Notes

Introduction

1 'Why be now no martyris as were wone to ben?'; 'We han pese dayys mar• tyris al to manye in pis lond'; 'For pe mor martyris pe mor morde and manslaute & pe mor schadyng of innocentis blood ... And now Englych nacioun hat mad many martyris; pey sparyn neyper here owyn kyng ne her buschopys, no dignyte, non ordre, no stat, no degree'. Dives et Pauper, P.H. Barnum (ed.) 2 vols., EETS o.s. 275 (London, 1976), vol. I, pp. 208-9. 2 ].c. Russell, 'The Canonization of Opposition to the King in Angevin England', in Anniversary Essays in Medieval History: By Students of Charles Homer Haskins, Presented in His Completion of Forty Years of Teaching, C.H. Taylor and].L. Monte (eds) (Boston and NY, 1929), pp. 279-90. 3 For reactions to ].F. Kennedy's assassination and his posthumous portrayal as martyr see E.]. Naveh, Crown of Thoms: Political Martyrdom in America from Abraham Lincoln to Martin Luther King Jr. (NY and London, 1990), pp. 172-4. 4 ].W. McKenna, 'Popular Canonization As Political Propaganda: The Cult of Archbishop Scrope', Speculum 45 (1970), pp. 608-23; J.W. McKenna, 'Piety and Propaganda: The Cult of King Henry VI', in Chaucer and Middle English Studies in Honour of Rossell Hope Robbins, B. Rowland (ed.) (London, 1974), pp. 72-88. Also ].M. Theilmann, 'A Study of the Canonization of Political Figures in England by Popular Opinion, 1066-1509' (unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Georgia, 1978); J.M. Theilmann, 'Political Canoniza• tion and Political Symbolism in Medieval England', Journal ofBritish Studies 29 (1990), pp. 241-66; A.R. Echerd, 'Canonization and Politics in Late Medieval England: The Cult of Thomas of Lancaster' (unpublished doctoral thesis, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 1983). 5 S. Walker, 'Political in Later Medieval England', in The McFarlane Legacy: Studies in Late Medieval Politics and Society, R.H. Britnell and A.J. Pollard (eds) (Stroud, 1995), pp. 77-106. 6 C. Carpenter, 'Introduction: Political Culture, Politics and Cultural History', in The Fifteenth Century IV: Political Culture in Late Medieval Britain, L. Clark and C. Carpenter (eds) (Woodbridge, 2004), pp. 1-19 (p. 19). 7 M. Rubin, 'What is Cultural History Now?', in What is History Now? D. Cannadine (ed.) (Basingstoke, 2002), pp. 80-94 (p. 81). 8 P. Strohm, Theory and the Premodern Text (Minneapolis and London, 2000), p.33. 9 Rubin, 'What is Cultural History Now?', p. 90. 10 P. Strohm, Hochon's Arrow: The Social Imagination of Fourteenth-Century Texts (Princeton, NJ, 1992), pp. 3-4.

Chapter 1 Mapping Martyrdom

1 R. Kieckhefer, Unquiet Souls: Fourteenth-Century Saints and Their Religious Milieu (Chicago and London, 1984), p. 111; G. Schiller, Iconography of Christian Art,

133 134 Notes

vol. II: The Passion of Jesus Christ, J. Seligman (trans.) (London, 1972), pp. 189-91. Also R.W. Pfaff, New Liturgical Feasts in Later Medieval England (Oxford, 1970), pp. 84-96; R.H. Robbins, 'The "Arma Christi" Rolls', The Modem Language Review 34 (1939), pp. 415-21. 2 On the Immaculate Conception see, for example, M. Warner, Alone of All Her Sex: The Myth and the Cult of the Virgin Mary (London, 1976), pp.236-54. 3 E. Duffy, The Stripping of the Altars: Traditional Religion in England c. 1400- c. 1580 (New Haven and London, 1992), pp. 259-65; Warner, Alone, chapter 14. 4 Nicholas Love, The Mirror of the Blessed Life of Jesus Christ: A Reading Text, M.G. Sargent (ed.) (Exeter, 2004), p. 176 (lines 28-9). 5 Duffy, The Stripping, p. 264. 6 D.S. Ellington, 'Impassioned Mother or Passive Icon: The Virgin's Role in Late Medieval and Early Modern Passion Sermons', Quarterly 48 (1995), pp. 227-61 (pp. 237-41). 7 Julian of Norwich, A Book of Showings to the Anchoress Julian of Norwich, E. Colledge and]. Walsh (eds) 2 vols., Studies and Texts 35 (Toronto, 1978), vol. II, chapter 17, p. 365 (lines 61-3). 8 The Book of Margery Kempe, B. Windeatt (ed.) (Harlow, 2000), chapter 45, p. 223 (lines 3546-59). 9 Kieckhefer, Unquiet Souls, p. 105. 10 D. Gray, Themes and Images in the Medieval English Religious Lyric (London, 1972), p. 37. 11 On the Sherborne Missal (BL, MS Add. 74236) see M. Rickert, Painting in Britain: The (London, 1954), pp. 179-80, plate 161. 12 Schiller, Iconography of Christian Art, vol. II, pp. 151-2. 13 Richard Rolle: Prose and Verse, S.]. Ogilvie-Thomson, EETS 293 (Oxford, 1988), pp. 66-7 (lines 107-24). 14 J.A.W. Bennett, Poetry of the Passion: Studies in Twelve Centuries ofEnglish Verse (Oxford, 1982), p. 36; Walter Hilton, The Ladder ofPerfection, L. Sherley-Price (trans.) (London, 1988), Book I, chapter 35, p. 39. 15 Ibid., Book II, chapter 38, p. 218. 16 Ibid., Book II, chapter 35, p. 206. R. Kieckhefer, 'Radical Tendencies in the Flagellant Movement of the Mid Fourteenth Century', Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies (1974), pp. 157-77; J. Henderson, 'The Flagellant Movement and Flagellant Confraternities in Central Italy, 1260-1400', in Religious Motivation: Biographical and Social Problems for the Church, D. Baker (ed.) Studies in Church History 15 (Oxford, 1978), pp. 147-60. 17 E. Duffy's already canonical study of religious attitudes and practices in pre- England is wide ranging and full of examples. Duffy, The Stripping, part I. 18 J. Murray, 'Masculinizing Religious Life: Sexual Prowess, the Battle for Chastity and Monastic Identity', in Holiness and Masculinity in the Middle Ages, P.H. Cullum and K.J. Lewis (eds) (Cardiff, 2005), pp. 24-42 (p. 27); J.H. Arnold, 'The Labour of Continence: Masculinity and Clerical Virginity', in Medieval Virginities, A. Bernau, R. Evans and S. Salih (eds) (Cardiff, 2003), pp. 102-18. 19 The term was used by J. Wogan-Browne, Saints' Lives and Women's Literary Culture c. 1150-1300: Virginity and its Authorization (Oxford, 2001), for exam- Notes 135

pie, pp. 41 and 48. On the different experiences of virginity see also S. Salih, Versions of Virginity in Late Medieval England (Cambridge, 2001); M.e. Erler, 'English Vowed Women at the End of the Middle Ages', Mediaeval Studies 57 (1995), pp. 155-203; P.H. Cullum, 'Vowesses and Female Lay Piety in the Province of , 1300-1500', Northern History 32 (1996), pp. 21-4l. 20 Ancrene Wisse: Edited from MS. Corpus Christi College Cambridge 402, ].R.R. Tolkien (ed.) EETS 249 (Oxford, 1962), p. 30. Translation in Ancrene Riwle, M.B. Salu (trans.) (London, 1955), p. 22. 21 'Hali Miohad' ('A Letter on Virginity'), in Medieval English Prose for Women: Selections from the Katherine Group and Ancrene Wisse, B. Millett and J. Wogan• Browne (eds and trans.) (Oxford, 1990), pp. 2-43 (p. 42). 22 On this liturgy see A.K Warren, Anchorites and Their Patrons in Medieval England (Berkeley and London, 1985), pp. 97-9; M. Rubin, 'An English Anchorite: The Making, Unmaking, and Remaking of Christine Carpenter', in Pragmatic Utopias: Ideals and Communities, 1200-1630, R. Horrox and S. ReesJones (eds) (Cambridge, 2001), pp. 204-23 (pp. 209-10). 23 Wogan-Browne, Saints' Lives, p. 29. 24 Warren, Anchorites, p. 120. 25 Ancrene Wisse, p. 57; Ancrene Riwle, p. 46. 26 The South English Legendary, e. D'Evelyn and A.]. Mill (eds) 3 vols., EETS 235, 236 and 244 (London, 1956 and 1959); 'Die Nordenglische Legenden• sammlung', in Altenglische Legenden Neue Folge, e. Horstmann (ed.) (Hennin• ger, 1881), pp. 1-173; Mirk's Festial: A Collection of Homilies, T. Erbe (ed.) EETS o.s. 96 (London, 1905); Osbern Bokenham, Legendys ofHooly Wummen, M.S. Serjeanston (ed.) EETS o.s. 206 (London, 1938); Speculum Sacerdotale, E.H. Weatherly (ed.) EETS o.s. 200 (London, 1936). 27 Speculum Sacerdotale, p. l. 28 William Paris, 'Christine', in Sammlung A Itenglischer Legenden, e. Horstmann (ed.) (Heilbronn, 1878), pp. 183-90; The Minor Poems of John Lydgate, H.N. MacCracken (ed.) EETS 107 (London, 1911), pp. 173-92; John Capgrave, The Life of St Katharine of Alexandria, e. Horstmann (ed.) EETS o.s. 100 (London, 1893). 29 M. Rubin, 'Religious Symbols and Political Culture in Fifteenth-Century England', in The Fifteenth Century IV: Political Culture in Late Medieval Britain, L. Clark and e. Carpenter (eds) (Woodbridge, 2004), pp. 97-111 (p. 105). On the role of the virgin-martyrs see also KJ. Lewis, 'Model Girls? Virgin• Martyrs and the Training of Young Women in Late Medieval England', in Young Medieval Women, KJ. Lewis, N.J. Menuge and K.M. Phillips (eds) (Stroud, 1999), pp. 25-46; E. Duffy, 'Holy Maydens, Holy Wyfes: The Cult of Women Saints in Fifteenth-and Sixteenth-Century England', in Women in the Church, W.J. Sheils and D. Wood (eds) Studies in Church History 27 (Oxford, 1990), pp. 175-96 (p. 189). 30 Duffy, The Stripping, p. 279. 31 The Commonplace Book of Robert Reynes ofAc/e: An Edition of Tanner MS 407, e. Louis (ed.) (NY, 1980), pp. 24-7. 32 Thomas More, A Dialogue Concerning Heresies, T.M.C. Lawler, G. Marc'hadour and R.e. Marius (eds) The Yale Edition of the Complete Works of St. Thomas More, vol. 6 (New Haven and London, 1981), part I, pp. 226-7. 33 Duffy, The Stripping, p. 278. 136 Notes

34 P.M. Jones and L.T. Olsan, 'Middleham Jewel: Ritual, Power, and Devotion', Viator 31 (2000), pp. 249-90. 35 P.B. Roberts, Thomas Becket in the Medieval Latin Tradition (Steenbrugis, 1990), pp. 11-12. 36 D. Webb, Pilgrimage in Medieval England (London, 2000), p. 46. 37 Ibid., p. 49. 38 Ibid., p. 50. 39 Roberts, Thomas Becket, pp. 30-5. 40 For Becket's blood see Webb, Pilgrimage, p. 47; P. Binski, Becket's Crown: Art and Imagination in Gothic England, 1170-1350 (New Haven, 2004), pp.I-12. 41 S. Walker, 'Political Saints in Later Medieval England', in The McFarlane Legacy: Studies in Late Medieval Politics and Society, R.H. Britnell and A.J. Pollard (eds) (Stroud, 1995), pp. 77-106 (pp. 91-2). 42 Webb, Pilgrimage, pp. 52, 61. 43 Duffy, The Stripping, p. 195. 44 The Brut, or The Chronicles of England, F.W.D. Brie (ed.) 2 vols., EETS o.s. 131, 136 (London, 1906, 1908), p. 222; Cambridge, St John's College, MS E. 26, fol. 54r. 45 Duffy, The Stripping, p. 412. 46 M. Rubin, 'ChOOSing Death? Experiences of Martyrdom in Late Medieval Europe', in Martyrs and Martyrologies, D. Wood (ed.) Studies in Church History 30 (Oxford, 1993), pp. 153-83 (p. 183). 47 R. Rex, 'Which is Wyche? Lollardy and Sanctity in Lancastrian London', in Martyrs and Martyrdom in England c. 1400-1700, T.S. Freeman and T.F. Mayer (eds) (Woodbridge, 2007). His conclUSion, of finding no martyro• logical tradition in Lollardy, is too sweeping. See also A. Hudson, The Premature Reformation: WycIiffite Texts and Lollard History (Oxford, 1988), p. 172; A. Hudson, 'Which Wyche? The Framing of the Lollard Heretic and/or ', in Texts and the Repression of Medieval Heresy, C. Bruschi and P. Biller (eds) (Woodbridge, 2003), pp. 221-37; J.A.F. Thomson, The Later Lollards, 1414-1520 (London, 1965), pp. 148-51. 48 Thomson, The Later Lollards, p. 156. The Great Chronicle ofLondon, A.H. Thomas and 1.0. Thornley (eds) (London, 1938), p. 252. 49 The Register ofJohn Stafford Bishop of Bath and Wells, 1425-1443, T.S. Holmes (ed.) (London, 1915), pp. 76-80 (no. 263); Hudson, The Premature Reform• ation, p. 172; Thomson, The Later Lollards, pp. 29, 240. was burnt in St Giles's field in 1417 after being in hiding for several years; William Taylor, the Oxford preacher, was burnt in 1423; the priest William Sawtre was burnt in 1401; and John Beverly was a priest who was executed after the 1414 rising. 'Sir James' may have been William James, the Oxford Lollard who was tried before Archbishop Chichele in 1420 after many years in prison for his Lollardic views; he later abjured, and was therefore probably not burnt. Hudson, The Premature Reformation, pp. 90, 172. 50 The Register of Thomas Bekynton Bishop of Bath and Wells 1443-1465, H.C. Maxwell-Lyte and M.C.B. Dawes (eds) 2 vols., Somerset Record Society 49-50 (London, 1934), vol. I, p. 283 (no. 1044). William Smith was a Lollard teacher from Bristol who was probably executed after 1448. Thomson, The Later Lollards, pp. 34-5. Notes 137

51 C. von Nolcken, 'Another Kind of Saint: A Lollard Reception of John Wyclif', in From Ockham to Wyclit Oxford Scholarship in the Later Fourteenth Century: Conference Papers, A. Hudson and M. Wilks (eds) (Oxford, 1987), pp. 429-43 (pp. 441-3). 52 Hudson, The Premature Reformation, pp. 301-7. 53 Heresy Trials in the Diocese of Norwich, 1428-31, N.P. Tanner (ed.) Camden Society 4th ser. 20 (London, 1977), p. 47. See also Hudson, The Premature Reformation, p. 313. 54 Hudson, The Premature Reformation, for example p. 279. 55 von Nolcken, 'Another Kind of Saint', p. 434. 56 W. Scase, Reginald Pecock, Authors of the Middle Ages 8, vol. III (Aldershot, 1996), pp. 29-37; E.F. Jacob, Reynold Pecock Bishop of Chichester, Proceedings of the British Academy 37 (London, 1953), pp. 135-8; M. Bose, 'Reginald Pecock's Vernacular Voice', in Lollards and Their Influence in Late Medieval England, F. Somerset,].c. Havens and D.G. Pitard (eds) (Woodbridge, 2003), pp.217-36. 57 Reginald Pecock's Book of Faith: A Fifteenth Century Theological Tractate, J.L. Morison (ed.) (Glasgow, 1909), Part I, chapter VII, pp. 191-2. See also Thomson, The Later Lollards, p. 240; Hudson, The Premature Reformation, p.l72. 58 E. Knapp, The Bureaucratic Muse: Thomas Hoccleve and the Literature of Late Medieval England (University Park, Pa., 2001), pp. 129, 139. 59 J. Mitchell, Thomas Hoecleve: A Study in Early Fifteenth-Century English Poetic (London, 1968), p. 49. 60 Hoccleve's Works: The Minor Poems, F.]. Furnivall and I. Gollancz (eds) EETS 61, 73 (Oxford, 1970), p. 23 (lines 473-6). 61 See S.L. Einbinder, Beautiful Death: Jewish Poetry and Martyrdom in Medieval France (Princeton, NJ and Oxford, 2002), for example p. 18. 62 A. Pettegree, Marian Protestantism: Six Studies (Aldershot, 1996), pp. 86-117; T. Freeman, '''The Good Ministrye of Godlye and Vertuose Women": The Elizabethan Martyrologists and the Female Supporters of the Marian Martyrs', Journal of British Studies 39 (2000), pp. 8-33 (p. 12); S. Brigden, London and the Reformation (Oxford, 1989), p. 189. 63 Hudson, The Premature Reformation, pp. 158-61 (p. 161). 64 English Wycliffite Sermons, A. Hudson (ed.) 5 vols. (Oxford, 1983-96), vol. I, sermon E34, p. 625 (lines 66-9); also B.S. Gregory, Salvation at Stake: Christian Martyrdom in Early Modern Europe (Cambridge, Mass. and London, 1999), p. 7l. 65 P. McNiven, Heresy and Politics in the Reign of Henry IV: The Burning of John Badby (Woodbridge, 1987), pp. 214-16. 66 The text was edited in Two Wycliffite Texts: The Sermon of William Taylor 1406: The Testimony of William Thorpe 1407, A. Hudson (ed.) EETS o.S. 301 (Oxford, 1993), pp. 193-8. This text has survived in four manuscripts. Ibid., p.xxvi. 67 R. Copeland, Pedagogy, Intellectuals and Dissent in the Later Middle Ages: Lollardy and Ideas of Learning (Cambridge, 2001), p. 142. 68 Two Wycliffite Texts, p. 36. 69 'For no doute whoeuere wolen lyue here piteously, pat is cheritabli in Crist Iesu, schulen suHre now he ere in pis !iif persecucioun in 0 [sic] wise or in opere - pat is, [if] we schul en be saued'. Ibid., p. 26. 138 Notes

70 Copeland, Pedagogy, p. 143. Copeland uses the term 'pedagogical drama of inquisition' on p. 20l. 71 P. Strohm, England's Empty Throne: Usurpation and the Language of Legit• imation, 1399-1422 (New Haven and London, 1998), pp. 57, 34. On Sawtre's trial and execution see Ibid. pp. 40-62; McNiven, Heresy and Politics, pp.81-9l. 72 Two Wycliffite Texts, pp. 92-3. 73 Hudson, The Premature Reformation, pp. 196, 302. 74 The Great Chronicle of London, p. 252. 75 Bokenham, Legendys ofHooly Wummen, pp. 112-29 and 203-25. 76 Two Wycliffite Texts, pp. 36, 59. 77 L.P. Fairfield, 'John Bale and the Development of Protestant Hagiography in England', Journal of Ecclesiastical History 24 (1973), pp. 145-60 (p. 146). 78 1.1. Besserman, The Legend of Job in the Middle Ages (Cambridge, Mass. and London, 1979),pp.57-65, 75-9. 79 K.A. Winstead, Virgin Martyrs: Legends of Sainthood in Late Medieval England (Ithaca and London, 1997), pp. 126-7. 80 The Kingis Quair and Other Prison Poems, L.R. Mooney and M.-J. Am (eds) (Kalamazoo, 2005), text on pp. 153-63; see also p. 3. 81 Hoccleve's Works, p. 103 (lines 232-3). 82 Ibid., p. 97 (lines 62-6). 83 G. McMurray Gibson, 'St Margery: The Book of Margery Kempe', in Equally in God's Image: Women in the Middle Ages, J. Bolton Holloway, C.S. Wright and J. Bechtold (eds) (NY, 1990), pp. 144-63 (p. 144). 84 The Book of Margery Kempe, chapter 53, pp. 258-9 (lines 4327-38). 85 Ibid., chapter 84, p. 365 (lines 6889-94). 86 Salih, Versions of Virginity, pp. 214-15; J. Fredell, 'Margery Kempe: Spectacle and Spiritual Governance', Philological Quarterly 75 (1996), pp. 137-66 (p.158). 87 The Book of Margery Kempe, p. 62 (lines 346-50); p. 67 (lines 432-3). 88 Salih, Versions of Virginity, p. 21l. 89 The Book of Margery Kempe, p. 131 (lines 1560-5). 90 Ibid., p. 249 (lines 4130-2). 91 Lydgate, The Minor Poems, vol. II, pp. 456-61, quote on p. 458 (lines 64-7). For Walter Map's original version see The Latin Poems Commonly Attributed to Walter Mapes, T. Wright (ed.) Camden Society o.s. 16 (London, 1841), pp.77-85. 92 Geoffrey Chaucer The Wife of Bath: Complete, Authoritative Text with Bio• graphical and Historical Contexts, Critical History, and Essays from Five Con• temporary Critical Perspectives, P.G. Beidler (ed.) (NY and Boston, 1996), p. 44 (line 3). 93 Ibid., p. 57 (line 384). 94 Ibid., p. 61 (line 489). On the 'wo' in the Wife of Bath's Prologue see 1. Patterson, "'Experience woot well it is noght so": Marriage and the Pursuit of Happiness in the Wife of Bath's Prologue and Tale', in Ibid., pp. 133-54, esp. 140-l. 95 www.weddingguide.co.uk!articles!ceremonies!greekorthodox.asp 96 R.M. Haines, Ecclesia Anglicana: Studies in the English Church of the Later Middle Ages (Toronto, 1989), pp. 156-79 (p. 163). Notes 139

