AB 3* B easy slope 410 NE MC mm 621 7.6 9 3 AB 4* B easy slope 495 NE MC TM 667 7.1 10 3 B 5 B easy slope 415 NE MC TM 623 7.6 10 3 B 6 B easy slope 420 NE MC TM 626 7.6 9 3 B 7 B easy slope 530 NW MC TM 687 6.9 10 4 B 8 B easy slope 490 NE MC TM 665 7.1 9 4 AB 9* CT easy slope 490 NE MC TM 810 6.6 9 4 B 10 CT easy slope 505 NE MC TM 819 6.5 10 4 BC 11 CT easy slope 510 NE MC TM 821 6.4 10 4 B 12* CT easy slope 480 NE MC TM 805 6.6 9 4 B 13* CT easy slope 550 NE MC TM 843 6.2 9 5 BC 14 CT easy slope 570 NE MC TM 854 6.1 10 5 BC 15 CT easy slope 590 NE MC TM 865 5.9 9 5 B 16* CT easy slope 540 NE MC TM 838 6.2 9 5 AB 17 CT easy slope 570 NE LC TM 854 6.1 10 5 AB 18 CT easy slope 560 NE MC TM 849 6.1 10 5 B *Research was conducted also in 2005, B – in the environs of Brno, CT – in the environs of Česká Třebová, LC – Luvic Cambisol, MC – Modal Cambisol, MM – Mull-Moder, TM – Typical Moder, N – North, NE – North-East, NW – North-West 263 Jukes et al. 2002; Holuša 2003a,b; Stejskal 2006; drological sequence. The altitude varied from 410 to Beránek 2008). 590 m above sea level. The study areas are situated Quite a close attention has been paid to some in the South Moravian region near Brno (3rd and insect categories, e.g. Psocoptera (Holuša 2003b), 4th AZ) and in the East Bohemian region near Česká Lepidoptera (Králíček, Povolný 1978; Laštůvka Třebová (4th and 5th AZ) (Table 1). 2003), Diptera (Povolný, Znojil 1993, 1998; Po- The weevils were collected in 2-week intervals volný, Šustek 1986a,b) and particularly beetles (e.g. from May to October in 2003–2005. The collection Pulpán, Reška 1971; Šustek 1976, 2000; Thiele of the last year was done only on 6 PRPs which rep- 1977; Nenadál 1988; Brabec 1989; Roháčová resented the types of study geobiocoenoses in the 2001; Kula, Purchart 2004). However, next to best way. The weevils were caught by three methods: so far preferred categories, such as ground beetles by formalin pitfall traps, by beating and by sweep or rove beetles, there are many categories partially netting (Novák et al. 1969; McGavin 2001). The processed or not yet (e.g. Kovář 1996; Strejček trapped beetles were preserved in 75% ethanol. 1996; Stejskal 2006). The weevil species were determined according to The aim of this study was to complete the stand Smreczyński (1965, 1966, 1968, 1972, 1974, 1976) characteristics of selected geobiocoenoses with more and Strejček (1990). The nomenclature was used zoocoenological data and to review the influence according to Wanat and Mokrzycki (2005). of AZ on the occurrence of weevils, therefore to Dominance (Tischler 1949) of species was found add knowledge of the complex geobiocoenological for the investigated AZ. Faunal similarity conveyed relations. by Jaccard’s index was also worked out (Losos 1992). Each species was tested from the aspect of normal- MATERIAL AND METHODS ity of data by means of Shapiro-Wilkes W test from STATISTICA Cz 7.1 software. In accordance with the geobiocoenological inves- All data were also tested in CANOCO for Win- tigations, 18 permanent research plots (PRP) were dows 4.5. Canonical Correspondence Analysis established in beech stands of the 3rd oak-beech, (CCA) was used to find