Chapter 2 Thomas, Earl of Lancaster: Christ's Knight

1 The Chronicle of Lanercost 1272-1346, R. Maxwell (trans.) (Glasgow, 1913), p. 234. 2 Vita Edwardi Secundi: The Life of Edward the Second: By the So-Called Monk of Malmesbury, N. Denholm-Young (ed. and trans.) (London, 1957), p.123. 3 J.R. Maddicott, Thomas of Lancaster, 1307-1322: A Study in the Reign of Edward II (London, 1970), p. 48. 4 The Life ofEdward, pp. 115-25. 5 Maddicott, Thomas of Lancaster, pp. 315-16; J.e. Davies, The Baronial Opposition to Edward II: Its Character and Policy: A Study in Administrative History (London, 1967), pp. 498-510. 6 Chronicles of the Reigns of Edward I and Edward II, W. Stubbs (ed.) 2 vols., RS 76 (London, 1882-83), pp. 77,302. 7 Johannis de Trokelowe: et Henrici de Blaneforde, Monachorum S. Albani, H.T. Riley (ed.) RS 28 (London, 1886), pp. 112-24. 8 'Gesta Edwardi de Carnarvan', in Chronicles of the Reigns of Edward I and Edward II, p. 77. 9 W.R.J. Barron, 'The Penalties for Treason in Medieval Life and Literature', Journal of Medieval History 7 (1981), pp. 187-202 (p. 190); S. Kay, 'The Sublime Body of the Martyr: Violence in Early Romance Saints' Lives', in Violence in Medieval Society, R.W. Kaeuper (ed.) (Woodbridge, 2000), pp. 3-20 (p. 18). 10 The Anonimalle Chronicle, 1307 to 1334, W.R. Childs and J. Taylor (eds) Yorkshire Archaeological Society 147 (Leeds, 1991), p. 108. 11 Anonimalle, p. 108. 12 Ibid., p. 115. 13 The Brut, or The Chronicles of England, F.W.D. Brie (ed.) 2 vols., EETS o.s. 131, 136 (London, 1906, 1908), p. 230. 14 N. Fryde, The Tyranny and Fall of Edward II 1321-1326 (Cambridge, 1979), pp.162-4. 15 M. McKisack, The Fourteenth Century 1307-1399 (Oxford, 1959), pp. 85-7; J. Taylor, 'The Judgment on Hugh Despenser, the Younger', Medievalia et Humanistica 12 (1958), pp. 70-7. 16 The Chronicle of Lanercost, p. 234; see Latin origin in Chronicon de Lanercost (Edinboro ugh, 1839), p. 244. Similar views were expressed in The Life of Edward , p. 126; Anonimalle, p. 108. 17 M. Rubin, The Hollow Crown: A History of Britain in the (London, 2005), p. 33. 18 Foedera, vol. II, part I, p. 525. 19 Anonimalle, p. 114. 20 Historical Papers and Letters from the Northern Registers, J. Raine (ed.) RS 61 (London, 1873), pp. 323-5. 21 Calendar of Inquisitions Miscellaneous, Preserved in the Public Record Office, 7 vols., RS 155 (London, 1916-68), vol. II, pp. 528-9. 22 A.R. Echerd, 'Canonization and Politics in Late Medieval England: The Cult of Thomas of Lancaster' (unpublished doctoral thesis, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 1983), p. 140; P. Doherty, Isabella and the 140 Notes

Strange Death of Edward II (London, 2003), pp. 114-15. For further discus• sion of the cult around Edward II see below, Chapter 5. 23 W.M. Ormrod, The Reign of Edward III: Crown and Political Society in England 1327-1377 (New Haven and London, 1990), p. 3. 24 RP, vol. II, pp. 7, 11. 25 Foedera, vol. II, part II, p. 695. 26 Historical Papers and Letters, pp. 340-2. 27 CPR (Edward III A.D. 1327-1330) (London, 1891), p. 194. 28 Foedera, vol. II, part II, p. 707. 29 Ibid., p. 726. 30 BM, Department of British and Medieval Antiquities, 1954,5-2,1. H. Tait, 'Pilgrim-Signs and Thomas, Earl of Lancaster', British Museum Quarterly 20 (1955-56), pp. 39-47. 31 Another pilgrims badge from approximately the same period is BM, M.L.A. 1984, 5-5.2, which portrays the execution of Lancaster as well as his ascent to heaven. See Age of Chivalry: Art in Plantagenet England 1200-1400, J. Alexander and P. Binski (eds) (London, 1987), p. 223. 32 Ormrod, The Reign ofEdward III, p. 3. 33 Foedera, vol. II, part II, p. 731. 34 Ibid., p. 782. 35 Ormrod, The Reign of Edward III, p. 5. 36 Foedera, vol. II, part II, p. 814. 37 Calendar ofEntries in the Papal Registers relating to Great Britain and Ireland: Papal Letters, 18 vols., RS 159 (London, 1893-[1994]), vol. II; Ormrod, The Reign of Edward III, pp. 7-11. 38 Thomas Walsingham, Historia AngIicana, H.T. Riley (ed.) 2 vols., RS 28 (London, 1862, 1864), vol. II, p. 195. John Capgrave repeated this error in mid-fifteenth century, with reference to the year 1389. John Capgrave's Abbreuiacion ofCronicles, P.]. Lucas (ed.) EETS 285 (Oxford, 1983), p. 198. 39 S. Walker, 'Political Saints in Later Medieval England', in The McFarlane Legacy: Studies in Late Medieval Politics and Society, R.H. Britnell and A.J. Pollard (eds) (Stroud, 1995), pp. 77-106 (p. 83). 40 The Inventories of St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, 1384-1667, M.F. Bond (ed.) (Windsor, 1947), p. 44. 41 Greven's manuscript containing saints' legends is now Berlin Stadtbiblio• thek MS Theol. Lat. Fol. 706 (fols. 109r-l11r); Gielemans's collection of saints' lives is Vienna, Osterreichischen Nationalbibliothek, MS Ser. N. 12.708 (fols. 38r-40r), and was printed in Anecdota ex Codicibus Hagio• graphicis Iohannis Gielemans Canonici Regularis in Rubea, Societe des Bollandistes, Subsidia Hagiographica 3 (Brussels, 1895). Quote in Ibid., p.98. 42 'Wills of Leeds and District', R.B. Cook (ed.) Publications of the Thoresby Society Miscellanea 26 (1919), p. 215; An Old York Church, All Hollows in North Street, P.]. Shaw (ed.) (York, 1908), p. 89. 43 London Consistory Wills, 1492-1547, I. Darlington (ed.) London Record Society 3 (London, 1967), p. 9; R. de Salis, Hillingdon Through Eleven Centuries (Uxbridge, 1927), pp. 52-3; London, Guildhall Library, MS 9171, Register 10, fol. 17; National Archives, PRO B11/22, Porch 33, fols. 26Ov-261r. Notes 141

44 Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII, ]. Gairdner, S. Brewer and R.H. Brodie (eds) 38 vols., RS 120 (London, 1862-1932), vol. 10, pp. 137, 141. 45 A.R. Echerd saw it mainly as a focus of anti-royal sentiment. Echerd, 'Canonization and Politics', p. 21. 46 The seals are attached to two grants of lands: National Archives, PRO E329/47 and E329/20. 47 P.D.A. Harvey and A. McGuinness, A Guide to British Medieval Seals (London, 1996), pp. 88-93. 48 The Court Rolls of Walsham Ie Willows, R. Lock (ed.) 2 vols., Suffolk Records Society 41,45 (Woodbridge, 1998-2002), vol. I, pp. 19, 135. 49 An Old York Church, p. 89; Fifth Report of the Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts, H.T. Riley (ed.) (London, 1876), part 1, p. 544. 50 Cambridge, King's College, MS 31; Maddicott, Thomas of Lancaster, pp. 26, 269. 51 BL, MS Add. 38819; Catalogue of the Additions to the Manuscripts in the British Museum in the Year 1911-1915 (Oxford, 1969), pp. 255-6. 52 Oxford, Bodleian, MS eMus. 139, fol. 85r; Echerd, 'Canonization and Politics', pp. 257-8. 53 William Worcester, William Worcester Itineraries, ].H. Harvey (ed.) (Oxford, 1969), pp. 78-81. 54 Maddicott, Thomas of Lancaster, p. 320. 55 BL, MS Add. 42310, fol. 56r. For its dating see E.G. Millar, The Luttrell Psalter (London, 1932), pp. 1-3. 56 Cambridge, Clare College, MS 6, the prayer on fol. 145r, the obit on fol. 2r. 57 Norwich, Norfolk Museums and Archaeology Service, MS 158.926/4f, fol. 152rv; N.R. Ker, Medieval Manuscripts in British Libraries, 4 vols. (Oxford, 1969-1992), vol. III, pp. 517-19. 58 Anecdota ex Codicibus, pp. 98-9. 59 Letters and Papers ... Henry VIII, vol. 10, pp. 137, 141. 60 S. Walker, The Lancastrian Affinity 1361-1399 (Oxford, 1990), pp. 286-91. See, for example, the case of Sussex, pp. 127-41. 61 Baltimore, Walters Art Gallery, MS W. 105 (The Butler Hours), fol. 13v; Age of Chivalry, p. 255. The memoria was transcribed in J.T. Mickleth• waite, 'Antiquities and Works of Art Exhibited', Archaeological Journal 36 (1879), pp. 103-4. 62 de Salis, Hillingdon, p. 29. 63 W. Rye, The False Pedigree & Arms of the Family of Bacon of Suffolk (Norwich, 1919), pp. 24-5. 64 E.W. Tristram, English Wall Painting of the Fourteenth Century (London, 1955), pp. 227-8; E.W. Tristram, 'The Wall Painting of South Newington', Burlingtone Magazine 62 (1933), pp. 114-29 (p. 123). 65 For John Gifford see 'A Chronicle of the Civil Wars of Edward II', G.L. Haskins (ed.), Speculum 14 (1939), pp. 73-81 (p. 80); A. Caiger• Smith, English Medieval Mural Paintings (Oxford, 1963), p. 94, n. 1; G.L. Haskins, 'Judicial Proceedings Against a Traitor after Boroughbridge, 1322', Speculum 12 (1937), pp. 509-11. 66 G.E. Cokayne, The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom: Extant, Extinct, or Dormant, 13 vols. 142 Notes

(London, 1910-40), vol. VIII, pp. 286-7;]. Backhouse, The Luttrell Psalter (London, 1989), pp. 16-40;]. Coleman, 'New Evidence about Sir Geoffrey Luttrell's Raid on Sempringham Priory, 1312', The British Library Journal 25 (1999), pp. 103-28. 67 W.W.H. Dixon, Festi Eboracenses,]. Raine (ed.) (London, 1863), p. 407; R. Somerville, History of the Duchy ofLancaster, 2 vols. (London, 1953), vol. I, pp. 47, 363. 68 A Collection of the Wills of the Kings and Queens of England,]. Nichols (ed.) (London, 1780), pp. 44-5, 54. 69 Backhouse, The Luttrell Psalter, p. 60. 70 ]. Raine, St Cuthbert (Durham, 1828), pp. 120-2; D.M. Stuart, A Book of Birds and Beasts: Legendary, Literary and Historical (London, 1957), p. 20. I did not manage to establish, however, whether there were ongoing rela• tions of patronage between the de Bohuns and this convent. 71 The Brut, vol. I, p. 229. 72 Berlin, Stadtbibliothek, MS Theol. Lat. Fol. 706, fols. 109r-111r; Cologne, Cologne Historisches Archiv, MS W. 28, fol. 84v. 73 The Life ofEdward, pp. 124-5. 74 M. Camille, Mirror in Parchment: The Luttrell Psalter and the Making of Medieval England (London, 1998), pp. 72-3; M. Camille, Image on the Edge: The Margins of Medieval Art (London, 1992), p. 107. 75 E. Witztum and R. Malkinson, 'Death of a Leader: The Social Construction of Bereavement', in When a Community Weeps: Case Studies in Group Sur• vivorship, E.S. Zinner and M.B. Williams (eds) (London, 1998), pp. 119-37 (p. 123). 76 '" Alias, Seint Thomas, faire fader! Alias! Shal y be dede pus?'" The Brut, p.222. 77 BL, MS Royal 12 C XII, fol. II. 78 The Brut, pp. 219-20. 79 Some chronicles are mentioned in McKisack, The Fourteenth Cen• tury, p. 69: Trokelwe, pp. 72-3; 'pro justicia ecclesiae et regni', Henry Knighton, Chronicon Henrici Knighton, ].R. Lumby (ed.) 2 vols., RS 92 (Lon• don, 1889), vol. I, p. 426; 'pro Ecclesiae jure et statu regni', Flores His• toriarum, H.R. Luard (ed.) 3 vols., RS 95 (London, 1890), vol. III, p. 204. Also 'pro ... defensione libertatis ecclesiae', Foedera, vol. II, part II, p. 695. The prayer is in Cologne, Cologne Historisches Archiv, MS W 28, fol. 84v. 80 Anecdota ex Codicibus, p. 98. 81 Maddicott, Thomas of Lancaster, p. 321. 82 BL, MS Harley 211, fols. 176rv. 83 Maddicott, Thomas of Lancaster, pp. 1,9, 76,321. 84 ].R. Maddicott, Simon de Montfort (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 87-8. 85 Ibid., p. 347; R.C. Finucane, Miracles and Pilgrims: Popular Beliefs in Medieval England (London, 1977), p. 125. 86 Quoting Maddicott, Thomas of Lancaster, p. 321. 87 Walker, 'Political Saints', pp. 82, 97. 88 Ibid., pp. 96-7. 89 F. Riddy, 'Middle English Romance: Family, Marriage, Intimacy', in The Cambridge Companion to Medieval Romance, R.L. Krueger (ed.) (Cambridge, 2000), pp. 235-52 (p. 239). Notes 143

90 R.L. Krueger, 'Introduction', in Ibid., pp. 1-9 (p. 4); D. Mehl, The Middle English Romances of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries (London, 1968), p. 2. 91 Rubin, The Hollow Crown, p. 56. 92 Ormrod, The Reign ofEdward III, p. 45; M. Biddle et al., King Arthur's Round Table: An Archaeological Investigation (Woodbridge, 2000), pp. 399-400. 93 Ormrod, The Reign of Edward III, p. 45; H.E.L. Collins, The Order of the Garter 1348-1461: Chivalry and Politics in Late Medieval England (Oxford, 2000), pp. 20, 83-4. 94 G. Harriss, 'Political Society and the Growth of Government in Late Medieval England', Past and Present 138 (1993), pp. 28-57 (pp. 33-4). 95 Maddicott, Thomas of Lancaster, pp. 288-92. 96 R. Mazo Karras, From Boys to Men: Formations of Masculinity in Late Medieval Europe (Pennsylvania, 2003), p. 24. 97 P. Coss, 'Knighthood, Heraldry and Social Exclusion in Edwardian England', in Heraldry, Pageantry and Social Display in Medieval England, P. Coss and M. Keen (eds) (Woodbridge, 2002), pp. 39-68 (pp. 41-3). 98 C. Carpenter, 'Gentry and Community in Medieval England', Journal of British Studies 33 (1994), pp. 340-80 (p. 367). 99 Anecdota ex Codicibus, p. 93. 100 BL, MS Royal 12 C XII, fol. II. The office was transcribed and translated in Wright, pp. 268-72. For its scribe, dating and patronage see C. Revard, 'Scribe and Provenance', in Studies in the Harley Manuscript: The Scribes, Contents, and Social Contexts of British Library MS Harley 2253, S. Fein (ed.) (Kalamazoo, 2000), pp. 21-109 (pp. 21-6, 58, 69-73, 77-81). 101 BL, MS Royal 12 C XII, fol. II. 102 On the 'religious mentality of knighthood' see M. Keen, Chivalry (New Haven and London, 1984), pp. 55-7. 103 Baltimore, Walters Art Gallery, MS W. 105, fol. 13v; Cambridge, Clare College, MS 6, fol. 144I. 104 Norwich, Norfolk Museums and Archaeology Service, MS 158.926/4f, fol. 152r; Anecdota ex Codicibus, p. 94. 105 Cologne, Cologne Historisches Archiv, MS W 28, fol. 84v; BL, MS Royal 12 C XII, fol. 1r; Baltimore, Walters Art Gallery, MS W. 105, fol. 13v. 106 Norfolk, Norfolk Museums and Archaeology Service, MS 158.926/4f, fol. 152r; BL, MS Royal 12 C XII, fol. 1r; Baltimore, Walters Art Gallery, MS W. 105, fol. 13v; The Brut, p. 220. 107 For the popularity of ideas on crusading in England in the fourteenth century see C. Tyerman, England and the : 1095-1588 (Chicago and London, 1988), pp. 259-6l. 108 Ibid., pp. 247-50. 109 C. Morris, 'Martyrs on the Field of Battle before and during the First Crusade', in Martyrs and Martyrologies, pp. 93-104 (p. 93). 110 Oxford, Bodleian, MS Douce 231, fol. II. Age of Chivalry, pp. 254-5; L.F. Sandler, Gothic Manuscripts: 1285-1385, 2 vols. (A Survey of Manu• scripts Illuminated in the British Isles vol. 5) (London, 1986), vol. II, cat. no. 87, pp. 95-6. 111 The prayer for Lancaster is in Cologne Historisches Archiv, MS W 28, fol. 84v; the book of carols is Oxford, Bodleian, MS Arch. Selden B. 26, 144 Notes

the hymn is on fols. 8v-9r. R.L. Greene, 'Two Medieval Manuscripts: Egerton 3307 Some University of Chicago Fragments', Journal of the American Musicological Society 7 (1954), pp. 1-34. For a modern musical notation see Fifteenth Century Liturgical Music, A. Hughes (ed.) Early English Church Music 8 (London, 1964), pp. 10-11. 112 Maddicott, Thomas of Lancaster, p. 196. 113 Baltimore, Walters Art Gallery, MS W. 105, fol. 13v; Oxford, Bodleian, MS e. Mus 139, fol. 85r; BL, MS Royal 12 C XII, fol. 1r; Norwich, Norfolk Museums and Archaeology Service, MS 158.926/4f, fol. 152v. 114 BL, MS Royal 12 C XII, fo!. 1r; Walker, 'Political Saints'. 115 The Inventories of St George's Chapel, p. 44. 116 W.S.J. Hope and E.G.C.F. Atchley, English Liturgical Colours (London, 1918), p. 252. 117 Collins, The Order of the Garter, p. 152. 118 London, College of Arms, MS Vincent 152, fol. 39v. A Catalogue of Manu• scripts in the College of Arms Collections, L. Campbell and F. Steer (eds) (London, 1988), pp. 387-91. An earlier Ordinary, from c. 1380, is also preserved at the College of Arms and depicts the arms of 'Saint Thomas de Lancastre': MS 'Jenyns' Ordinary, fol. 3v. I would like to thank Mr. Robert Yorke from the College of Arms for drawing my attention to this manuscript. 119 The Life of Edward, pp. 122, 125. 120 Mazo Karras, From Boys to Men, p. 42. 121 Although this could have been disregarded also because of her apparently willful 'abduction' by the Earl of Warrene in 1317, and Lancaster's lack of sons to inherit him. McKisack, The Fourteenth Century, p.51. 122 Visitations of the North, F.W. Dendy and C.H. Hunter Blair (eds) 4 parts, Surtees Society 122, 133, 144, 146 (Durham, 1920-32), part III, pp.63-4. 123 Anonimalle, p. 80. 124 Foedera, vol. II, part I, p. 474. 125 Maddicott, Thomas of Lancaster, p. 302. The Brut, p. 222. Also Thomas Walsingham refers to this byname, Historia Anglicana, vol. I, p. 164. 126 R. Morris, The Character of King Arthur in Medieval Literature (Woodbridge, 1982), pp. 134, 138; L.A. Coote, Prophecy and Public Affairs in Later Medieval England (Woodbridge, 2000), pp. 43, 81-2. 127 The Brut, pp. 222-3. 128 Maddicott, Thomas of Lancaster, pp. 241-3. 129 Cologne, Cologne Historisches Archiv, MS W 28, fol. 84v; Cambridge, Clare College, MS 6, fol. 2r. 130 D.J.B. Trim, "'Knights of Christ"? Chivalric Culture in England, c. 1400- c. 1550', in Cross, Crown and Community: Religion, Government and Culture in Early Modem England 1400-1800, D.].B. Trim and P.J. Balderstone (eds) (Oxford, 2004), pp. 77-112. 131 The Brut, p. 223; BL, MS Royal 12 C XII, fol. II. 132 BL, MS Add. 42310, fol. 56r; BM, M.L.A. 1984.5-5.2. 133 A. Musson, 'Social Exclusivity or Justice for All? Access to Justice in Fourteenth-Century England', in Pragmatic Utopias: Ideals and Commun- Notes 145

ities, 1200-1630, R. Horrox and S. Rees Jones (eds) (Cambridge, 2001), pp. 136-55 (p. 136). 134 Foedera, vol. II, part II, p. 731. 135 On these miracles and their interpretation see D. Piroyansky, 'Bloody Miracles of a Political Martyr: The Case of Thomas Earl of Lancaster', in Signs, Wonders, Miracles: Representations of Divine Power in the Life of the Church, K. Cooper and J. Gregory (eds) Studies in Church History 41 (Woodbridge, 2005), pp. 228-38. 136 Oxford, Bodleain, MS eMus. 139, fol. 85r; BL, MS Royal 12 C XII, fol. 1r. 13 7 Geoffrey Ie Baker, Chronicon Galfridi Ie Baker de Swynebroke, E.M. Thompson (ed.) (Oxford, 1889), p. 171. 138 A. Musson and W.M. Ormrod, The Evolution of English Justice: Law, Politics and Society in the Fourteenth Century (Basingstoke, 1999), pp. 175-90. 139 Starting 'Beati qui esuriunt iusticiam,/et odiunt et fugiunt iniuriae nequitiam;/ quos nec auri copia nec divitum exhennia trahunt a rigore/ set que iusta et aure non claudicant'. BL, MS Royal 12 C XII, fol. Iv. Printed and translated in Wright, pp. 224-8. 140 Musson, 'Social Exclusivity', pp. 137, 145-7. 141 Maddicott, Thomas of Lancaster, p. 242. 142 M. Rubin, 'Religious Symbols and Political Culture in Fifteenth-Century England', in The Fifteenth Century IV: Political Culture in Late Medieval Britain, L. Clark and C. Carpenter (eds) (Woodbridge, 2004), pp. 97-111 (pp. 99-100). 143 Cambridge, Clare College, MS 6. A Descriptive Catalogue of the Western Manuscripts in the Library of Clare College, Cambridge, M.R. James (ed.) (Cambridge, 1905), p. 12. 144 BL, MS Royal 12 C XII, fols. 33r-60v. All references and quotations which will follow are from The History of Fulk Fitz Warine, An Out• lawed Baron in the Reign of King John, T. Wright (ed. and trans.) (London, 1855). 145 Ibid., pp. 62-3, 66-9, 172-3. 146 Musson and Ormrod, The Evolution, pp. 166-70. 147 Ibid., p. 170. 148 "'Now pe Kyng of Heuen 3eue vs mercy, for pe erpely Kyng hap vs forsak!''', The Brut, p. 223. 149 See, for example, in Cologne, Cologne Historisches Archiv, MS W 28, fol. 84v: 'Deus, qui beatum Thomam, militem tuum inclitum, pro pace statu anglie dirae decollationis martyrium subire voluisti'. 150 The Brut, pp. 216, 219. 151 Ibid., pp. 217, 223. 152 'Qui jam, velut fluvius, de loco voluptatis, ad irrigandum egrediens par• adisum, in partes divisus, terram Angliae, sancti sui sanguinis effusione rubricatam, rore coelesti temperat salubriter & foecundat', Foedera, vol. II, part II, p. 695. 153 'Heu! Nunc languet equitas/ viget et impietas,/ veritas vilessit.j Nempe Thome bonitas/ eius atque sanctitas/ indies acressit,/ Ad cuius tumbam sospitas/ egris datur/ ut veritas/ cunctis nunc claressit.' BL, MS Royal 12 C XII, fol. 1r. 146 Notes

Chapter 3 Archbishop Richard Scrope: Shepherd of the People

1 P. McNiven, 'The Betrayal of Archbishop Scrope', BJRL 54 (1971), pp. 173-213; S. Walker, 'The Yorkshire Rising of 1405: Texts and Con• texts', in Henry IV: The Establishment of the Regime, 1399-1406, G. Dodd and D. Biggs (eds) (Woodbridge, 2003), pp. 161-84. 2 Walker, 'Yorkshire Rising', p. 184. 3 Some of the chroniclers who referred to these articles were, for example, Incerti Scriptoris Chronicon Angliae: De Regnis Trium Regum Lancastrensium Henrici IV, Henrici V, et Henrici VI, J.A. Giles (ed.) (London, 1848), pp. 44-5; 'Annales Ricardi Secundi et Henrici Quarti, Regum Angliae', in Johannis de Trokelowe: et Henrici de Blaneforde, Monachorum S. Albani, H.T. Riley (ed.) RS 28 (London, 1886), pp. 155-420 (pp. 403-5); Eulogium Historiarum sive Temporis, F.S. Haydon (ed.) 3 vols., RS 9 (London, 1858-68), vol. III, pp. 405-6. Also McNiven, 'The Betrayal', pp. 180-6; Walker, 'Yorkshire Rising', p. 172. 4 Walker, 'Yorkshire Rising', p. 174. 5 RP, vol. III, pp. 604-5 (article 5); Walker, 'Yorkshire Rising', p. 163. 6 For example, Thomas Walsingham, Historia Anglicana, H.T. Riley (ed.) 2 vols., RS 28 (London, 1862, 1864), vol. II, p. 269; 'Ann ales Ricardi Secundi', pp. 406-7; Eulogium, vol. III, pp. 406-7; Incerti Scriptoris, p. 45. 7 Their names appear in J.H. Wylie, History of England Under Henry the Fourth, 4 vols. (London, 1884-98), vol. II, pp. 230-2. 8 Incerti Scriptoris, pp. 45-7; Eulogium, vol. III, p. 408; 'Annales Ricardi Secundi', pp. 409-10. 9 P. Strohm, England's Empty Throne: Usurpation and the Language of Legit• imation, 1399-1422 (New Haven and London, 1998), chapter 3 (pp. 63-5). 10 The Historians of the Church of York and Its Archbishops, J. Raine (ed.) 3 vols., RS 71 (London, 1879-94), vol. III, pp. 293-4; also The Fabric Rolls of , J. Raine (ed.) Surtees Society 35 (Durham, 1859), p. 196. 11 YML, MS XVI. K. 6, fol. 27v. For its dating see J.B. Friedman, Northern English Books, Owners and Makers in the Late Middle Ages (Syracuse, NY, 1995), p. 89. The prayer was transcribed in Horae Eboracenses, C. Wordsworth (ed.) Surtees Society 132 (Durham and London, 1920), p. 181. 12 Oxford, Bodleian, MS Lat. Liturg. f. 2, fol. 147rv, printed in F. Madan, 'Beatus Ricardus Martyr atque Pontifex', The Athenaeum 4 August 1888, pp. 161-2; Cambridge, Trinity College, MS R.S.20, fol. 171r, printed in Robbins, p. 90. 13 Oxford, Bodleian, MS Auctar IV 5, fols. 99r-103r contains the texts of Scrope's martyrdom and the reasons for his decollation in Gascoigne's own hand, with his corrections; it was transcribed in Thomas Gascoigne, Loci e Libro Veritatum, J.E.T. Rogers (ed.) (Oxford, 1881) [hereafter Gas• coigne], pp. 225-9. On Gascoigne see W.A. Pronger, 'Thomas Gascoigne', EHR 53 (1938), pp. 606-26. Also Wylie, History of England, vol. II, pp.358-60. 14 Transcribed in The Historians of the Church of York, vol. II, pp. 306-11 [hereafter MaidstoneJ. See also S.K. Wright, 'Paradigmatic Ambiguity in Notes 147

Monastic Historiography: The Case of Clement Maidstone's Martyrium Ricardi Archiepiscopi', Studia Monastica 28 (1986), pp. 311-42; S.K. Wright, 'The Provenance and Manuscript Tradition of the Martyrium Ricardi Archiepiscopi', Manuscripta 28 (1984), pp. 92-102. 15 Wright, 'The Provenance', esp. pp. 98-102. 16 On the three different sets of articles see Walker, 'Yorkshire Rising', pp. 172-3. The four manuscripts are Dublin, Trinity College, MS 516, fol. 200v Oohn Benet's commonplace book); Cambridge, Corpus Christi College, MS 197, fols. 93-8; BL, MS Cotton Vespasian EVIl, fols. 101r-104v; London, Lambeth Palace Library, MS 1742, fols. 118r- 127v. On John Benet and his book see A. Gransden, Historical Writing in England II: c. 1307 to the Early Sixteenth Century (London, 1982), pp.254-7. 17 Wright, 'Paradigmatic Ambiguity'. 18 Gascoigne, p. 225; Maidstone, p. 306. 19 The Historians of the Church of York, vol. III, pp. 291-3; The Fabric Rolls, pp. 193-5. 20 Calendar of Entries in the Papal Registers relating to Great Britain and Ireland, Papal Letters, vol. VI (1404-1415) (London, 1904), p. 98; M. Rubin, The Hollow Crown: A History of Britain in the Late Middle Ages (London, 2005), p.184. 21 The Chronicle of John Hardyng, H. Ellis (ed.) (London, 1812), pp. 371-2; Maidstone, p. 310. founded Sheen and Syon in 1415, and peti• tioned the Pope, unsuccessfully, for the founding of a Brigittine house in York itself. N.B. Warren, Spiritual Economies: Female Monasticism in Later Medieval England (Philadelphia, 2001), p. 122. 22 For example J.W. McKenna, 'Popular Canonization as Political Propa• ganda: The Cult of Archbishop Scrope', Speculum 45 (1970), pp. 608-23 (p.617). 23 Rubin, The Hollow Crown, p. 215. 24 'Godstow Chronicle', in G. Roperti Vita D. Thomae MaTi, W. Roper (ed.) (1716), pp. 180-246 (p. 239). 25 Cambridge, Stjohn's College, MS E. 26, fol. 54r. A similar prayer appears in another book of hours, YML, MS Add. 54 (The Mountenay Hours), on p.3. 26 On the Yorkist political manipulation of Scrope's cult see McKenna, 'Political Canonization', pp. 618-19. 27 London, Society of Antiquaries, MS 101, fol. 98r; printed in Robbins, pp. 222-5, and Wright, vol. II, p. 267. 28 CCR, Edward IV (London, 1953), vol. II, pp. 189-90. 29 Walker, 'Yorkshire Rising', p. 173. 30 R. Marks, 'The Glazing of Fotheringhay Church and College', Journal of the British Archaeological Association 131 (1978), pp. 79-109. See also illus• tration in p. 90, where Scrope is identified as number 7. 31 Marks, 'Glazing of Fotheringhay', p. 108; C.A.]. Armstrong, 'The Piety of Cicely, Duchess of York', in For Hilaire Belloc: Essays in Honour of His 72nd Birthday, D. Woodruff (ed.) (London, 1942), pp. 73-94. 32 J. Hughes, The Religious Life of Richard III: Piety and Prayer in the North of England (Stroud, 1997), pp. 84, 86, 95. 148 Notes

33 S. Walker, 'Political Saints in Later Medieval England' in The McFarlane Legacy: Studies in Late Medieval Politics and Society, R.H. Britnell and A,J. Pollard (eds) (Stroud, 1995), pp. 77-106 (p. 94). 34 Testamenta Eboracensia or Wills Registered at York, J. Raine and J.W. Clay (eds) 6 vols., Surtees Society 4,30,45 (London and Durham, 1836-1902), vol. II, pp. 149-52. 35 Ibid., vol. II, pp. 230-4 (pp. 231-2); J. Browne, The History of the Metro• politan Church ofSt Peter, York (London, 1847), pp. 244-5; Latin origin in YML, M2 (1) F, fols. 70r-72v; see also Walker, 'Political Saints', p. 85. 36 B. Thompson, 'Prelates and Politics from Winchelsey to Warham', in The Fifteenth Century IV: Political Culture in Late Medieval Britain, L. Clark and e. Carpenter (eds) (Woodbridge, 2004), pp. 69-95 (p. 76). 37 Walker, 'Political Saints', p. 94; see also C. Norton, 'Richard Scrape and York Minster', in Richard Scrape: Archbishop, Rebel, Martyr, J. Goldberg (ed.) (Shaun Tyas, forthcoming 2007). 38 Norton, 'Richard Scrope'. 39 Acts of the Chapter of the Collegiate Church of SS. Peter and , Ripon, A.D. 1452 to A.D. 1506, ].T. Fowler (ed.) Surtees Society 64 (Durham, 1875), p. 132, n. 91; Testamenta Eboracensia, vol. III, p. 232. 40 For a discussion on the possibilities of translation see Norton, 'Richard Scrope'. 41 The Fabric Rolls, pp. 225-6; Also Historians of the Church, vol. III, pp.389-90. 42 J.e. Smith, 'Christ as "Pastor", "Ostium" and "Agnus" in St. Thomas', Angelicum 56 (1979), pp. 93-118 (p. 95). 43 P.B. Roberts, Thomas Becket in the Medieval Latin Preaching Tradition: An Inventory of Sermons About St Thomas Becket c. 1170-c. 1400 (Steenbrugis, 1992), pp. 32-4. 44 Smith, 'Christ as "Pastor''', pp. 96, 99. 45 Cambridge, St John's College, MS E. 26, fol. 54r; Oxford, Bodleian, Lat. Liturg. f. 2, fol. 147r; Oxford, Bodleian, MS Bodl. 851, fol. 74v and BL, MS Cotton Faustina B ix, fol. 243v; YML, MS XVI.K.6, fol. 27v; D.E. O'Connor and J. Haselock, 'The Stained and Painted Glass', in A History of York Minster, G.E. Aylmer and R. Cant (eds) (Oxford, 1977), pp. 313-93 (p. 378). 46 Incerti Scriptoris, pp. 44-5. 47 D. Rollason, 'The Concept of Sanctity in the Early Lives of St Dunstan', in St Dunstan: His Life, Times and Cult, N. Ramsay, M. Sparks and T. Tatton• Brown (eds) (Woodbridge, 1992), pp. 261-72 (p. 268); A. Vauchez, Saint• hood in the Later Middle Ages, J. Birrell (trans.) (Cambridge, 1997), p. 301; J.H. Denton, Robert Winchelsey and the Crown 1294-1313: A Study in the Defence ofEcc/esiastical Liberty (Cambridge, 1980), p. 24. 48 Vauchez, Sainthood, pp. 285-304. 49 O'Connor and Haselock, 'The Stained and Painted Glass', p. 378; YML, MS Add. 2, fols. 100v and 202v; Marks, 'Glazing of Fotheringhay', p. 90; BL, MS Cotton Julius E IV (article 6), fol. Iv. The Beauchamp Pageant, A. Sinclair (ed.) (Richard III and Yorkist History Trust in association with Paul Watkins, 2003) includes biographical details on the Earl, a facsimile of the Pageants and a short explanation for each drawing. Scrope was Notes 149

depicted with a halo in the windows in York Minster and Fotheringhay Church. 50 H. Norris, Church Vestments: Their Origin & Development (London, 1949), p.70. 51 Cambridge, Trinity College, MS R.S.20, fol. 171l. 52 P. Dirsztay, Inside Churches: A Guide to Church Furnishings (London, 2001) 3rd edn., p. 15. 53 YML, MS Add. 2, fol. 202v. The windmill held by'S. Ricardus' may refer to that of Clementhorpe Nunnery, in whose field Scrope had been exe• cuted. A miracle was believed to have happened there: both Gascoigne and Maidstone tell of the miraculous crop produced the following autumn in the barley field where Scrope had been executed. Gascoigne, p. 228; Maidstone, p. 308. On the Clementhorpe windmills, still there in 1524, see A. Raine, Medieval York: A Topographical Survey based on Original Sources (London, 1955), p. 309. 54 B. Vale, 'The Scropes of Bolton and of Masham, c. BOO-c. 1450: A Study of a Northern Noble Family with a Calendar of the Scrope of Bolton Cartulary' (unpublished doctoral thesis, University of York, 1987), pp.153-4. 55 Oxford, Bodleian, MS Lat. Liturg. f. 2, fol. 147rv; YML, MS XVI.K.6, fol. 27v; Oxford, Bodleian, MS Bodl. 851, fol. 75r and BL, MS Cotton Faustina B ix, fol. 244r; Cambridge, Trinity College, MS R.S.20, fol. 171r; Gascoigne, p. 227; Maidstone, pp. 307-8; An English Chronicle of the Reigns of Richard II., Henry IV., Henry V., and Henry VI., ].S. Davies (ed.) Camden Society o.s. 64 (London, 1856), p. 32; Incerti Scriptoris, p. 47. 56 Gascoigne, p. 227. 57 E. Duffy, The Stripping of the Altars: Traditional Religion in England c. 1400-c. 1580 (New Haven and London, 1992), pp. 238-48. See also D. Gray, 'The Five Wounds of Our Lord', Notes and Queries 208 (1963), pp. 50-1, 82-9, 127-34, 163-8; R.W. Pfaff, New Liturgical Feasts in Later Medieval England (Oxford, 1970), pp. 84-91. 58 The Fabric Rolls, p. 221. On the Scropes' association with Corpus Christi see Norton, 'Richard Scrope'. 59 YML, MS Add. 2, fols. lOOv-102l. For the dating of this manuscript see Gothic: Art for England 1400-1547, R. Marks and P. Williamson (eds) (London, 2003), p. 278. 60 'Here may ye see my woundes wide,/ The whilke I tholed for youre mysdede'. Duffy, The Stripping, p. 247. 61 Gascoigne, p. 227; Maidstone, pp. 307-8. 62 Duffy, The Stripping, p. 248. 63 Gascoigne, pp. 226-7; Maidstone, p. 307; see also Wright, vol. II, pp. 115, 116 ('Sed prothomartyris exemplo geminat/ Ne Christe noxam statuas'; 'Ad sancti Stephani altaris titulum/ Cuius prouerij sumpsit capitulum/ Preperat presuli sepulcri lectulum'). 64 On the Scropes' mausoleum at St Stephen's Chapel, and on the Archbishop's wish to be buried there see Norton, 'Richard Scrope'. 65 The idea of political saints as encouraging appeasement and harmony is, of course, in Walker, 'Political Saints'. 66 C. Norton, St (Woodbridge, 2006), p. 140. 150 Notes

67 P. McNiven, 'The Problem of Henry IV's Health, 1405-1413', EHR 397 (1985), pp. 747-72 (p. 751). For the different approaches to the link between the King's malady and his execution of the Archbishop see Gascoigne, p. 228; Maidstone, p. 308; Eulogium, vol. III, p. 405; An English Chronicle, p. 33, Incerti Scriptoris, pp. 47-8. 68 Gascoigne, p. 227; Maidstone, p. 307. 69 Vauchez, Sainthood, p. 287; J. Murray, 'Masculinizing Religious Life: Sexual Prowess, the Battle for Chastity and Monastic Identity', in Holiness and Masculinity in the Middle Ages, P.H. Cullum and K.]. Lewis (eds) (Cardiff, 2005), pp. 24-42 (p. 27). 70 'Mitis in moribus, in pudicitia! Castus, virtutibus clarus, scientia'. Wright, vol. II, p. 116; Oxford, Bodleian, MS Bodl. 851, fol. 75r. 71 Vauchez, Sainthood, p. 296. 72 P. Cullum, 'Clerical Masculinity: Virginity, Sex and the Upper Clergy in Late Medieval England', in Richard Scrope: Archbishop, Rebel, Martyr. 73 Oxford, Bodleian, MS Lat. Liturg. f. 2, fol. 146v; YML, MS Add. 2, fols. 100v, 202v; GaSCOigne, p. 227; Maidstone, p. 307. On 'Marian blue' see M. Pastoureau, Blue: The History ofColor (Princeton, NJ, 2001), pp. 50-5. 74 Gascoigne, p. 229; Maidstone, p. 309. 75 Eulogium, vol. III, p. 421. 76 YML, MS Add. 2, fol. 100v; see also Cambridge, St John's College, MS E. 26, fol. 54r. 77 Oxford, Bodleian, MS Bodl. 851, fols. 74v, 75r and 76v, stanzas 18 and 25. The shorter version, transcribed from BL, MS Cotton Faustina B ix, fols. 243v-244v. 78 Eulogium, vol. III, pp. 406-7; also Walsingham, Historia Anglicana, vol. II, p. 270; 'Annales Ricardi Secundi', p. 407; Incerti Scriptoris, p. 45. 79 Vauchez, Sainthood, pp. 167-73, esp. p. 170. 80 'et gloriosissimo Martyri tuo Thomae, per Martyrii palam meritis coae• quasti'. YML, MS Add. 2, fol. 101v; 'Ast thomam militum audax attroci• tas' Oxford, Bodleian, MS Bodl. 851, fol. 75r and BL, MS Cotton Faustina B ix, fol. 244r (also Wright, vol. II, p. 116). 81 Cambridge, Stjohn'S College, MS E. 26, fol. 54r. 82 R.B. Dobson, Church and Society in the Medieval North of England (London, 1996), pp. 177-9. 83 Cambridge, Trinity College, MS R.S.20, fol. 171r. 84 YML, MS Add. 2, fols. 100v-101v, 202v; P. Cullum andJ. Goldberg, 'How Margaret Blackburn Taught her Daughters: Reading Devotional Instruc• tions in a Book of Hours', in Medieval Women: Texts and Contexts in Late Medieval Britain, Essays for Felicity Riddy, J. Wogan-Browne et al. (eds) (Turnhout, 2000), pp. 217-36. 85 , The Second Part of King Henry IV, G. Melchiori (ed.) (Cambridge, 1989), Act 4.1 (lines 232-8). 86 McNiven, 'The Betrayal', quote on p. 177. 87 R.N. Swanson, Church and Society in Late Medieval England (Oxford, 1989), p. 103; Thompson, 'Prelates and Politics', pp. 72-3; Vauchez, Sainthood, pp.292-4. 88 Vauchez, Sainthood, p. 295. 89 Denton, Robert Winchelsey, p. 25; Norton, St William, p. 127. Notes 151