the connection between 4th beech and 5th fir-beech AZ (Zlatník 1976; weevil species (species data) and the investigated AZ Buček, Lacina 1999). For the strengthening influ- (environmental data). As a reflection of environmen- ence of the AZ as PRPs were found localities with tal conditions the whole weevil communities of each relatively similar climatic, geomorphologic, soil and PRP were also tested by Detrended Correspondence stand characteristics. The criteria for the selection of Analysis (DCA). CANOCO tested the significance the PRP were 90–100% composition of beech (Fagus of the effect of AZ using the Monte Carlo Permuta- sylvatica), topography, gradient, exposition, minimal tion test (999 permutations). In our case the CCAs stand area ≥ 1 ha, stand stage, stand density and hy- were run with CANOCO’s default options: scaling 4 Fig. 1. DCA results of similarity of weevil –1 communities on PRPs (investigated AZ) 0 6 264 J. FOR. SCI., 54, 2008 (6): 262–272 Table 2. The species spectrum of weevils in beech stands of the investigated AZ Altitudinalȱzone Weevilȱspecies Abbreviation 3rd 4th 5th 3rd 4th 5th Total Acallesȱcamelus Acal_cam 3.45 6.36 3.92 114 Acallesȱfallax Acal_fal 0.87 1.09 0.69 32 Amalusȱscortillum Amal_sco 0.00 0.00 0.37 – 1 Anthribusȱnebulosus Anth_neb 0.13 5.58 4.19 107 Apionȱfrumentarium Api_fru 0.09 0.00 0.00 – 1 Barynotusȱobscurus Baryn_ob 0.00 0.50 0.07 – 7 Barypeithesȱvallestris Baryp_va 7.05 0.05 0.12 – – 50 Betulapionȱsimile Bet_sim 0.00 0.79 0.36 10 Brachysomusȱechinatus Brach_ec 0.08 0.00 0.00 – 1 Ceratapionȱgibbirostre Cerat_gi 0.07 0.07 0.11 – – – 3 Ceutorhynchusȱalliariae Ceut_all 0.49 0.00 0.00 5 Ceutorhynchusȱerysimiȱ Ceut_ery 0.00 0.00 0.18 – 1 Ceutorhynchusȱobstrictus Ceut_obs 5.38 2.51 0.06 – 117 Ceutorhynchusȱscrobicollis Ceut_scr 0.08 0.00 0.00 – 1 Ceutorhynchusȱsulcicollis Ceut_sul 0.00 0.04 0.00 – 1 Ceutorhynchusȱtyphae Ceut_typ 0.28 1.18 1.05 15 Cionusȱhortulanus Cion_hor 0.09 0.00 0.00 – 1 Cionusȱtuberculosus Cion_tub 0.75 0.14 0.00 – 12 Curculioȱglandium Curc_gla 0.07 0.05 0.00 – – 2 Deporausȱbetulae Dep_bet 0.34 0.91 0.00 19 Eutrichapionȱviciae Eutr_vic 0.28 0.00 0.00 2 Holotrichapionȱononis Holot_on 0.00 0.05 0.00 – 1 Hylobiusȱabietis Hyl_abi 0.00 0.05 0.02 – – 2 Hyperaȱmeles Hyp_mel 0.09 0.00 0.00 – 1 Ischnopterapionȱvirens Ischn_vi 0.15 0.24 0.17 – – 4 Kalcapionȱpallipes Kalc_pal 0.15 0.00 2.98 – 4 Larinusȱplanus Lar_pla 0.00 0.00 0.18 – 1 Lasiorhynchitesȱolivaceus Las_oli 0.52 0.22 0.00 9 Lepyrusȱcapucinus Lep_cap 0.00 0.05 0.00 – 1 Liophloeusȱlentus Lio_len 0.16 0.16 0.00 – – 2 Nedyusȱquadrimaculatus Ned_qua 0.92 0.39 0.18 20 Neocoenorrhinusȱaeneovirens Neoc_aen 0.07 0.00 0.00 – 1 Onyxacallesȱpyrenaeus Onyx_pyr 0.08 0.00 0.00 – 1 Orchestesȱfagi Orch_fag 25.40 3.74 1.51 297 Otiorhynchusȱcorvusȱȱ Otio_cor 0.08 0.00 0.00 – 1 Otiorhynchusȱequestris Otio_equ 0.00 0.00 0.45 6 Otiorhynchusȱperdix Otio_per 0.00 0.00 0.06 – 1 Otiorhynchusȱporcatusȱ Otio_por 0.09 0.00 0.00 – 1 Otiorhynchusȱraucus Otio_rau 2.55 0.00 0.00 19 Otiorhynchusȱscaber Otio_sca 0.85 5.40 8.75 167 Otiorhynchusȱsingularis Otio_sin 0.00 0.00 0.18 8 Oxystomaȱochropus Oxys_och 0.15 0.00 0.00 – 1 Oxystomaȱopeticum Oxys_ope 1.40 0.14 0.00 – 19 J.