90 Thompson, 'Prelates and Politics', p. 76; J.L. Kirby, Henry IV of England (London, 1970), pp. 113, 133. 91 G. Dodd, 'Henry IV's Council, 1399-1405', in Henry IV: The Establishment of the Regime, pp. 95-115 (p. 104); Vale, The Scropes', p. 177. 92 c.L. Kingsford, English Historical Literature in the Fifteenth Century (Oxford, 1913), p. 43; Eulogium, vol. III, pp. 405-6; An English Chronicle, p. 31; John Capgrave's Abbreuiacion of Cronicles, P.J. Lucas (ed.) EETS 285 (Oxford, 1983), pp. 227-8; 'Annales Ricardi Secundi', pp. 403-6; Walsingham, Historia Anglicana, vol. II, p. 269. 93 'A Northern Chronicle 1399-1430', in English Historical Literature, pp. 279-91 (p. 282); Abbreviata Cronica ab Anno 1377 usque ad Annum 1469, J.J. Smith (ed.) Cambridge Antiquarian Society Publications 1 (Cam• bridge, 1840), p. 4; Capgrave's Abbreuiacion, p. 229; Eulogium, vol. III, p. 408. 94 Wylie, History of England, pp. 192-9. 95 Vale, 'The Scropes', p. 101; J.T. Rosenthal, Telling Tales: Sources and Nar- ration in Late Medieval England (Pennsylvania, 2003), p. 88. 96 See also Norton, 'Richard Scrope'. 97 Ibid. 98 The window has been dated to c. 1440 on stylistic grounds. Ibid. 99 Ibid. 100 Oxford, Bodleian, MS Lat. Liturg. f.2, fols. 147rv and 146v. For its dating and ownership see A Summary Catalogue of Western Manuscripts in the Bodleian Library at Oxford, F. Maiden (ed.) 7 vols. (Oxford, 1895-1953), vol. III, p. 682 and K.L. Scott, Later Gothic Manuscripts 1390-1490, 2 vols. (London, 1996), vol. II, cat. no. 22, pp. 89-92; Chris Norton recently sug• gested Henry, 3,d Lord Scrope of Masham and his wife Philippa as com• missioners. Norton, 'Richard Scrope'. 101 R. Mills, 'The Signification of the Tonsure', in Holiness and Masculinity, pp.109-26. 102 'Scrobem purificat a sorde criminum/ Et scopam ordinat sanguinem pro• prium'. Oxford, Bodleian, MS Lat. Liturg. f.2, fol. 147r. 103 Wylie, History of England, p. 246. This confiscation of Scrope's goods was elaborated upon in Oxford, Bodleian, MS Bodl. 851, fols. 75r (stanzas 27-9), Wright, vol. II, p. 117. 104 Gascoigne, p. 226; Maidstone, p. 307. 105 Oxford, Bodleian, MS Lat. Liturg. f. 2, fol. 147r. 106 Thompson, 'Prelates and Politics', p. 72. 107 Maidstone, p. 306; GaSCOigne, pp. 225-6; Eulogium, vol. III, p. 407. 108 Eulogium, vol. III, p. 408; An English Chronicle, p. 33. 109 Simon Walker discussed the particular appeal Scrope's agenda had for the clergy, the people of York and the gentry. Walker, 'Yorkshire Rising', pp. 176-83. 110 Ibid., p. 173. 111 Acts of the Chapter, pp. 229-30, p. 132, n. 91. 112 Testamenta Eboracensia, vol. III, p. 232; York, Register of Wills 1321-1493 (YML, L 2/4), vol. I, fol. 332v. 113 John Dautree: Testamenta Eboracensia, vol. II, pp. 230-4 (pp. 231-2); Wylie, History of England, vol. II, p. 240; Nicholas Bowet: The Fabric Rolls, p. 235; William Haiton: Testamenta Eboracensia, vol. III, p. 232. 152 Notes

114 Margaret Blackburn: Cullum and Goldberg, 'How Margaret Blackburn Taught her Daughters'; Agnes Wyman: The Register of the Guild of Corpus Christi in the City of York, R.H. Skaife (ed.) Surtees Society 57 (Durham, 1872), pp. 291-2; 239-40. For a drawing of this mazer - which is kept today in an exhibition in the Minster's crypt - see G.A. Poole and J.W. Hugall, An Historical and Descriptive Guide to York Cathedral and Its Antiquities (York, 1850), between pp. 194-5; Isabel Bruce: Testamenta Eboracensia, vol. III, pp. 231-2. 115 J. Kermode, Medieval Merchants: York, Beverly and Hull in the Later Middle Ages (Cambridge, 1998), p. 97. 116 Testamenta Eboracensia, vol. II, p. 231; The Register of the Guild of Corpus Christi, pp. 291-2. 117 M.J. Carruthers, The Book of Memory: A Study of Memory in Medieval Culture (Cambridge, 1990), p. 39. 118 V. Turner, The Ritual Process: Structure and Anti-Structure (London, 1969), chapters 3 and 4, esp. pp. 112, 126, 132, 140. 119 For the biblical flock as a people see E. Bosetti, Yahweh Shepherd of the People: Pastoral Symbolism in the Old Testament, G. La Spina (trans.) (Mynooth, Ireland, 1993), pp. 129-30. 120 J. Hughes, Pastors and Visionaries: Religion and Secular Life in Late Medieval Yorkshire (Woodbridge, 1988), pp. 307-14. 121 W.M. Ormrod, 'Competing Capitals? York and London in the Fourteenth Century', in Courts and Regions in Medieval Europe, S. Rees Jones, R. Marks and A.J. Minnis (eds) (Woodbridge, 2000), pp. 75-98. 122 R.B. Dobson, 'The Crown, the Charter and the City, 1396-1461', in The Government of Medieval York: Essays in Commemoration of the 1396 Royal Charter, S. ReesJones (ed.) (York, 1997), pp. 34-55 (pp. 35-6, 44). 123 Swanson, Church and Society, p. 6. 124 S. Rees Jones, 'Richard Scrope, the Bolton Hours and the Church of St Martin in Micklegate: Reconstructing a Holy Neighbourhood in Later Medieval York', in Richard Scrope: Archbishop, Rebel, Martyr. 125 York Memorandum Book, M. Sellers and J.W. Perry (eds) 2 pts., Surtees Society 120,125, 186 (Durham, 1912-73), vol. I, pp. 236-8. See also Ibid., p.lx. 126 S. Rees Jones, 'York's Civic Administration, 1354-1464', in The Govern• ment of Medieval York, pp. 108-40 (pp. 137-8). 127 On the geography of trade and the goods shipped see Kermode, Medieval Merchants, pp. 159-90. 128 This idea was firstly proposed in Hughes, Pastors and Visionaries, p. 322. 129 Maidstone, pp. 310-11. 130 Marks, 'Glazing of Fotheringhay', illustration in p. 90. Scrape is iden- tified as no. 7, Erasmus as no. 5 and St Clement as no. 6. 131 The Fabric Rolls, pp. 225-6; Also Historians of the Church, vol. III, pp. 389-90. 132 Kermode, Medieval Merchants, p. 335. Also CPR (1406-1408), p. 171. 133 Kermode, Medieval Merchants, p. 346. 134 Ibid., p. 40. 135 Ibid., pp. 188, 217. 136 For the following passage I have used Norton, St William, chapter 5, esp.pp. 144-9, 195-9,202. Notes 153

137 See, for example, Oxford, Bodleian, MS Lat. Liturg. f. 2, fol. 147r; Oxford, Bodleian, MS Bodl. 851, fol. 74v (and Wright, vol. II, p. 114); Eulogium, p. 408; Incerti Scriptoris, pp. 45-6. On St William's day celebrations see N.K. Tringham, 'The Whitsuntide Commemoration of St William of York', Records ofEarly English Drama Newsletter 14 (1989), pp. 10-12. 138 Wylie, History of England, pp. 229-33. 139 For plots and risings, real and imagined, in the first years of Henry IV's reign, see Strohm, England's Empty Throne, chapter 3. 140 Incerti Scriptoris, p. 46. 141 The Historians of the Church, vol. III, pp. 292-3; The Fabric Rolls, pp. 194-5. 142 Hughes, Pastors and Visionaries, p. 315; Norton, St William, p. 202. 143 Cambridge, Trinity College, MS R.S.20, fol. 171r. 144 S.K. Wright, 'Genres of Sanctity: Literary Representations of Archbishop Scrope', in Richard Scrope: Archbishop, Rebel, Martyr.

Chapter 4 King Henry VI: Glory of Innocence

1 W.J. White, 'The Death and Burial of Henry VI: A Review of the Facts and Theories, Part I', The Ricardian 6:78 (1982), pp. 70-80; Three Chapters of Letters Relating to the Suppression of Monasteries, T. Wright (ed.) Camden Society o.s. 26 (London, 1843), p. 222. 2 'sodenly was take and smyten with a ffransy and his wit and reson with drawen'. For Henry's frenzy as caused by the loss of territories see, for example, R.A. Griffiths, The Reign of King Henry VI (Stroud, 1998), p. 715 [hereafter Griffiths]; B. Wolffe, Henry VI (London, 1981), p. 270 [hereafter Wolffe]; C. Carpenter, The Wars of the Roses: Politics and the Constitution in England, c. 1437-1509 (Cambridge, 1997), p. 129. 3 C.A.]. Armstrong, 'Politics and the Battle of St Albans', BIHR 33 (1960), pp. 1-72. 4 M.L. Kekewich, 'The Lancastrian Court in Exile', in The Lancastrian Court: Proceedings of the 2001 Harlaxton Symposium,]. Stratford (ed.) (Stamford, 2003), pp. 95-110. 5 Griffiths, pp. 885-8; Wolffe, pp. 333-9. 6 Griffiths, pp. 890-2; Wolffe, pp. 341-8; C. Ross, Edward IV (London, 1974), 161-6 and 171-2. 7 The Crowland Chronicle Continuations: 1459-1486, N. Pronay and J. COX (eds) (London, 1986), p. 130. 8 Ross, Edward IV, pp. 45, 318. 9 The Historians of the Church of York and Its Archbishops, J. Raine (ed.) 3 vols., RS 71 (London, 1879-94), vol. III, pp. 336-7; also The Fabric Rolls of York Minster, J. Raine (ed.) Surtees Society 35 (Durham, 1859), vol. I, pp.208-1O. 10 The Miracles of King Henry VI, R. Knox and S. Lesley (eds and trans.) (Cambridge, 1923), p. 8 [hereafter The Miracles]. 11 Henry the Sixth: A Reprint of John Blacman's Memoir, M.R. James (ed. and trans.) (Cambridge, 1919) [hereafter Blacman]. On Blacman and his text see R. Lovatt, 'John Blacman: Biographer of Henry VI', in The Writing of 154 Notes

History in the Middle Ages: Essays Presented to Richard William Southern, R.H.C. Davis andJ.M. Wallace-Hadrill (eds) (Oxford, 1981), pp. 415-44 (pp. 431-3); R. Lovatt, 'A Collector of Apocryphal Anecdotes: John Blacman Revisited', in Property and Politics: Essays in Later Medieval English History, A.J. Pollard (ed.) (Gloucester, 1984), pp. 172-97 (pp. 176-81); T.S. Freeman, "'Ut Verus Christi Sequenter": John Blacman and the Cult of Henry VI', in The Fifteenth Century V: Of Mice and Men: Image, Belief and Regulation in Late Medieval England, L. Clark (ed.) (Woodbridge, 2005), pp.127-42. 12 For Blacman's biography see Lovatt, 'John Blacman', pp. 417-22. 13 Freeman, "'Ut Verus Christi Sequenter'''. 14 Blacman, pp. 7-8 (translation on pp. 29-30). 15 Worcester, Worcester Cathedral Library, MS Q. 10, fol. 160r; Cambridge, Fitzwilliam Museum, MS Add. 38-1950. 16 J.W. McKenna, 'Piety and Propaganda: The Cult of King Henry VI', in Chaucer and Middle English Studies in Honour of Rossell Hope Robbins, B. Rowland (ed.) (London, 1974), pp. 72-88 (p. 75). On Richard III's piety see J. Hughes, The Religious Life of Richard III: Piety and Prayer in the North of England (Stroud, 1997), esp. chapter 4. 17 For its dating see Wolffe, p. 352. 18 J.N. King, Tudor Royal Iconography: Liter-ature and Art in an Age of Religious Crisis (Princeton, NJ, 1989), pp. 23-4; S. Anglo, Spectacle, Pageantry, and Early Tudor Policy (Oxford, 1997), pp. 37-43; McKenna, 'Piety and Propaganda', pp. 76-8. 19 S.B. Chrimes, Henry VII (London, 1972), p. 319. 20 Concilia Magnae Britanniae et Hiberniae, 446-1717, D. Wilkins (ed.) 4 vols. (Brussels, 1964), vol. III, p. 640; Calendar of Entries in the Papal Registers Relating to Great Britain and Ireland, Papal Letters, 18 vols., RS 159, vol. XVIII, M.J. Haren (ed.) (Dublin, 1989), pp. 150 and 566-7. On the process of canonization see also Henrici VI Angliae Regis Miracula Postuma: Ex Codice Musei Britannici Regio 13 C VIII, P. Grosjean (ed.) Subsidia Hagiographica 22 (Brussels, 1935) [hereafter Henrici VI], chapter VII; F.A. Gasquet, The Religious Life of King Henry VI (London, 1923), pp. 75-80, 87. 21 McKenna, 'Piety and Propaganda', p. 83. 22 Privy Purse Expenses of Elizabeth of York and Wardrobe Accounts of Edward the Fourth, N.H. Nicolas (ed.) (London, 1830), pp. 3, 29 and 42. 23 See, for example, a prayer in a book of hours which hailed Henry VI's mercy, grace and charity, as well as his patient suffering. Durham, Ushaw College, MS 10, fols. lrv, printed in The Miracles, pp. 9-11. 24 Con cilia Magnae, vol. III, p. 640. 25 Calendar of Entries in the Papal Registers, vol. XVIII, pp. 150 and 566-7. 26 BL, MS Add. 33736, fols. 2r-6v, especially 5rv. 27 McKenna, 'Piety and Propaganda', p. 84; Henrici VI, p. *230. 28 Testamenta Cantiana: A Series of Extracts from Fifteenth and Sixteenth Century Wills, East Kent, A. Hussey (ed.) (London, 1907), pp. 25, 30; The Inventories of St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, 1384-1667, M.F. Bond (ed.) (Windsor, 1947), p. 179. 29 Three Chapters of Letters, p. 222. Notes 155

30 Ibid., p. 224. 31 William Lambard, Dictionarium Angliae Topographicum et Historioricum: Alphabetical Description o(the Chie(Places in England and Wales (London, 1730), p. 422. 32 Whereas Robert Swanson claimed that Henry VI's cult 'had effectively died out by around 1510' in all places but Windsor, Tom Freeman has suggested that 'the decline of other sites devoted to Henry may well have been due to the success of the shrine at Windsor rather than the general decline of Henry's thaumaturgic reputation'. Freeman, "'Ut Verus Christi Sequenter''', note 4. 33 E. Duffy, The Stripping o( the Altars: Traditional Religion in England c. 1400-c. 1580 (New Haven and London, 1992), pp. 385, 398, 407. 34 S. Walker, 'Political Saints in Later Medieval England', in The McFarlane Legacy: Studies in Late Medieval Politics and Society, R.H. Britnell and A.]. Pollard (eds) (Stroud, 1995), pp. 77-106. 35 Miracle no. 113: Henrici VI, pp. 205-6. 36 B. Spencer, 'King Henry of Windsor and the London Pilgrim', in Col• lectanea Londiniensia: Studies in London Archaeology and History presented to Ralph Merrifield,]. Bird, H. Chapman and J. Clark (eds) London and Archaeological Society 2 (1978), pp. 235-64 (pp. 237-8). 37 Gwaith Lewys Glyn Cothi, D. Johnston (ed.) (Cardiff, 1995), pp. 66-7; tran• slated in Gwaith Lewis Glyn Cothi: The Poetic Works o( Lewis Glyn Cothi, W. Davies and]. Jones (eds) Cymmrodorian Sodety (Oxford, 1837), pp. 160-2; Dublin, Trinity College, MS 88. The prayer was added on fol. 289r. 38 The Miracles, p. 16; R. Marks, 'Images of Henry VI', in The Lancastrian Court, pp. 111-24 (pp. 116-17). 39 Ibid., p. 114; Worcester, Worcester Cathedral Library, MS Q. 10, fol. 160r. 40 Medieval Art in East Anglia 1300-1520, P. Lasko and N.J. Morgan (eds) (Norwich, 1973), pp. 5, 57. 41 Marks, 'Images of Henry VI', p. 118. For these and other images of Henry see Henrici VI, pp. 251-60; Marks, 'Images of Henry VI', pp. 114-16; and A. Nichols, The Early Art o( Nor(olk: A Subject List o( Extant and Lost Art (Kalamazoo, 2002), p. 203. 42 For these images see The Lives o(the Kings and Queens o(England, A. Fraser (ed.) (Berkeley, 1995) [originally published in 1975], pp. 44, 89, 99; Wolffe, plate 10 (a). 43 W.G. Constable, 'Some East Anglian Rood Screen Paintings', The Con• noisseur 84 (1929), pp. 211-20; W.W. Williamson, 'Saints on Norfolk Rood-Screens and Pulpits', Nor(olk Archaeology 31 (1955-57), pp. 299-346 (pp. 319-20). 44 On the origin and development of St Edmund's cult see S.J. Ridyard, The Royal Saints o( Anglo-Saxon England: A Study o( West Saxon and East Anglian Cults (Cambridge, 1988), chapter 7. 45 K.J. Lewis, 'Edmund of East Anglia, Henry VI and Ideals of Kingly Mas• culinity', in Holiness and Masculinity in the Middle Ages, P.H. Cullum and K.]. Lewis (eds) (Cardiff, 2005), pp. 158-73. 46 'So Edmund und Fremund', in Altenglische Legenden Neue Folge, C. Horst• mann (ed.) (Henninger, 1881), pp. 376-445 (lines 65-72); D. Pearsall, John Lydgate (London, 1970), pp. 280-3. 156 Notes

47 Lewis, 'Edmund of East Anglia', p. 161; F. Barlow, Edward the Confessor (Berkeley, 1970), pp. 259, 265, 318. 48 M. Bloch, The Royal Touch: Sacred Monarchy and Scrofula in England and France, ].E. Anderson (trans.) (London, 1973), pp. 22-4. 49 Ibid., p. 65. 50 P. Strohm, PoIitique: Languages of Statecraft between Chaucer and Shake• speare (Notre Dame, 2005), pp. 13-14;]. Watts, Henry VI and the Politics of Kingship (Cambridge, 1996), pp. 21-3. 51 Marks, 'Images of Henry VI', pp. 119-20. 52 For a description of Prince Arthur's Chantry in the cathedral see VCH, Worcester, p. 401. The identification of this statue as representing Henry VI is my suggestion, based on his iconographical attributes, and on Henry VII's association with the chantry dedicated to his son. 53 E.H. Kantorowicz, The King's Two Bodies: A Study in Mediaeval Political Theology (Princeton, NJ, 1997). For Fortescue's ideas see p. 8. 54 Walker, 'Political Saints', p. 96. 55 Durham, Ushaw College, MS 10, fols. 1r-2r. 56 BL, Hargrave MS 274, fol. 204v. 57 Freeman, "'Ut Verus Christi Sequenter"', p. 138. 58 'a tretys of al manere of infirmitees of mannys body ... And the remedies therwith if god wol'. Cambridge, Trinity College, MS 0.8.35. I wish to thank Julian Luxford for drawing my attention to this manuscript. For its description see The Western Manuscripts in the Library of Trinity College, Cambridge: A Descriptive Catalogue, M.R. James (ed.) 2 vols. (Cambridge, 1901), vol. II, pp. 436-7. 59 A.E. Radcliffe, A History and Guide of Ashton Parish Church: To Celebrate looth Anniversary of Our Parish 1281-1981 (Ashton-under-Lyne, 1981), p. 22; also P.H. Andrew, The Asheton Windows in Ashton-under-Lyne Parish Church: The Medieaeval Windows Depicting Members of the Asheton Family (Late 15th Century) (Ashton-under-Lyne, 2001); W.M. Bowman, England in Ashton-under-Lyne (Altrincham, Cheshire, 1960), pp. 105-6. 60 Walberswick Churchwardens' Accounts A.D. 1450-1499, R.W.M. Lewis (transcription) (London, 1947), p. 261; also K. Kamerick, Popular Piety in the Late Middle Ages: Image Worship and Idolatry in England 1350-1500 (NY, 2002), p. 113. 61 John Leland, De Rebus Britannicis Collectanae, T. Hearne (ed.) 6 vols. (London, 1770), vol. IV, pp. 192-5 (p. 192). 62 On this rebellion of April 1486 see C.H. Williams, 'The Rebellion of Humphrey Stafford in 1486', EHR 43 (1928), pp. 181-9 (pp. 181-4); Chrimes, Henry VII, pp. 71-2. 63 Oxford, Bodleian, MS Bodl. 277, fol. 376v. On this image see E. Ettlinger, 'Notes on a Woodcut Depicting King Henry VI Being Invoked as a Saint', Folklore 84 (1973), pp. 115-19. 64 The other saints in the painting are John the Baptist, Barbara, Apollonia, Clement and Sidwell. M. Summers, 'The Cultus of King Henry VI', Notes and Queries, ser. 12, vol. I (February 1916), pp. 161-2. 65 This is miracle no. 88: Henrici VI, pp. 153-4; The Miracles, p. 129. For other miracles of saving from plague or sweat sickness, see, for example, miracles 5,82, 128, 132, 146, 147. Notes 157

66 Oxford, Bodleian, MS Jones 46, fols. 117rv, and MS Gough Liturg. 7, fols. 118v-119v. 67 BL, C. 4l.e.8; BL, C.35.h.7; BL, C.35.d.13. The prayer was printed in Monumenta Ritualia Ecclesiae Anglicanae: The Occasional Offices of the Church of England According to the Old Use of Salisbury, W. Maskell (ed.) 3 vols. (Oxford, 1882), vol. III, p. 369. 68 Dublin, Trinity College, MS 88. The prayer was added on fol. 289r; charms against fever can be found on fols. 218v-219r and 466v. The suf• frage was printed in Trinity College Library Dublin: Descriptive Catalogue of the Mediaeval and Renaissance Latin Manuscripts, M.L. Colker (ed.) 2 vols. (Aldershot, 1991), vol. I, p. 159. 69 London, Victoria and Albert Museum, Reid MS 44, fol. 18v. C. Richmond, 'Margins and Marginality: English Devotion in the Later Middle Ages', in England in the Fifteenth Century: Proceedings of the 1992 Harlaxton Symposium, N. Rogers (ed.) (Stamford, 1994), pp. 242-52. 70 On the symbolism of ravens see W.L. Clouston, 'Folk-Lore of the Raven and the Owl', in Saxby, J.M.E., Birds of Omen in Shetland (1893), pp. 17-32 (pp. 17,21-2); E.A. Armstrong, The Folklore of Birds: An Inquiry into the Origin and Distribution of some Magico-Religious Traditions (NY, 1973), pp. 71-3. 71 L.A. Craig, 'Royalty, Virtue, and Adversity: The Cult of King Henry VI', Albion 35 (2003), pp. 187-209. 72 R.S. Gottfried, Epidemic Disease in Fifteenth Century England: The Medical Response and the Demographic Consequences (NJ, 1978), p. 43; R.S. Gottfried, The Black Death: Natural and Human Disaster in Medieval Europe (London, 1983), p. 132; J.F.D. Shrewsbury, A History of Bubonic Plague in the British Isles (Cambridge, 1970), p. 147. 73 Gottfried, The Black Death, pp. 133, 156. 74 BL, Hargrave MS 274, fol. 204v; BL, C.35.h.7, fol. lxxxxiiii recto. 75 On the foundation of Eton and King's College, Cambridge, see Griffiths, pp. 243-8; Wolffe, chapter 8; Watts, Henry VI, pp. 167-71; C. Carpenter, The Wars of the Roses, p. 108. 76 J. Stratford, 'The Royal Library in England Before the Reign of Edward IV', in England in the Fifteenth Century, pp. 187-97 (p. 196); N. Rogers, 'Henry VI and the Proposed Canonization of King Alfred', in The Lancastrian Court, pp. 211-20, esp.p. 216. 77 J.L. Nelson, 'The Political Ideas of Alfred of Wessex', in Kings and King• ship in Medieval Europe, A.J. Duggan (ed.) (London, 1993), pp. 125-58, esp. pp. 130, 137-8, 157. 78 Freeman, '"Ut Verus Christi Sequenter''', esp. p. 138. 79 Middle English Dictionary on the internet: http://ets.umdl.umich.edu/ mimed 80 The Miracles, p. 30 (translation on pp. 31-2). 81 The Crowland Chronicle, p. 130 (translation on p. 131). 82 John Warkworth, A Chronicle of the First Thirteen Years of the Reign of King Edward the Fourth, J.O. Halliwell (ed.) Camden Society o.s. 10 (London, 1839), p. 2l. 83 D. Piroyansky, 'Bloody Miracles of a Political Martyr: The Case of Thomas Earl of Lancaster', in Signs, Wonders, Miracles: Representations of Divine 158 Notes

Power in the Life of the Church, K. Cooper andJ. Gregory (eds) Studies in Church History 41 (Woodbridge, 2005), pp. 228-38. 84 Biacman, p. 4 (translation on p. 26); see also Job 1:1. Robbins, pp. 199-201. 85 Job 42:12. See also Job 27:5-6. 86 This miracle is no. 40: Henrici VI, pp. 106-12; The Miracles, pp. 89-98. For another miracle of saving an innocent person see no. 106: Henrici VI, pp. 185-90; The Miracles, pp. 149-56. 87 Miracle no. 8: Henrici VI, pp. 26-31; The Miracles, pp. 41-9. 88 Biacman, p. 21 (translation on pp. 43-4). 89 Miracle no. 84: Henrici VI, p. 74; The Miracles, p. 127; miracle no. 39: Henrici VI, pp. 103-6; The Miracles, pp. 87-8. For Henry's special care of children see also The Miracles, p. 26; Spencer, 'King Henry of Windsor', p. 243; Helen Forrest, 'The Miracles of King Henry VI in Northampton• shire', Northamptonshire Past and Present 4 (1971-2), pp. 363-5 (p. 363). 90 This is the case, for example, in the manuscript BL, Hargrave MS 274, fol. 204v; on the rood screen in Barton Turf Church (Norfolk); on the rood screen in Binham Priory (Norfolk); on the rood screen in Eye Church (Suffolk), where he is crowned and nimbed, holding a sceptre. This paint• ing is dated to c. 1485. See 1. Smith, 'The Canonization of King Henry VI', The Dublin Review 168 (1921), pp. 41-53 (p. 44). Also H.S. Cuming, 'On a Portrait of Henry VI in Eye Church, Suffolk', Journal of the British Archaeological Association 36 (1880), pp. 432-4 (p. 434). 91 See Marks, 'Images of Henry VI', pp. 115, 118, 119 and plate 22. 92 I would like to thank Mr. Nicholas Rogers for his permission to quote from his unpublished paper, 'The Cultus and Iconography of Henry VI', in which these references appear. 93 For example, in Barton Turf Church, where Henry is juxtaposed with St Edmund. 94 Biacman, pp. 5, 20 (translation on pp. 27, 42). 95 Ibid., p. 7 (translation on p. 29). 96 The Minor Poems ofJohn Lydgate, H.N. MacCracken (ed.) EETS e.s. 107, o.s. 192 (London, 1911 and 1934), part 1, pp. 138-9. 97 Watts, Henry VI, pp. 102, 111, 113-17; J. Watts, 'When Did Henry VI's Minority End?', in Trade, Devotion and Governance: Papers in Later Medieval History, D.J. Clayton, R.G. Davies and P. McNiven (eds) (Stroud, 1994), pp.116-39. 98 The Minor Poems of John Lydgate, part 2, p. 625 (line 2), p. 646 (lines 480-1). 99 The Historical Collections of A Citizen of London in the Fifteenth Century, J. Gairdner (ed.) Camden Society n.s. 17 (London, 1876), p. 165. 100 A Chronicle of London from 1089 to 1483, E. Tyrrell and N.H. Nicolas (eds) (London, 1827), p. 112. 101 John Capgrave, The Book of the Illustrious Henries, F.e. Hingeston (trans.) (London, 1858), p. 4. 102 Ibid., p. 2. 103 Eccle. 10:16; The Book of the Illustrious Henries, pp. 148-9. 104 For examples of Henry's child-like image during the later half of the 1440s see R.L. Storey, The End of the (Gloucester, 1986), pp.34-5. Notes 159

105 Henry saved Kerver when the rope was already on his neck. Six Town Chronicles of England, R. Flenley (ed.) (Oxford, 1911), p. 118. This story was told also in the continuation of the Brut, where the man's first name was given as]ohn. The Brut, or the Chronicles of England, F.W.D. Brie (ed.) 2 vols., EETS o.s. 131, 136 (London, 1906, 1908), vol. II, p. 485. On this episode see C.A.F. Meekings, 'Thomas Kerver's Case, 1444', EHR 90 (1975), pp. 331-46 (p. 343). 106 Warkworth, A Chronicle, p. 12. For complaints on dominating counselors see Watts, Henry VI, pp. 206, 233. 107 The Chronicle of John Hardyng, H. Ellis (ed.) (London, 1812), pp. 396, 410. On Warwick's guardianship see Griffiths, pp. 52, 59-60; Wolffe, pp. 45-7, 69, 88. 108 R.F. Hunnisett, 'Treason by Words', Sussex Notes and Queries 14 (1954-57), pp. 116-20 (p. 119), quoted in Storey, The End, p. 35. 109 D.]. Gifford, 'Iconographical Notes Towards a Definition of the Medieval Fool', in The Fool and the Trickster: Studies in Honour of Enid Welsford, P.V.A. Williams (ed.) (Cambridge, 1979), pp. 18-35 (p. 18, and images on pp.25-6). 110 On the Holy Fool see D. Krueger, 'Tales of Holy Fools', in Religions of Late Antiquity in Practice, R. Valantasis (ed.) (N], 2000), pp. 177-86; L. Ryden, 'The Holy Fool', in The Byzantine Saint, S. Hackel (ed.) (San Bernardino, Calif., 1981), pp. 106-13. 111 C. Fletcher, 'Manhood and Politics in the Reign of Richard II', Past and Present 189 (2005), pp. 3-39. 112 'A Defence of the Proscription of the Yorkists in 1459', J.P. Gilson (ed.), EHR 26 (1911), pp. 512-25 (p. 519). For the text and its dating and back• ground see pp. 512-13; also M. Kekewich, 'The Attainder of the Yorkists in 1459: Two Contemporary Accounts', BIHR 55 (1982), pp. 25-34. 113 Knyghthode and Bataile: A XVth Century Verse Paraphrase ofFlavius Vegetius Renatus' Treatise "De Re Militari", R. Dyboski and Z.M. Arend (eds) EETS o.s. 201 (London, 1935), p. 1 (lines 17-20), p. 43 (lines 1170-2). 114 'So that thoroughe malice of his saide ennemye hebe [the king] no more troubled, vexed ne jeoparded'. Quoted in The Politics of Fifteenth-Century England: John Vale's Book, M.L. Kekewich et al. (eds) (Stroud, 1995), p. 142. 115 The cult around Prince Edward is discussed in Chapter 5. 116 Georges Chastelain, Le Temple de Bocace, S. Bliggenstorfer (ed.) Romanica Helvetica 104 (Berne, 1988), p. 47, quote on p. 89. Margaret's chapter is on pp. 79-107, Job's chapter on pp. 107-9. 117 Thomas Basin, Histoire de Charles VII, C. Samaran (ed. and trans.) 2 vols., Les Classiques de l'histoire de France au moyen age 15, 21 (Paris, 1933, 1944), vol. I, p. 296; English translation in Lucius Annaeus Seneca, Four Tragedies and Octavia, E.F. Watling (trans.) (Harmondsworth, 1966), 'Thyestes' (lines 596-7). 118 'in aduersyte,l To byde in payne, sorowe, and seruage'. The Chronicle of John Hardyng, p. 410. 119 Robbins, pp. 196-8. 120 Historie of the Arrivall of Edward IV in England and the Final Recovery of His Kingdoms from Henry VI A.D. 1471,]. Bruce (ed.) Camden Society 1 (London, 1838), p. 38. 160 Notes

121 Michael Hicks commented briefly on the image of sufferers that the Yorkists adopted in 1460. M.A. Hicks, Warwick the Kingmaker (Oxford, 1998), p. 193. A.R. Allan also treated this issue: A.R. Allan, 'Political Propaganda Employed by the House of York in England in the mid• Fifteenth Century, 1450-1471' (unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Swansea, 1981), p. 376. 122 Wright, vol. II, p. 275. 123 Ibid., vol. II, pp. 271, 275. 124 RP, vol. V, pp. 462-3. 125 Wright, vol. II, pp. 271, 281. 126 Strohm, Politique, p. 35. 127 John Watts used this term in Watts, Henry VI, p. 7.

Chapter 5 'A Death Worth a Martyr's Crown': Other Martyrs and Their Cults

1 The Peasants' Revolt of 1381, R.B. Dobson (ed.) (London, 1970), p. 163; Historie of the Arrival/ of Edward IV in England and the Final Recovery of His Kingdoms from Henry VI A.D. 1471, J. Bruce (ed.) Camden Society 1 (London, 1838), pp. 13-14. More on this miracle in W. Scase, 'Writing and the "Poetics of Spectacle": Political Epiphanies in The Arrival of Edward IV and some Contemporary Lancastrian and Yorkist Texts', in Images, Idolatry, and Iconoclasm in Late Medieval England: Textuality and Visual Image, ]. Dimmick,]. Simpson and N. Zeeman (eds) (Oxford, 2002), pp. 172-84. 2 S.J. Ridyard, The Royal Saints of Anglo-Saxon England: A Study of West Saxon and East Anglian Cults (Cambridge, 1988), p. 81. 3 'sparyn neyper here owyn kyng ne her buschopys'. Dives and Pauper, P.H. Barnum (ed.) 2 vols., EETS O.S. 275 (London, 1976), vol. I, pp. 208-9. 4 On the cult see S. Walker, 'Political Saints in Later Medieval England', in The McFarlane Legacy: Studies in Late Medieval Politics and Society, R.H. Britnell and A.J. Pollard (eds) (Stroud, 1995), pp. 77-106 (pp. 83-4); J.M. Theilmann, 'Political Canonization and Political Symbolism in Medieval England' Journal of British Studies 29 (1990), pp. 241-66 (pp. 252-7); A. Vauchez, Sainthood in the Later Middle Ages, J. Birrell (trans.) (Cambridge, 1997), p. 160; D. Webb, Pilgrimage in Medieval England (London, 2000), pp. 171-2. 5 See, among others, T.F. Tout, 'The Captivity and Death of Edward of Car• narvon', BJRL 6 (1921), pp. 69-113; G.P. Cuttino and T.W. Lyman, 'Where Is Edward II?', Speculum 53 (1978), pp. 522-44; R.M. Haines, 'Edwardus Revividus: The "Afterlife" of Edward of Caernarvon', Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society 115 (1996), pp. 65-86; RM. Haines, King Edward II: His Life, His Reign, and Its Aftermath, 1284-1330 (Montreal, 2003), chapter 8; I. Mortimer, 'The Death of Edward II in Berkeley Castle', EHR 120 (2005), pp. 1175-214; S. Phillips, '''Edward II" in Italy: English and Welsh Political Exiles and Fugitives in Continental Europe, 1322-1364', in Thirteenth Century England X: Proceedings of the Durham Conference 2003, M. Prestwich, R. Britnell and R. Frame (eds) (Woodbridge, 2005), pp. 209-26. Notes 161

6 Mortimer, 'The Death of Edward II', pp. 1181-3. 7 Historia et Cartularium Monasterii Sancti Petri Gloucestriae, W.H. Hart (ed.) RS 33 (London, 1863-67), part I, p. 46. See also Webb, Pilgrimage, p. 172. 8 Theilmann, 'Political Canonization', p. 257. Already in October 1390 Richard II sent a list of the alleged miracles to the Pope, who asked the Bishop of London to further investigate this matter. 9 Walker, 'Political Saints', p. 84. 10 The Tewkesbury chronicle is preserved in the Bodleian as Bod!. L. Ms Lat. Mise. b 2 (R); see Walker, 'Political Saints', p. 84. Bristol was one of the places which turned down the offer to bury Edward II's body. On this roof boss see C.].P. Cave, The Roof Bosses of Bristol Cathedral (Bristol, 1935), pp. 8, 13-14. 11 Walker, 'Political Saints', p. 84. 12 Historia et Cartularium, part I, p. 44. 13 Mortimer, 'The Death of Edward II', p. 1180. 14 W.M. Ormrod, 'The Personal Religion of Edward III', Speculum 64 (1989), pp. 849-77 (p. 871). 15 This was one of five golden ships offered at Becket's shrine and Lady Chapel at Canterbury, and St Paul's, in order to cele• brate the naval victory at Sluys. Ormrod, 'Personal Religion', p. 860. 16 Theilmann, 'Political Canonization', p. 253; Ormrod, 'Personal Religion', p. 87l. 17 Ormrod, 'Personal Religion', pp. 858-60 (quote on p. 860). 18 Ibid., pp. 869-70. 19 Ibid., pp. 870-l. 20 S. Hamilton, The Practice of Penance: 900-1050 (Woodbridge, 2001), p. 7; W.O. Myers, 'Poor, Sinning Folk': Confession and Conscience in Counter• Reformation Germany (London and Ithaca, 1996), pp. 15-26. 21 L. Patterson, Chaucer and the Subject ofHistory (London, 1991), pp. 374-84 (esp. pp. 377-8). 22 For the text see Adam Davy's Dreams about Edward the Second, F.]. Furnivall (ed.) EETS o.S. 69 (London, 1878). 23 On this text see L.A. Coote, Prophecy and Public Affairs in Later Medieval England (Woodbridge, 2000), pp. 84-91; its provenance is discussed on p.90. 24 Ibid., pp. 85-7. 25 Ibid., p. 89. 26 In my discussion of this poem I rely on C. Valente, 'The "Lament of Edward II": Religious Lyric, Political Propaganda', Speculum 77 (2002), pp. 422-39. For the text see 'The Lament of Edward II', T.M. Smallwood (ed.), Modem Language Review 68 (1973), pp. 521-9. 27 'The Lament' (line 18). 28 Valente, 'The "Lament of Edward II''', p. 435. 29 Webb, Pilgrimage, p. 172; R.M. Haines, 'Bishops and Politics in the Reign of Edward II: Hamo de Hethe, Henry Wharton, and the "Historia Roffensis''', Journal of Ecclesiastical History 44 (1993), pp. 586-609; R.M. Haines, 'The Episcopate of a Benedictine Monk: Hamo de Hethe, Bishop of Rochester (1317-1352), Revue Benedictine 102 (1992), pp. 192-207. He may have had a special interest in the practice of penitence, since among the books 162 Notes

he donated to the use of his diocesan clergy were several penitentiaries. Ibid., p. 206. 30 Hamilton, The Practice of Penance, pp. 174-82. 31 Haines, King Edward II, p. 237. On the Fieschi Letter see Ibid., pp. 221-6. All the writers who treated the possibility that Edward was not murdered in 1327 referred, in this way or another, to this letter. 32 Theilmann, 'Political Canonization', pp. 253-6. See also W.M. Ormrod, 'Monarchy, Martyrdom and Masculinity: England in the Later Middle Ages', in Holiness and Masculinity in the Middle Ages, P.H. Cullum and K.J. Lewis (eds) (Cardiff, 2005), pp. 174-91, esp. pp. 180-2. 33 On Richard's attempt to canonize Edward see Theilmann, 'Political Canonization', p. 257. 34 The Diplomatic Correspondence of Richard II, E. Perroy (ed.) Camden Society 3rd ser. 48 (London, 1933), pp. 62-3. 35 As suggested in Walker, 'Political Saints', pp. 90-1. 36 For a manuscript indicating a specific date for Edward V's murder (22 June) see P. Morgan, 'The Death of Edward V and the Rebellion of 1483', Historical Research 68 (1995), pp. 229-32. 37 The Great Chronicle of London, A.H. Thomas and 1.0. Thornley (eds) (London, 1938), pp. 236-7. For an overview of the various speculations see, for example, P.W. Hammond and W.]. White, 'The Sons of Edward IV: A Re-examination of the Evidence on Their Deaths and on the Bones in Westminster Abbey', in Loyalty, Lordship and Law, P.W. Hammond (ed.) (London, 1986), pp. 104-47; A. Weir, The Princes in the Tower (NY, 1992), chapter 13; A.J. Pollard, Richard III and the Princes in the Tower (NY, 1991), chapter 5. Many articles on the subject of the princes' fate have been published in The Ricardian (the publication of the Richard III SOciety) along the years. 38 The Usurpation ofRichard the Third: Dominicus Mancinus ad Angelum Catonem De Occupatione Regni Anglie per Riccardum Tercium Libel/us, CA.]. Armstrong (trans. and introduction) (Oxford, 1969), p. 93. 39 Ibid. 40 P. Tudor-Craig, Richard III (London, 1973), p. 95. 41 Pollard, Richard III, pp. 135, 137; The Usurpation of Richard the Third, p.21. 42 The Usurpation of Richard the Third, p. 21. 43 With one possible exception: the crown hovering over Edward V's head in his posthumous depiction on a screen in St George's Chapel, Windsor, was meant to show that he was an uncrowned king. However, it could have also represented a nimbus of sorts. 44 Weir, The Princes, chapter 19; also Pollard, Richard III, pp. 130-1. 45 Weir, The Princes, chapter 21. 46 Pollard, Richard III, p. 127. 47 Ibid., pp. 132-3. 48 M. Buck, Politics, Finance and the Church in the Reign of Edward II: Walter Stapeldon, Treasurer of England (Cambridge, 1983), pp. 220-1. 49 Ibid., pp. 34-5. SO Flores Historiarum, H.R. Luard (ed.) 3 vols., RS 95 (London, 1890), part III, p. 234; Croniques de London, depuis I'an 44 Hen. III. Jusqu' a I'an 17 Edw. Notes 163

III, G.}. Aungier (ed.) Camden Society o.s. 28 (London, 1844), p. 52; 'Annales Paulini', in Chronicles of the Reigns of Edward I and Edward II, W. Stubbs (ed.) 2 vols., RS 76 (London, 1882-83), vol. I, pp. 316-17 (where it is reported that Stapeldon's head was sent to Isabella in Bristol and not Gloucester, and his body left at the derelict church of the Holy Innocents). See also Buck, Politics, p. 221. 51 Croniques de London, p. 53; 'Annales Paulini', p. 317. 52 Buck, Politics, p. 89. 53 Ibid., pp. 156-8, 176-7. 54 Ibid., p. 215. S5 Ibid., pp. 36-7. S6 Ibid., pp. 217, 215: quoting The Register ofJohn Grandisson, Bishop ofExeter, 1327-69, F.e. Hingeston-Randolph (ed.) (London and Exeter, 1894-98), p.94. 57 Thomas Walsingham, Historia Brevis (London, 1574), p. 104, quoted in G. Oliver, Lives of the Bishops ofExeter (Exeter, 1861); The Chronica Maiora of Thomas Walsingham 1376-1422, D. Preest (trans.) (Woodbridge, 2005), p.126. 58 The Chronic a Maiora, pp. 125-7. 59 The Peasants' Revolt of 1381, p. 201; see also Henry Knighton, who lamented Sudbury's death and described how the Archbishop and his companions 'offered themselves like lambs to the shearer'. Ibid., p. 183; the Anonimalle chronicler gave a detailed description of the liturgy celebrated by Sudbury prior to his execution. Ibid., pp. 183, 161. 60 The Chronica Maiora, p. 127. 61 In his chronicle Froissart mentions four victims: Sudbury, Hales, a friar minor, and a sergeant at arms named John Leg; the friar was probably one William Appeiton. The Peasants' Revolt of 1381, pp. 162, 210. 62 'Ast thomam militum audax attrocitas/ Symonem plebium furens ferocitas/ Ricardum callide seua crudelitas/ Obtruncant Christos domini'. Oxford, Bodleian, Bod!. MS 851, fo!. 75r and BL, MS Cotton Faustina B ix, fo!. 244v. 63 G.M.G. Cullum, 'Skull of Simon Sudbury', Notes and Queries (1892), p. 256. A picture of what is believed to be Sudbury's skull is displayed in a website dedicated to British history which lists Canterbury's arch• bishops: http://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/England-History/Arch bishopsof Canterbury.htm 64 N. Saul, Richard II (New Haven and London, 1997), p. 58. 65 Ibid., p. 58; also The Peasants' Revolt of 1381, pp. 161, 173, 199. 66 Henry Knighton, for example, referred to them as 'criminal mob', march• ing 'in ever-increasing malice', climbing 'as though they were rats' and 'neither fearing God nor revering the honour of mother church' (The Peasants' Revolt of 1381, pp. 183-5); the 'monk of Westminster' thought the rebels from Kent 'ran wild like the most rabid dogs', and their behav• iour towards the king insulting, disloyal and vehement (Ibid., pp. 199-200); Walsingham saw them as 'doomed rib aids and whores of the devil', and he mentioned their 'limbs of Satan', and 'devilish voices of peacocks' (Ibid., pp. 172-3). 67 Webb, Pilgrimage, p. 241. 68 S. Walker, 'Sudbury, Simon', ODNB. 164 Notes

69 The Peasants' Revolt of 1381, p. 174. 70 Walker, 'Sudbury, Simon', ODNB. 71 Walker, 'Political Saints', pp. 81-2. 72 The Peasants' Revolt of 1381, p. 183. 73 M.-A. Stouck, 'Saints and Rebels: Hagiography and Opposition to the King in Late Fourteenth-Century England', MedievaIia et Humanistica 24 (1997), pp. 75-94 (pp. 76, 78). 74 On the parliamentary appeal of treason, and Richard's reprisal in 1397 see Saul, Richard II, pp. 182-93, 366; also A. Goodman, The Loyal Conspiracy: The Lords Appel/ant Under Richard II (London, 1971). 75 The Chronicle of Adam Usk 1377-1421, C. Given-Wilson (ed. and trans.) (Oxford, 1997), p. 31. For the dating of Usk's writing see Ibid., p. xlvi. 76 Walker dates the last reference to Arundel's cult to c. 1404. Walker, 'Political Saints', p. 81. n On the cult see' Annales Ricardi Secundi', pp. 217-18; The Chronicle of Adam Usk, p. 31. 78 Chronicles of the Revolution, 1397-1400: The Reign of Richard II, C. Given• Wilson (ed. and trans.) (Manchester and NY, 1993), p. 60. 79 'Annales Ricardi Secundi', p. 218. Chris Given-Wilson has concluded that despite Arundel's 'irascible and violent nature, and his tempestuous and often ill-judged political career, he was apparently a man of considerable piety'. C. Given-Wilson, 'Fitzalan, Richard (III)" ODNB. 80 Ibid. 81 Saul, Richard II, p. 168; Given-Wilson, 'Fitzalan, Richard (III)" ODNB. 82 Saul, Richard II, pp. 178-81. 83 The Westminster Chronicle, 1381-1394, L.c. Hector and B.F. Harvey (eds and trans.) (Oxford, 1982), pp. 66-8. 84 Saul, Richard II, p. 199. 85 On Arundel's trial and its description as modeled in the hagiographical tradition of the Legenda Aurea see Stouck, 'Saints and Rebels', pp. 78-9. The reports of Adam Usk and the Monk of Evesham draw on a third account, which was probably written by an eye witness present at the trial. Saul, Richard II, p. 378, n. 46. 86 Chronicles of the Revolution, p. 56; The Chronicle of Adam Usk, p. 23. See also Given-Wilson, 'Fitzalan, Richard (III)" ODNB. For the differences between the essentially similar accounts of Walsingham and the monk of Evesham see The Chronicle of Adam Usk, p. Iii. 87 Chronicles of the Revolution, p. 59; The Chronicle of Adam Usk, p. 29. 88 The Chronica Maiora, pp. 300-1; The Chronicle of Adam Usk, p. 35. 89 Stouck, 'Saints and Rebels', pp. 81, 79. 90 Chronicles of the Revolution, pp. 58-60. For Lancaster's accusations of treason see The Brut, or The Chronicles of England, F.W.D. Brie (ed.) 2 vols., EETS O.s. 131, 136 (London, 1906, 1908), pp. 217-23; the allegations in his trial were discussed in J.G. Bellamy, The Law of Treason in England in the Later Middle Ages (London, 1970), pp. 49-51. 91 C.D. Ross, 'Forfeiture for Treason in the Reign of Richard II', EHR 71 (1956), pp. 560-75 (pp. 574-5). 92 Saul, Richard II, p. 388. 93 Stouck, 'Saints and Rebels', p. 79. Notes 165

94 C. Given-Wilson, 'Wealth and Credit, Public and Private', EHR 106 (1991), pp. 1-26. 95 Saul, Richard II, p. 382. 96 Ibid., p. 379. 97 Given-Wilson, 'Fitzalan, Richard (III)" ODNB. 98 S.M. Pratt, 'Shakespeare and Humphrey Duke of Gloucester: A Study in Myth', Shakespeare Quarterly 16 (1965), pp. 201-16 (p. 210). 99 On the dealings of the Bury Parliament see J. Watts, Henry VI and the Politics ofKingship (Cambridge, 1996), pp. 228-31. 100 B. Wolffe, Henry VI (London, 1981), pp. 131-2; A. Petrina, Cultural Politics in Fifteenth Century England: The Case ofHumphrey, Duke of Gloucester (Leiden, 2004), p. 150; R.A. Griffiths, The Reign of King Henry VI (Stroud, 1998), p.496. 101 For example, see Griffiths, The Reign, p. 497; Wolffe, Henry VI, p. 131; G.L. Harriss, 'Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester (1390-1447)', ODNB; Pratt, 'Shakespeare and Humphrey', p. 210; Petrina, Cultural Politics, p. 151. 102 Griffiths, The Reign, p. 498. 103 Petrina, Cultural Politics, p. 102. 104 Ibid., pp. 106-9; Harriss, 'Humphrey Duke of Gloucester (1390-1447)', ODNB. 105 Watts, Henry VI, p. 231. 106 I.M.W. Harvey, Jack Cade's Rebellion of 1450 (Oxford, 1991), p. 83. 107 Griffiths, The Reign, p. 748. 108 'The good duc of Gloucestre ... Was put to dethe; and ay sithe gret mournyng/ Hathe ben in Inglande'. Wright, pp. 267-70 (p. 267); also Robbins, pp. 222-6 (pp. 223-4). 109 On the problem of assessing public opinion in the short period between 1447 and 1450 see Watts, Henry VI, p. 231, n. 116. 110 Petrina, Cultural Politics, pp. 143-50. On the trial see R.A. Griffiths, 'The Trial of Eleanor Cobham: An Episode in the Fall of Duke Humphrey of Gloucester', BJRL 51 (1969), pp. 381-99; H.M. Carey, Courting Disaster: Astrology at the English Court and University in the Later Middle Ages (London, 1992), chapter 8. 111 Watts, Henry VI, p. 231. 112 On the theme of Yorkist suffering see also M. Hicks, W mwick the Kingmaker (Oxford, 1998), p. 193; A.R. Allan, 'Political Propaganda Employed by the House of York in England in the mid-Fifteenth Century, 1450-1471' (unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Swansea, 1981), p. 376. 113 Ibid., p. 373. 114 ' .. .incipiebat eo tempore labor et dolor'. John Benet's Chronicle: For the Years 1400 to 1462, G.L. Harriss and M.A. Harriss (eds) Camden Mis• cellany 24, 4th seL, vol. 9 (London, 1972), p. 207. John Benet, vicar of Harlington (Bedfordshire) between 1461 and 1471, died sometime before November 1474. However, even if John Benet was not the author of the narrative after 1440, the transcription of the chronicle's manuscript is nevertheless dated to c. 1462-8. Ibid., pp. 153-72. On the Battle of Blackheath see Griffiths, The Reign, p. 695; Wolffe, Henry VI, p. 255. 115 The Historical Collections of A Citizen of London in the Fifteenth Century, J. Gairdner (ed.) Camden Society n.s. 17 (London, 1876), p. 198. 166 Notes

116 'Job thy seruant insygne,/ Whom Sathan not cesethe to sette at care and dysdeyne'. Robbins, pp. 207-10 (lines 59-60). On this ballade see P. Strohm, Politique: Languages of Statecraft between Chaucer and Shakespeare (Notre Dame, 2005), pp. 177-92. 117 '3 for 30rke pat is manly and mY3tful,! pat be grace of god & gret reuela• cion,! Reynyng with rules resonable and tight-full,/ pe which for oure sakes hape suffred vexacion'. Robbins, pp. 218-21 (lines 25-8). 118 'The arris for thre Richard Ipat be of noble fames,! pat for pe ri3t of englond haue suffred moche wo-/ ... pat all englond is be-holden to.' Ibid., pp. 218-21 (lines 21-4). 119 Strohm, Politique, p. 13; J. Watts, 'Ideas, Principles and Politics', in The Wars of the Roses, A.J. Pollard (ed.) (London, 1995), pp. 110-33 (pp. 112, 118). 120 Watts, 'Ideas, Principles and Politics', p. 118. 121 On the accord of 1460 see P.A. Johnson, Duke Richard of York, 1411-1460 (Oxford, 1988), pp. 212-18; T.B. Pugh, 'The Estates, Finances and Regal Aspirations of Richard Plantagenet (1411-1460), Duke of York', in Revolution and Consumption in Late Medieval England, M. Hicks (ed.) (Woodbridge, 2001), pp. 71-88 (pp. 82-3); Griffiths, The Reign, p. 869, and Wolffe, Henry VI, p. 325. On the Battle of Wakefield see Johnson, Duke Richard, pp. 222-3. Citing Gregory's Chronicle Paul Strohm has concluded that York, like the Earl of Salisbury and others, was not killed in battle, but beheaded - 'take a slayne' (which he interprets as 'taken and slain') - only after losing in the battle. Strohm, Politique, p. 207. 122 Letters and Papers Illustrative of the Wars of the English in France, During the Reign of Henry the Sixth, J. Stevenson (ed.) 2 vols., RS 22 (London, 1861-64), vol. II, part II, p. 775. 123 Registrum Abbatiae Iohannis Wethamsted, H.T. Riley (ed.) 2 vols., RS 28 (London, 1872-73), vol. I, p. 382. This paragraph is quoted, translated and discussed in Strohm, Politique, pp. 215-18. 124 Strohm, Politique, chapter 5, quote in p. 213. 125 R.F. Green, 'An Epitaph for Richard, Duke of York', Studies in Bibliography 41 (1988), pp. 218-24 (p. 219). 126 P.W. Hammond, A.F. Sutton and L. Visser-Fuchs, 'The Reburial of Richard, Duke of York, 21-30 July 1476', The Ricardian 10:127 (1994), pp. 122-65 (pp. 145-7); Green, 'An Epitaph', pp. 222-3. 127 Watts, 'Ideas, Principles and Politics', pp. 113-14. 128 Strohm, Politique, pp. 193-4; also Johnson, Duke Richard, p. 215. 129 Nicholas Rogers commented on the probability of a cult around Prince Edward, although he acknowledged the fact that the evidence to this is somewhat slight. N.J. Rogers, 'The Cult of Prince Edward at Tewkesbury', Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society 101 (1983), pp. 187-9. On the battle see J.D. Blyth, 'The Battle of Tewkes• bury', Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society 80 (1961), pp. 99-120. 130 'From a Chronicle of ', in C.L. Kingsford, English Historical Literature in the Fifteenth Century (Oxford, 1913), appendix XIV, pp. 376-8 (quote on p. 377). For a brief discussion and description of Prince Edward's burial place see H.J.L.S. Masse, The Abbey Church of Notes 167

Tewkesbury (London, 1911), pp. 78-9. When this was written flowers were still being laid annually on the site of the grave. 131 Privy Purse Expenses of Elizabeth of York and Wardrobe Accounts of Edward the Fourth, N.H. Nicolas (ed.) (London, 1830), p. 3. 132 Ibid., pp. 3, 29 and 42. 133 S. Brigden, New Wor/ds, Lost Worlds: The Rule of the Tudors 1485-1603 (London and NY, 2000), p. 74. 134 C. Rawcliffe, The Staffords, Earls of Stafford and Dukes of Buckingham 1394-1521 (Cambridge, 1978), p. 39. 135 Ibid., p. 98; B.J. Harris, Edward Stafford: Third Duke of Buckingham, 1478-1521 (Stanford, Calif., 1986), pp. 154, 206. 136 Cambridge, Fitzwilliam Museum, MS Add. 38-1950, fol. 240r: 'iiij mensis Maij A.D. mcccclxxi fuit obitus Edwardi primogeniti Henrici Sexti Regis Angliae & ffranc'. The obit of Henry VI was added with the same ink on 16 May; those of Queen Margaret and of John, Duke of Bedford, were also entered, in black ink. For the dating see L.F. Sandler, 'A Note on the Illuminators of the Bohun Manuscripts', Speculum 60 (1985), pp. 364-72 (p.367). 137 A Descriptive Catalogue of the Additional Illuminated Manuscripts in the Fitzwilliam Museum, F. Wormald and P.M. Giles (eds) (Cambridge, 1982), p.431. 138 Rogers, 'The Cult of Prince Edward', p. 188. 139 The Historical Collections, p. 212; H.E. Maurer, Margaret of Anjou: Queen• ship and Power in Late Medieval England (Woodbridge, 2003), p. 191. 140 Griffiths, The Reign, p. 885. 141 On these rumours see Maurer, Margaret of Anjou, pp. 45-8; J.L. Layne• smith, The Last Medieval Queens: English Queenship 1445-1503 (Oxford, 2004), pp. 136-9. 142 John Fortescue, De Laudibus Legum Angliae, S.B. Chrimes (ed. and trans.) (Cambridge, 1949), p. 3. 143 Maurer, Margaret ofAnjou, p. 190. 144 Quoted in Griffiths, The Reign, p. 891. 145 Historie of the Arrivall, p. 30. For different versions of Prince Edward's death see Wolffe, Henry VI, p. 346. 146 For example, 'The Kynge, full manly, set for the ... '. Historie of the Arrivall, p.29. 147 Maurer, Margaret of Anjou, p. 208. J.L Laynesmith has argued that after 1471 Margaret in fact lived at Edward IV's expense since she posed no threat to the Yorkists. Laynesmith, Last Medieval Queens, pp. 171-2.

Conclusion

1 On the theme of punishment and spectatorship see, for example, E.A. Castelli, Martyrdom and Memory: Early Christian Culture Making (NY, 2004); M.B. Merback, The Thief, the Cross and the Wheel: Pain and the Spectacle of Punishment in Medieval and Renaissance Europe (London, 1999). 2 Merback, The Thief, p. 137; M. Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, A. Lane (trans.) (Harmandsworth, 1977), p. 57. 168 Notes

3 J,c. Russell, 'The Canonization of Opposition to the King in Angevin England', in Anniversary Essays in Medieval History, C.H. Taylor and J.L. Monte (eds) (Boston and NY, 1929), pp. 279-90. 4 S. Walker, 'Political Saints in Later Medieval England', in The McFarlane Legacy: Studies in Late Medieval Politics and Society, R.H. Britnell and A.]. Pollard (eds) (Stroud, 1995), pp. 77-106. 5 On this double nature of discourse see N. Fairclough, Discourse and Social Change (Cambridge, 1992), p. 3. 6 S. Mills, Discourse (London, 1997), p. 91. 7 On the illusiveness of the traumatic event see A. Douglas and T.A. Volger, 'Introduction', in Witness and Memory: The Discourse of Trauma, A. Douglas and T.A. Volger (eds) (NY and London, 2003), pp. 1-53 (p. 5). 8 For the link between traumatic events and martyrdom narratives see also R.L. LeVine, 'Epilogue', in Cultures Under Siege: Collective Violence and Trauma, A.C.G.M. Robben and M. Suarez-Orozco (eds) (Cambridge, 2000), pp. 272-5 (p. 274). 9 Christine Carpenter emphasized the wider kin's responsibility of protecting the family's wealth and political power when a member of the family dies. C. Carpenter, Locality and Polity: A Study of Warwickshire Landed Society, 1401-1499 (Cambridge, 1992), p. 621. On the centrality of commemoration in the dynastic milieu see N. Saul, Death, Art and Memory in Medieval England: The Cobham Family and Their Monuments, 1300-1500 (Oxford, 2001). 10 S. Walker, 'Remembering Richard: History and Memory in Lancastrian England', in The Fifteenth Century IV: Political Culture in Late Medieval Britain, pp. 21-31 (p. 22). 11 A. Vauchez, Sainthood in the Later Middle Ages, J. Birrell (trans.) (Cambridge, 1997), p. 151. 12 Simon Walker, 'Political Saints', p. 77. 13 M. Rubin, 'Religious Symbols and Political Culture in Fifteenth-Century England', in The Fifteenth Century IV: Political Culture in Late Medieval Britain, pp.97-111. 14 E. Duffy, The Stripping of the Altars: Traditional Religion in England c. 1400- c. 1580 (New Haven and London, 1992), p. 2. See also R.N. Swanson, Church and Society in Late Medieval England (Oxford, 1989), p. 275. 15 C. Peters, Patterns of Piety: Women, Gender and Religion in Late Medieval and Reformation England (Cambridge, 2003), esp. p. 97. 16 Swanson, Church and Society, p. 18. 17 Vauchez, Sainthood, for example, p. 142; also D. Weinstein and R.M. Bell, Saints and Society: Two Worlds of Western Christendom, 1000-1700 (Chicago and London, 1982), p. 142. Local and regional studies reached the same conclusion: K.L. French, The People of the Parish: Community Life in a Late Medieval English Diocese (Philadelphia, 2001), p. 176; J. Hughes, Pastors and Visionaries: Religion and Secular Life in Late Medieval Yorkshire (Woodbridge, 1988), pp. 298-9; A.D. Brown, Popular Piety in Late Medieval England: The Diocese of Salisbury 1250-1550 (Oxford, 1995), p. 251. 18 Swanson, Church and Society, pp. 255-8. 19 French, The People of the Parish, pp. 30-1. French also referred to the 'rise of churchwardens' as an office which evolved in the later Middle Ages in order to oversee these obligations of the laity. Ibid., p. 68. Notes 169

20 K. Kamerick, Popular Piety and Art in the Late Middle ages: Image Worship and Idolatry in England 1350-1500 (NY, 2002), p. 8. 21 R. Marks, Images and Devotion in Late Medieval England (Stroud, 2004), p. 180; Duffy, The Stripping, p. 159. 22 Kamerick, Popular Piety, p. 114. Lay parochial activity as enhancing com• munal identity is discussed and emphasized in French, The People of the Parish, for example pp. 174, 176. 23 R.W. Pfaff, New Liturgical Feasts in Later Medieval England (Oxford, 1970), p. 11. 24 Duffy, The Stripping, pp. 231, 45. 25 C. Page, 'The Rhymed Office for St Thomas of Lancaster: Poetry, Politics and Liturgy in Fourteenth-Century England', Leeds Studies in English 14 (1983), pp.134-51. Bibliography

Unprinted primary sources

Baltimore

Walters Art Gallery: MS W. 105 (The Butler Hours)

Stadtbibliothek: MS Theol. Lat. Fol. 706

Cambridge

Clare College: MS6

Corpus Christi College: MS 197

Fitzwilliam Museum: MS Add. 38-1950 (The Bohun Psalter)

King's College: MS31

St John's College: MS E. 26

Trinity College: MS R.S.20 MS 0.8.35

Cologne

Historisches Archiv: MSW28

Trinity College Dublin: MS88 MS 516

170 Bibliography 171

Durham

Ushaw College: MS 10

British Library: Add. 33736 Add. 38819 Add. 42310 (The Luttrell Psalter) C. 41.e.8 C.35.h.7 C.35.d.13 Cotton Faustina B ix Cotton Julius E IV (article 6) (The Pageants of Richard Beauchamp) Cotton Vespa sian E VII Hargrave 274 Harley 211 Royal 12 C XII

College of Arms: MS Jenyns' Ordinary Vincent 152 (Prince Arthur's Book)

Guildhall Library: MS 9171, Register 10

Lambeth Palace: MS 1742

The National Archives (PRO): B11/22 E329/20 E329/47

Society of Antiquaries: MS 101

Victoria and Albert Museum: Reid MS 44

Norwich

Norfolk Museums and Archaeology Service: MS 158.926/4f 172 Bibliography

Bodleian Library: Arch. Selden B. 26 Auctar IV 5 Bod!. 277 Bod!. 851 Douce 231 eMus. 139 Gough Liturg. 7 Jones 46 Lat. Liturg. f. 2 (The Scrape Hours)

Osterreichischen Nationalbibliothek: MS. Ser. n. 12.708

Worcester

Cathedral Library: MS Q.lO

York Minster Library: Add. 2 (The Bolton Hours) Add. 54 (The Mountenay Hours) L 2/4 M 2 (1) F XVI. K. 6 (The Pullein Hours)

Printed primary sources

Abbreviata Cronica ab Anno 1377 usque ad Annum 1469, J.J. Smith (ed.) Cambridge Antiquarian Society Publications 1 (Cambridge, 1840) Acts of the Chapter of the Collegiate Church of 55. Peter and Wilfrid, Ripon, A.D. 1452 to AD. 1506, ].T. Fowler (ed.) Surtees Society 64 (Durham, 1875) Adam Davy's Dreams about Edward the Second, F.J. Furnivall (ed.) EETS o.s. 69 (London, 1878) Altenglische Legenden Neue Folge, C. Horstmann (ed.) (Henninger, 1881) The Ancrene Riwle, M.B. Salu (trans.) (London, 1955) Ancrene Wisse: Edited from MS. Corpus Christi College Cambridge 402, J.R.R. Tolkien (ed.) EETS 249 (Oxford, 1962) Anecdota ex Codicibus Hagiographicis Iohannis Gielemans Canonici Regularis in Rubea, Societe des Bollandistes, Subsidia Hagiographica 3 (Brussels, 1895) 'Annales Ricardi Secundi et Henrici Quarti, Regum AngJiae', in Johannis de Trokelowe: et Henrici de Blaneforde, Monachorum S. Albani, H.T. Riley (ed.) RS 28 (London, 1886), pp. 155-420 Bibliography 173

The Anonimalle Chronicle, 1307 to 1334, W.R. Childs and]. Taylor (eds) Yorkshire Archaeological Society 147 (Leeds, 1991) The Beauchamp Pageant, A. Sinclair (ed.) (Richard III and Yorkist History Trust in association with Paul Watkins, 2003) The Book of Margery Kempe, B. Windeatt (ed.) (Harlow, 2000) The Brut, or The Chronicles ofEngland, F.W.D. Brie (ed.) 2 vols., EETS o.s. 131, 136 (London, 1906, 1908) Calendar of Entries in the Papal Registers relating to Great Britain and Ireland: Papal Letters, 18 vols., RS 159 (London, 1893-[1994]) Calendar of Inquisitions Miscellaneous, Chancery, preserved in the Public Record Office Calendar of the Close Rolls preserved in the Public Record Office Calendar of the Patent Rolls preserved in the Public Record Office The Chronica Maiora of Thomas Walsingham 1376-1422, D. Preest (trans.) (Wood• bridge, 2005) The Chronicle ofAdam Usk 1377-1421, C. Given-Wilson (ed. and trans.) (Oxford, 1997) The Chronicle oflohn Hardyng, H. Ellis (ed.) (London, 1812) The Chronicle ofLanercost 1272-1346, R. Maxwell (trans.) (Glasgow, 1913) A Chronicle of London from 1089 to 1483, E. Tyrrell and N.H. Nicolas (eds) (London, 1827) 'A Chronicle of the Civil Wars of Edward II', G.L. Haskins (ed.), Speculum 14 (1939), pp. 73-81 Chronicles of the Reigns of Edward I and Edward II, W. Stubbs (ed.) 2 vols., RS 76 (London, 1882-83) Chronicles of the Revolution, 1397-1400: The Reign of Richard II, C. Given-Wilson (ed. and trans.) (Manchester and NY, 1993) Chronicon de Lanercost (Edinbrough, 1839) A Collection of all the Wills of the Kings and Queens of England, ]. Nichols (ed.) (London, 1780) The Commonplace Book of Robert Reynes of Acle: An Edition of Tanner MS 407, C. Louis (ed.) (NY, 1980) Concilia Magnae Britanniae et Hibemiae, 446-1717, D. Wilkins (ed.) 4 vols. (Brussels, 1964) The Court Rolls of Walsham Ie Willows, R. Lock (ed.) 2 vols., Suffolk Records Society 41, 45 (Woodbridge, 1998-2002) Croniques de London, depuis ['an 44 Hen. III. Jusqu' a l'an 17 Edw. III., G.]. Aungier

(ed.) Camden Society o.s. 28 (London I 1844) The Crowland Chronicle Continuations: 1459-1486, N. Pronay and J. COX (eds) (London, 1986) 'A Defence of the Proscription of the Yorkists in 1459', J.P. Gilson (ed.), EHR 26 (1911), pp. 512-25 The Diplomatic Correspondence of Richard II, E. Perroy (ed.) Camden Society 3rd ser. 48 (London, 1933) Dives and Pauper, P.H. Barnum (ed.) 2 vols., EETS o.s. 275 (London, 1976) Dixon, W.W.H., Festi Eboracenses, J. Raine (ed.) (London, 1863) An English Chronicle of the Reigns of Richard II, Henry IV, Henry V, and Henry VI, J.S. Davies (ed.) Camden Society o.s. 64 (London, 1856) English Wycliffite Sermons, A. Hudson (ed.) 5 vols. (Oxford, 1983-96) 174 Bibliography

Eulogium Historiarum sive Temporis, F.S. Haydon (ed.) 3 vols., RS 9 (London, 1858-68) The Fabric Rolls of York Minster, J. Raine (ed.) Surtees Society 35 (Durham, 1859) Fifteenth Century Liturgical Music, A. Hughes (ed.) Early English Church Music 8 (London, 1964) Fifth Report of the Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts, H.T. Riley (ed.) (London, 1876) Flores Historiarum, H.R. Luard (ed.) 3 vols., RS 95 (London, 1890) Geoffrey Chaucer The Wife of Bath: Complete, Authoritative Text with Biographical and Historical Contexts, Critical History, and Essays from Five Contemporary Critical Perspectives, P.G. Beidler (ed.) (NY and Boston, 1996) Geoffrey Ie Baker, Chronicon Galfridi Ie Baker de Swynebroke, E.M. Thompson (ed.) (Oxford, 1889) Georges Chastelain, Le Temple de Bocace, S. Bliggenstorfer (ed.) Romanica Helvetica 104 (Berne, 1988) 'Godstow Chronicle', in G. Roperti vita D. Thomae Mori, W. Roper (ed.) (1716), pp. 180-246 The Great Chronicle of London, A.H. Thomas and I.D. Thornley (eds) (London, 1938) Gwaith Lewys Glyn Cothi, D. Johnston (ed.) (Cardiff, 1995) Gwaith Lewis Glyn Cothi: The Poetic Works of Lewis Glyn Cothi, W. Davies and J. Jones (eds) Cymmrodorian Society (Oxford, 1837) 'Hali Mii5had' ('A Letter on Virginity'), in Medieval English Prose for Women: Selections from the Katherine Group and Ancrene Wisse, B. Millett and J. Wogan• Browne (eds and trans.) (Oxford, 1990), pp. 2-43 Henrici VI Ang/iae Regis Miracula Postuma: Ex Codice Musei Britannici Regio 13 C VIII, P. Grosjean (ed.) Subsidia Hagiographica 22 (Brussels, 1935) Henry Knighton, Chronicon Henrici Knighton, J.R. Lumby (ed.) 2 vols., RS 92 (London, 1889) Henry the Sixth: A Reprint oflohn Blacman's Memoir, M.R. James (ed. and trans.) (Cambridge, 1919) Heresy Trials in the Diocese of Norwich, 1428-31, N.P. Tanner (ed.) Camden Society 4th ser. 20 (London, 1977) Historia et Cartularium Monasterii Sancti Petri Gloucestriae, W.H. Hart (ed.) RS 33 (London, 1863-67) The Historians of the Church of York and its Archbishops, J. Raine (ed.) 3 vols., RS 71 (London, 1879-94) The Historical Collections ofA Citizen of London in the Fifteenth Century, J. Gairdner (ed.) Camden Society n.s. 17 (London, 1876) Historical Papers and Letters from the Northern Registers, J. Raine (ed.) RS 61 (London, 1873) Historical Poems of the XIVth and XVth Centuries, R.H. Robbins (ed.) (NY, 1959) Historie of the Arrivall of Edward IV in England and the Final Recovery of His Kingdoms from Henry VI A.D. 1471, J. Bruce (ed.) Camden Society 1 (London, 1838) The History of Fulk Fitz Warine, An Outlawed Baron in the Reign of King John, T. Wright (ed. and trans.) (London, 1855) Bibliography 175

Hoccleve's Works: The Minor Poems, F.J. Furnivall and I. Gollancz (eds) EETS 61, 73 (Oxford, 1970) Horae Eboracenses, e. Wordsworth (ed.) Surtees Society 132 (Durham and London, 1920) Incerti Scriptoris Chronicon Angliae: De Regnis Trium Regum Lancastrensium Henrici IV, Henrici V, et Henrici VI, J,A. Giles (ed.) (London, 1848) The Inventories ofSt George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, 1384-1667, M.F. Bond (ed.) (Windsor, 1947) Johannis de Trokelowe: et Henrici de Blaneforde, Monachorum S. Albani, H.T. Riley (ed.) RS 28 (London, 1886) John Benet's Chronicle: For the Years 1400 to 1462, G.L. Harriss and M.A. Harriss (eds) Camden Miscellany 24, Camden 4th ser., vol. 9 (London, 1972) John Capgrave, The Book of the Illustrious Henries, F.e. Hingeston (trans.) (London, 1858) --, The Life of St Katharine of Alexandria, e. Horstmann (ed.) EETS O.S. 100 (London, 1893) John Capgrave's Abbreuiacion ofCronicles, P.J. Lucas (ed.) EETS 285 (Oxford, 1983) John Fortescue, De Laudibus Legum Angliae, S.B. Chrimes (ed. and trans.) (Cambridge, 1949) John Leland, De Rebus Britannicis Col/ectanae, T. Hearne (ed.) 6 vols. (London, 1770) John Warkworth, A Chronicle of the First Thirteen Years of the Reign of King Edward the Fourth, J.O. Halliwell (ed.) Camden Society O.S. 10 (London, 1839) Julian of Norwich, A Book of Showings to the Anchoress Julian of Norwich, E. Colledge and J, Walsh (eds) 2 vols., Studies and Texts 35 (Toronto, 1978) The Kingis Quair and Other Prison Poems, L.R. Mooney and M.-J. Arn (eds) (Kalamazoo, 2005) Knyghthode and Bataile: A XVth Century Verse Paraphrase of Flavius Vegetius Renatus' Treatise "De Re Militari", R. Dyboski and Z.M. Arend (eds) EETS o.s. 201 (London, 1935) 'The Lament of Edward II', T.M. Smallwood (ed.), Modern Language Review 68 (1973), pp. 521-9 The Latin Poems Commonly Attributed to Walter Mapes, T. Wright (ed.) Camden Society o.s. 16 (London, 1841) Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII, J. Gairdner, S. Brewer and R.H. Brodie (eds) 38 vols., RS 120 (London, 1862-1932) Letters and Papers Illustrative of the Wars of the English in France, During the Reign of Henry the Sixth, J, Stevenson (ed.) 2 vols., RS 22 (1861-64) London Consistory Court Wills, 1492-1547, I. Darlington (ed.) London Record Society 3 (London, 1967) Lucius Annaeus Seneca, Four Tragedies and Octavia, E.F. Watling (trans.) (Har• mondsworth, 1966) Medieval English Prose for Women: Selections from the Katherine Group and Ancrene Wisse, B. Millett and J. Wogan-Browne (eds and trans.) (Oxford, 1990) The Minor Poems ofJohn Lydgate, H.N. MacCracken (ed.) 2 vols., EETS O.S. 192, e.s. 107 (London, 1911, 1934) 176 Bibliography

The Miracles ofKing Henry VI, R.A. Knox and S. Lesley (eds and trans.) (Cambridge, 1923) Mirk's Festial: A Collection of Homilies, T. Erbe (ed.) EETS e.s. 96 (London, 1905) Monumenta Ritualia Ecclesiae Anglicanae: The Occasional Offices of the Church of England According to the Old Use of Salisbury, W. Maskell (ed.) 3 vols. (Oxford, 1882) Nicholas Love, The Mirror of the Blessed Life of Jesus Christ: A Reading Text, M.G. Sargent (ed.) (Exeter, 2004) 'Die Nordengliche Legendensammlung', in Altenglische Legenden Neue Folge, e. Horstmann (ed.) (Henninger, 1881), pp. 1-173 Osbern Bokenham, Legendys ofHooly Wummen, M.S. Serjeanston (ed.) EETS o.s. 206 (London, 1938) The Peasants' Revolt of 1381, R.B. Dobson (ed.) (London, 1970) Political Poems and Songs Relating to English History, T. Wright (ed. and trans.) 2 vols., RS 14 (1859-61) The Politics of Fifteenth-Century England: John Vale's Book, M.L. Kekewich et al. (eds) (Stroud, 1995) Privy Purse Expenses of Elizabeth of York and Wardrobe Accounts of Edward the Fourth, N.H. Nicolas (ed.) (London, 1830) Reginald Pecock's Book ofFaith: A Fifteenth Century Theological Tractate, J.L. Morison (ed.) (Glasgow, 1909) The Register of John Grandisson, Bishop of Exeter, 1327-69, F.C. Hingeston• Randolph (ed.) (London and Exeter, 1894-98) The Register of John Stafford Bishop of Bath and Wells, 1425-1443, T.S. Holmes (ed.) (London, 1915) 2 vols., Somerset Record Society 31 and 32 (1915, 1916) The Register of the Guild of Corpus Christi in the City of York, R.H. Skaife (ed.) Surtees Society 57 (Durham, 1872) The Register of Thomas Bekynton Bishop ofBath and Wells, 1443-1465, H.e. Maxwell• Lyte and M.e.B. Dawes (eds) 2 vols., Somerset Record SOCiety 49-50 (London, 1934) Registrum Abbatiae Iohannis Wethamsted, H.T. Riley (ed.) 2 vols., RS 28 (London, 1872-73) Richard Rolle: Prose and Verse, S.]. Ogilvie-Thomson (ed.), EETS 293 (Oxford, 1988) Rotuli Parliamentorum, 6 vols., Record Commission (London) Rymer, T., Foedera, Conventiones, Litterae ... , 4 vols., Record Commission (London, 1816-69) IS. Edmund und Fremund', in Altenglische Legenden Neue Folge, e. Horstmann (ed.) (Henninger, 1881), pp. 376-445 Sammlung Altenglischer Legenden, e. Horstmann (ed.) (Heilbronn, 1878) Six Town Chronicles ofEngland, R. Flenley (ed.) (Oxford, 1911) The South English Legendary, e. D'Evelyn and A.J. Mill (eds) 3 vols., EETS 235, 236 and 244 (London, 1956 and 1959) Speculum Sacerdotale, E.H. Weatherly (ed.) EETS o.s. 200 (London, 1936) Testamenta Cantiana: A Series of Extracts from Fifteenth and Sixteenth Century Wills, East Kent, A. Hussey (ed.) (London, 1907) Testamenta Eboracensia or Wills Registered at York, J. Raine and J.W. Clay (eds) 6 vols., Surtees Society 4,30,45 (London and Durham, 1836-1902) Bibliography 177

Thomas Basin, Histoire de Charles VII, C. Samaran (ed. and trans.) 2 vols., Les Classiques de l'histoire de France au moyen age 15,21 (Paris, 1933, 1944) Thomas Gascoigne, Loci e Libro Veritatum, J.E.T. Rogers (ed.) (Oxford, 1881) Thomas More, A Dialogue Concerning Heresies, T.M.C. Lawler, G. Marc'hadour and R.C. Marius (eds) The Yale Edition of the Complete Works of St. Thomas More vol. 6 (New Haven and London, 1981) Thomas Walsingham, Historia Brevis (London, 1574) --, Historia Anglicana, H.T. Riley (ed.) 2 vols., RS 28 (London, 1862, 1864) Three Chapters of Letters Relating to the Suppression of Monasteries, T. Wright (ed.) Camden Society o.s. 26 (London, 1843) Two Wycliffite Texts: The Sermon of William Taylor 1406: The Testimony of William Thorpe 1407, A. Hudson (ed.) EETS o.S. 301 (Oxford, 1993) The Usurpation of Richard the Third: Dominicus Mancinus ad Angelum Catonem De Occupatione Regni Anglie per Riccardum Tercium Libellus, C.A.]. Armstrong (trans. and introduction) (Oxford, 1969) Visitations of the North; or, Some Early Heraldic Visitations of, and Collections of Pedigrees Relating to the North of England, F.W. Dendy and C.H. Hunter Blair (eds) 4 parts, Surtees Society 122, 133, 144, 146 (Durham, 1920-32) Vita Edwardi Secundi: The Life of Edward the Second: By the So-Called Monk of Malmesbury, N. Denholm-Young (ed. and trans.) (London, 1957) Walberswick Churchwardens' Accounts A.D. 1450-1499, R.W.M. Lewis (transcrip• tion) (London, 1947) Walter Hilton, The Ladder of Perfection, L. Sherley-Price (trans.) (London, 1988) The Westminster Chronicle, 1381-1394, L.C. Hector and B.F. Harvey (eds and trans.) (Oxford, 1982) William Lambard, Dictionarum Angliae Topographicum et Historioricum: An Alphabetical Description of the Chief Places in England and Wales (London, 1730) William Paris, 'Christine', in Sammlung Altenglischer Legenden, C. Horstmann (ed.) (Heilbronn, 1878), pp. 183-90 William Shakespeare, The Second Part of King Henry IV, G. Melchiori (ed.) (Cam• bridge, 1989) William Worcester, William Worcester Itineraries, J.H. Harvey (ed.) (Oxford, 1969) 'Wills of Leeds and District', R.B. Cook (ed.) Publications of the Thoresby Society Miscellanea 26 (1924), pp. 172-220 York Memorandum Book, M. Sellers and J.W. Perry (eds) 2 parts, Surtees Society 120, 125, 186 (Durham, 1912-73)

Secondary sources

Age of Chivalry: Art in Plantagenet England 1200-1400, J. Alexander and P. Binski (eds) (London, 1987) Allan, A.R., 'Political Propaganda Employed by the House of York in England in the mid-Fifteenth Century, 1450-1471' (unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Swansea, 1981) Andrew, P.H., The Asheton Windows in Ashton-under-Lyne Parish Church: The Medieaeval Windows Depicting Members of the Asheton Family (Late 15th Century) (Ashton-under-Lyne, 2001) 178 Bibliography

Anglo, S., Spectacle, Pageantry, and Early Tudor Policy (Oxford, 1997) 2nd edn. Anniversary Essays in Medieval History: By Students of Charles Homer Haskins, Presented on his Completion ofForty Years of Teaching, C.H. Taylor and].L. Monte (eds) (Boston and NY, 1929) Armstrong, C.A.], 'The Piety of Cicely, Duchess of York', in For Hilaire Belloc: Essays in Honour of His 72nd Birthday, D. Woodruff (ed.) (London, 1942), pp. 73-94 --, 'Politics and the Battle of St Albans', BIHR 33 (1960), pp. 1-72 Armstrong, E.A., The Folklore of Birds: An Inquiry into the Origin and Distribution of some Magico-Religious Traditions (NY, 1973) Arnold, J.H., 'The Labour of Continence: Masculinity and Clerical Virginity', in Medieval Virginities, A. Bernau, R. Evans and S. Salih (eds) (Cardiff, 2003), pp.l02-18 Backhouse, J., The Luttrell Psalter (London, 1989) Barlow, F., Edward the Confessor (Berkeley, 1970) Barron, W.R.J., 'The Penalties for Treason in Medieval Life and Literature', Journal of Medieval History 7 (1981), pp. 187-202 Bellamy, J.G., The Law of Treason in England in the Later Middle Ages (London, 1970) Bennett, J .A.W., Poetry of the Passion: Studies in Twelve Centuries of English Verse (Oxford, 1982) Besserman, L.L., The Legend of Job in the Middle Ages (Cambridge, Mass. and London, 1979) Biddle, M., et al., King Arthur's Round Table: An Archaeological Investigation (Wood• bridge, 2000) Binski, P., Becket's Crown: Art and Imagination in Gothic England, 1170-1350 (New Haven, 2004) Bloch, M., The Royal Touch: Sacred Monarchy and Scrofula in England and France, ].E. Anderson (trans.) (London, 1973) Blyth, J.D., 'The Battle of Tewkesbury', Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucester• shire Archaeological Society 80 (1961), pp. 99-120 Bose, M., 'Reginald Pecock's Vernacular Voice', in Lollards and Their Influence in Late Medieval England, F. Somerset,].c. Havens and D.G. Pitard (eds) (Wood• bridge, 2003), pp. 217-36 Bosetti, E., Yahweh Shepherd of the People: Pastoral Symbolism in the Old Testament, G. La Spina (trans.) (Mynooth, Ireland, 1993) Bowman, W.M., England in Ashton-under-Lyne (Altrincham, Cheshire, 1960) Brigden, S., London and the Reformation (Oxford, 1989) --, New Worlds, Lost Worlds: The Rule of the Tudors 1485-1603 (London and NY, 2000) Brown, A.D., Popular Piety in Late Medieval England: The Diocese of Salisbury 1250-1550 (Oxford, 1995) Browne, J., The History of the Metropolitan Church ofSt Peter, York (London, 1847) Buck, M., Politics, Finance and the Church in the Reign ofEdward II: Walter Stapeldon, Treasurer of England (Cambridge, 1983) The Byzantine Saint, S. Hackel (ed.) (San Bernardino, Calif., 1981) Caiger-Smith, A., English Medieval Mural Paintings (Oxford, 1963) The Cambridge Companion to Medieval Romance, R.L. Krueger (ed.) (Cambridge, 2000) Camille, M., Image on the Edge: The Margins of Medieval Art (London, 1992) Bibliography 179

--, Mirror in Parchment: The Luttrell Psalter and the Making of Medieval England (London, 1998) Carey, H.M., Courting Disaster: Astrology at the English Court and University in the Later Middle Ages (London, 1992) Carpenter, C., Locality and Polity: A Study of Warwickshire Landed Society, 1401-1499 (Cambridge, 1992) --, 'Gentry and Community in Medieval England', Journal of British Studies 33 (1994), pp. 340-80 --, The Wars of the Roses: Politics and the Constitution in England, c. 1437-1509 (Cambridge, 1997) --, 'Introduction: Political Culture, Politics and Cultural History', in The Fifteenth Century IV: Political Culture in Late Medieval Britain, L. Clark and C. Carpenter (eds) (Woodbridge, 2004), pp. 1-19 Carruthers, M.J., The Book of Memory: A Study of Memory in Medieval Culture (Cambridge, 1990) Castelli, E.A., Martyrdom and Memory: Early Christian Culture Making (NY, 2004) Catalogue of the Additions to the Manuscripts in the British Museum in the Year 1911-1915 (Oxford, 1969) A Catalogue of Manuscripts in the College of Arms Collections, L. Campbell and F. Steer (eds) (London, 1988) Cave, C.J.P., The Roof Bosses ofBristol Cathedral (Bristol, 1935) Chrimes, S.B., Henry VII (London, 1972) Clouston, W.L., 'Folk-Lore of the Raven and the Owl', in Saxby, J.M.E., Birds of Omen in Shetland (1893), pp. 17-32 Cokayne, G.E., The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom: Extant, Extinct, or Dormant, 13 vols. (London, 1910-40) Coleman, J., 'New Evidence about Sir Geoffrey Luttrell's Raid on Sempringham Priory, 1312', The British Library Journal 25 (1999), pp. 103-28 Collectanea Londiniensia: Studies in London Archaeology and History Presented to Ralph Merrifield, J. Bird, H. Chapman and J. Clark (eds) London and Middlesex Archaeological Society 2 (London, 1978) Collins, H.E.L., The Order of the Garter 1348-1461: Chivalry and Politics in Late Medieval England (Oxford, 2000) Constable, W.G., 'Some East Anglian Rood Screen Paintings', The Connoisseur 84 (1929),pp. 211-20, 290-4, 358-65 Coote, L.A., Prophecy and Public Affairs in Later Medieval England (Woodbridge, 2000) Copeland, R., Pedagogy, Intellectuals and Dissent in the Later Middle Ages: Lollardy and Ideas of Learning (Cambridge, 2001) Coss, P., 'Knighthood, Heraldry and Social Exclusion in Edwardian England', in Heraldry, Pageantry and Social Display in Medieval England, P. Coss and M. Keen (eds) (Woodbridge, 2002), pp. 39-68 Courts and Regions in Medieval Europe, S. Rees Jones, R. Marks, and A.J. Minnis (eds) (Woodbridge, 2000) Craig, L.A., 'Royalty, Virtue, and Adversity: The Cult of King Henry VI', Albion 35 (2003), pp. 187-209 Cross, Crown and Community: Religion, Government and Culture in Early Modern England 1400-1800, D.].B. Trim and P.J. Balderstone (eds) (Oxford, 2004) Cullum, G.M.G., 'Skull of Simon Sudbury', Notes and Queries (1892), p. 256 180 Bibliography

Cullum, P.H., 'Vowesses and Female Lay Piety in the Province of York, 1300-1500', Northern History 32 (1996), pp. 21-41 --, 'Clerical Masculinity: Virginity, Sex and the Upper Clergy in Late Medieval England', in Richard Scrope: Archbishop, Rebel, Martyr, J. Goldberg (ed.) (Shaun Tyas, forthcoming 2007) Cullum, P., and Goldberg, J., 'How Margaret Blackburn Taught Her Daughters: Reading Devotional Instructions in a Book of Hours', in Medieval Women: Texts and Contexts in Late Medieval Britain: Essays for Felicity Riddy, J. Wogan• Browne (ed.) (Turnhout, Belgium, 2000), pp. 217-36 Cultures Under Siege: Collective Violence and Trauma, A.C.G.M. Robben and M.M. Suarez-Orozco (eds) (Cambridge, 2000) Cuming, H.S., 'On a Portrait of Henry VI in Eye Church, Suffolk', Journal of the British Archaeological Association 36 (1880), pp. 432-4 Cuttino, G.P. and Lyman, T.W., 'Where Is Edward II?', Speculum S3 (1978), pp.522-44 Davies, ].C., The Baronial Opposition to Edward II: Its Character and Policy: A Study in Administrative History (London, 1967) Denton, J.H., Robert Winchelsey and the Crown 1294-1313: A Study in the Defence of Ecclesiastical Liberty (Cambridge, 1980) A Descriptive Catalogue of the Additional Illuminated Manuscripts in the Fitzwilliam Museum, F. Wormald and P.M. Giles (eds) (Cambridge, 1982) A Descriptive Catalogue of the Western Manuscripts in the Library of Clare College, Cambridge, M.R. James (ed.) (Cambridge, 1905) Dirsztay, P., Inside Churches: A Guide to Church Furnishings (London, 2001) 3,d edn. Dobson, R.B., Church and Society in the Medieval North of England (London, 1996) --, 'The Crown, the Charter and the City, 1396-1461', in The Government of Medieval York: Essays in Commemoration of the 1396 Royal Charter, S. Rees Jones (ed.) (York, 1997), pp. 34-55 Dodd, G., 'Henry IV's Council, 1399-1405', in Henry IV: The Establishment of the Regime, 1399-1406, G. Dodd and D. Biggs (eds) (Woodbridge, 2003), pp. 95-115 Doherty, P., Isabella and the Strange Death of Edward II (London, 2003) Douglas, A. and Volger, T.A., 'Introduction', in Witness and Memory: The Dis• course of Trauma, A. Douglas and T.A. Volger (eds) (NY and London, 2003), pp. 1-53 Duffy, E., 'Holy Maydens, Holy Wyfes: The Cult of Women Saints in Fifteenth• and Sixteenth-Century England', in Women in the Church, W.J. Sheils and D. Wood (eds) Studies in Church History 27 (Oxford, 1990), pp. 175-96 --, The Stripping of the Altars: Traditional Religion in England c. 1400-c. 1580 (New Haven and London, 1992) Echerd, A.R., 'Canonization and Politics in Late Medieval England: The Cult of Thomas of Lancaster' (unpublished doctoral thesis, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 1983) Einbinder, S.L., Beautiful Death: Jewish Poetry and Martyrdom in Medieval France (Princeton, NJ and Oxford, 2002) Ellington, D.S., 'Impassioned Mother or Passive Icon: The Virgin's Role in Late Medieval and Early Modern Passion Sermons', Renaissance Quarterly 48 (1995), pp.227-61 England in the Fifteenth Century: Proceedings of the 1992 Harlaxton Symposium, N. Rogers (ed.) (Stamford, 1994) Bibliography 181

England in the Fourteenth Century: Proceedings of the 1985 Harlaxton Symposium, W.M. Ormrod (ed.) (Woodbridge, 1986) Equally in God's Image: Women in the Middle Ages, J. Bolton Holloway, C.S. Wright, and J. Bechtold (eds) (NY, 1990) Erler, M.e., 'English Vowed Women at the End of the Middle Ages', Mediaeval Studies 57 (1995), pp. 155-203 Ettlinger, E., 'Notes on a Woodcut Depicting King Henry VI Being Invoked as a Saint', Folklore 84 (1973), pp. 115-19 Fairclough, N., Discourse and Social Change (Cambridge, 1992) Fairfield, 1.P., 'John Bale and the Development of Protestant Hagiography in England', Journal ofEcclesiastical History 24 (1973), pp. 145-60 The Fifteenth Century IV: Political Culture in Late Medieval Britain, 1. Clark and e. Carpenter (eds) (Woodbridge, 2004) The Fifteenth Century V: Of Mice and Men: Image, Belief and Regulation in Late Medieval England, 1. Clark (ed.) (Woodbridge, 2005) Finucane, R.e., Miracles and Pilgrims: Popular Beliefs in Medieval England (London, 1977) Fletcher, e., 'Manhood and Politics in the Reign of Richard II', Past and Present 189 (2005), pp. 3-39 The Fool and the Trickster: Studies in Honour of Enid Welsford, P.V.A. Williams (ed.) (Cambridge, 1979) For Hilaire Belloc: Essays in Honour ofHis 72nd Birthday, D. Woodruff (ed.) (London, 1942) Forrest, H., 'The Miracles of King Henry VI in Northamptonshire', Northampton• shire Past and Present 4:6 (1971-72), pp. 363-5 Foucault, M., Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, A. Lane (trans.) (Harmandsworth,1977) Fredell, J., 'Margery Kempe: Spectacle and Spiritual Governance', Philological Quarterly 75 (1996), pp. 137-66 Freeman, T.S., "'The Good Ministrye of Godlye and Vertuose Women": The Elizabethan Martyrologists and the Female Supporters of the Marian Martyrs', Journal ofBritish Studies 39 (2000), pp. 8-33 --, "'Ut Verus Christi Sequenter": John Blacman and the Cult of Henry VI', in The Fifteenth Century V: Of Mice and Men: Image, Belief and Regulation in Late Medieval England, 1. Clark (ed.) (Woodbridge, 2005), pp. 127-42 French, K.1., The People of the Parish: Community Life in a Late Medieval English Diocese (Philadelphia, 2001) Friedman, J.B., Northern English Books, Owners and Makers in the Late Middle Ages (Syracuse, NY, 1995) From Ockham to Wyclif: Oxford Scholarship in the Later Fourteenth Century: Conference Papers, A. Hudson and M. Wilks (eds) (Oxford, 1987) Fryde, N., The Tyranny and Fall ofEdward II 1321-1326 (Cambridge, 1979) Gasquet, F.A., The Religious Life ofKing Henry VI (London, 1923) Gibson, G.M., 'St. Margery: The Book of Margery Kempe', in Equally in God's Image: Women in the Middle Ages, J. Bolton Holloway, e.S. Wright, andJ. Bechtold (eds) (NY, 1990), pp. 144-63 Gifford, D.J., 'Iconographical Notes Towards a Definition of the Medieval Fool', in The Fool and the Trickster: Studies in Honour ofEnid Welsford, P.V.A. Williams (ed.) (Cambridge, 1979), pp. 18-35 182 Bibliography

Given-Wilson, c., 'Wealth and Credit, Public and Private', EHR 106 (1991), pp. 1-26. --, 'Fitzalan, Richard (III)" ODNB Goodman, A., The Loyal Conspiracy: The Lords Appellant Under Richard II (London, 1971) Gothic: Art for England 1400-1547, R. Marks and P. Williamson (eds) (London, 2003) Gottfried, R.S., Epidemic Disease in Fifteenth Century England: The Medical Response and the Demographic Consequences (NJ, 1978) --, The Black Death: Natural and Human Disaster in Medieval Europe (London, 1983) The Government of Medieval York: Essays in Commemoration of the 1396 Royal Charter, S. ReesJones (ed.) (York, 1997) Gransden, A., Historical Writing in England II: c. 1307 to the Early Sixteenth Century (London, 1982) Gray, D., 'The Five Wounds of Our Lord', Notes and Queries 208 (1963), pp.50-1,82-9, 127-34, 163-8 --, Themes and Images in the Medieval English Religious Lyric (London, 1972) Green, R.F., 'An Epitaph for Richard, Duke of York', Studies in Bibliography 41 (1988), pp. 218-24 Greene, R.L., 'Two Medieval Manuscripts: Egerton 3307 Some University of Chicago Fragments', Journal of the American Musicological SOCiety 7 (1954), pp.I-34 Gregory, B.S., Salvation at Stake: Christian Martyrdom in Early Modem Europe (Cambridge, Mass. and London, 1999) Griffiths, R.A., 'The Trial of Eleanor Cobham: An Episode in the Fall of Duke Humphrey of Gloucester', BJRL 51 (1969), pp. 381-99 --, The Reign of King Henry VI (Stroud, 1998) Haines, R.M., Ecclesia Anglicana: Studies in the English Church of the Later Middle Ages (Toronto, 1989) --, 'The Episcopate of a Benedictine Monk: Hamo de Hethe, Bishop of Rochester (1317-1352), Revue Benedictine 102 (1992), pp. 192-207 --, 'Bishops and Politics in the Reign of Edward II: Hamo de Hethe, Henry Wharton, and the "Historia Roffensis"', Journal of Ecclesiastical History 44 (1993), pp. 586-609 --, 'Edwardus Revividus: the"Afterlife" of Edward of Caemarvon', Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society 115 (1996), pp. 65-86 --, King Edward II: His Life, His Reign, and Its Aftermath, 1284-1330 (Montreal, 2003) Hamilton, S., The Practice ofPenance: 900-1050 (Woodbridge, 2001) Hammond, P.W., Sutton, A.F. and Visser-Fuchs, L., 'The Reburial of Richard, Duke of York, 21-30 July 1476', The Ricardian 10:127 (1994), pp. 122-65 Hammond, P.W. and White, W.J., 'The Sons of Edward IV: A Reexamination of the Evidence on Their Deaths and on the Bones in Westminster Abbey', in Loyalty, Lordship and Law, P.W. Hammond (ed.) (London, 1986), pp. 104-47 Harris, B.J., Edward Stafford: Third Duke of Buckingham, 1478-1521 (Stanford, Calif., 1986) Harriss, G., 'Political Society and the Growth of Government in Late Medieval England', Past and Present 138 (1993), pp. 28-57 Bibliography 183

Harriss, G.L., 'Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester (1390-1447)" ODNB Harvey, I.M.W., Jack Cade's Rebellion of 1450 (Oxford, 1991) Harvey, P.D.A. and McGuiness, A., A Guide to British Medieval Seals (London, 1996) Haskins, G.L., 'Judicial Proceedings Against a Traitor after Boroughbridge, 1322', Speculum 12 (1937), pp. 509-11 Henderson, ]., 'The Flagellant Movement and Flagellant Confraternities in Central Italy, 1260-1400', in Religious Motivation: Biographical and Social Problems for the Church, D. Baker (ed.) Studies in Church History 15 (Oxford, 1978), pp. 147-60 Henry IV: The Establishment of the Regime, 1399-1406, G. Dodd and D. Biggs (eds) (Woodbridge, 2003) Heraldry, Pageantry and Social Display in Medieval England, P. Coss and M. Keen (eds) (Woodbridge, 2002) Hicks, M.A., Warwick the Kingmaker (Oxford, 1998) A History of York Minster, G.E. Aylmer and R. Cant (eds) (Oxford, 1977) Holiness and Masculinity in the Middle Ages, P.H. Cullum and K.J. Lewis (eds) (Cardiff, 2005) Hope, W.S.]. and Atchley, E.G.C.F., English Liturgical Colours (London, 1918) Hudson, A., The Premature Reformation: Wycliffite Texts and Lollard History (Oxford, 1988) --, 'Which Wyche? The Framing of the Lollard Heretic and/or Saint', in Texts and the Repression ofMedieval Heresy, C. Bruschi and P. Biller (eds) (Woodbridge, 2003), pp. 221-37 Hughes, J., Pastors and Visionaries: Religion and Secular Life in Late Medieval Yorkshire (Woodbridge, 1988) --, The Religious Life of Richard III: Piety and Prayer in the North of England (Stroud, 1997) Hunnisett, R.F., 'Treason by Words', Sussex Notes and Queries 14 (1954-57), pp.116-20 Images, Idolatry, and Iconoclasm in Late Medieval England: Textuality and the Visual Image, J. Dimmick, J. Simpson and N. Zeeman (eds) (Oxford, 2002) Jacob, E.F., Reynold Pecock Bishop of Chichester, Proceedings of the British Academy 37 (London, 1953) Johnson, P.A., Duke Richard of York, 1411-1460 (Oxford, 1988) Jones, P.M. and Olsan, L.T., 'Middleham Jewel: Ritual, Power, and Devotion', Viator 31 (2000), pp. 249-90 Kamerick, K., Popular Piety and Art in the Late Middle Ages: Image Worship and Idolatry in England 1350-1500 (NY, 2002) Kantorowkz, E.H., The King's Two Bodies: A Study in Mediaeval Political Theology (Princeton, NJ, 1997) [first published in 1957] Kay, S., 'The Sublime Body of the Martyr: Violence in Early Romance Saints' Lives', in Violence in Medieval Society, R.W. Kaeuper (ed.) (Woodbridge, 2000), pp. 3-20 Keen, M., Chivalry (New Haven and London, 1984) Kekewich, M.L., 'The Attainder of the Yorkists in 1459: Two Contemporary Accounts', BIHR 55 (1982), pp. 25-34 --, 'The Lancastrian Court in Exile', in The Lancastrian Court: Proceedings of the 2001 Harlaxton Symposium, J. Stratford (ed.) (Stamford, 2003), pp. 95-110 Ker, N.R., Medieval Manuscripts in British Libraries, 4 vols. (Oxford, 1969-92) 184 Bibliography

Kermode, J., Medieval Merchants: York, Beverly and Hull in the Later Middle Ages (Cambridge, 1998) Kieckhefer, R., 'Radical Tendencies in the Flagellant Movement of the Mid Fourteenth Century', Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies (1974), pp. 157-77 --, Unquiet Souls: Fourteenth-Century Saints and Their Religious Milieu (Chicago and London, 1984) King, J.N., Tudor Royal Iconography: Literature and Art in an Age ofReligious Crisis (Princeton, NJ, 1989) Kings and Kingship in Medieval Europe, A.J. Duggan (ed.) (London, 1993) Kingsford, c.L., English Historical Literature in the Fifteenth Century (Oxford, 1913) Kirby, J.L., Henry IV of England (London, 1970) Knapp, E., The Bureaucratic Muse: Thomas Hocc/eve and the Literature of Late Medieval England (University Park, Pa., 2001) Krueger, D., 'Tales of Holy Fools', in Religions of Late Antiquity in Practice, R. Valantasis (ed.) (NJ, 2000), pp. 177-86 Krueger, R.L., 'Introduction', in The Cambridge Companion to Medieval Romance, R.L. Krueger (ed.) (Cambridge, 2000), pp. 1-9 The Lancastrian Court: Proceedings of the 2001 Harlaxton Symposium, J. Stratford (ed.) (Stamford, 2003) Laynesmith, J.L., The Last Medieval Queens: English Queenship 1445-1503 (Oxford, 2004) LeVine, R.L., 'Epilogue', in Cultures Under Siege: Collective Violence and Trauma, A.C.G.M. Robben and M. Suarez-Orozco (eds) (Cambridge, 2000), pp. 272-5 Lewis, K.J., 'Model Girls? Virgin-Martyrs and the Training of Young Women in Late Medieval England', in Young Medieval Women, K.J. Lewis, N.J. Menuge and K.M. Phillips (eds) (Stroud, 1999), pp. 25-46 --, 'Edmund of East Anglia, Henry VI and Ideals of Kingly Masculinity', in Holiness and Masculinity in the Middle Ages, P.H. Cullum and K.J. Lewis (eds) (Cardiff, 2005), pp. 158-73 The Lives of the Kings and Queens of England, A. Fraser (ed.) (Berkeley, Ca., 1995) [originally published in 1975] Lollards and Their Influence in Late Medieval England, F. Somerset,].c. Havens and D.G. Pitard (eds) (Woodbridge, 2003) Lovatt, R., 'John Blacman: Biographer of Henry VI', in The Writing of History in the Middle Ages: Essays Presented to Richard William Southern, R.H.C. Davis and J.M. Wallace-Hadrill (eds) (Oxford, 1981), pp. 415-44 --, 'A Collector of Apocryphal Anecdotes: John Blacman Revisited', in Property and Politics: Essays in Later Medieval English History, A.J. Pollard (ed.) (Glou• cester, 1984), pp. 172-97 Loyalty, Lordship and Law, P.W. Hammond (ed.) (London, 1986) The McFarlane Legacy: Studies in Late Medieval Politics and Society, R.H. Britnell and A.J. Pollard (eds) (Stroud, 1995) McKenna, J.W., 'Popular Canonization As Political Propaganda: The Cult of Archbishop Scrope', Speculum 45 (1970), pp. 608-23 --, 'Piety and Propaganda: The Cult of King Henry VI', in Chaucer and Middle English Studies in Honour of Rossell Hope Robbins, B. Rowland (ed.) (London, 1974), pp. 72-88 McKisack, M., The Fourteenth Century 1307-1399 (Oxford, 1959) Bibliography 185

McNiven, P., 'The Betrayal of Archbishop Scrope', BJRL 54 (1971), pp. 173-213 -, 'The Problem of Henry IV's Health, 1405-1413', EHR 397 (1985), pp. 747-72 --, Heresy and Politics in the Reign of Henry IV: The Burning of John Badby (Woodbridge, 1987) Madan, F., 'Beatus Ricardus Martyr atque Pontifex', The Atheneaum 4 August 1888, pp. 161-2 Maddicott, J.R., Thomas of Lancaster, 1307-1322: A Study in the Reign of Edward II (London, 1970) --, Simon de Montfort (Cambridge, 1994) Marks, R., 'The Glazing of Fotheringhay Church and College', Journal of the British Archaeological Association 131 (1978), pp. 79-109 --, 'Images of Henry VI', in The Lancastrian Court: Proceedings of the 2001 Harlaxton Symposium, J. Stratford (ed.) (Stamford, 2003), pp. 111-24 --, Images and Devotion in Late Medieval England (Stroud, 2004) Martyrs and Martyrdom in England c. 1400-1700, T.S. Freeman and T.F. Mayer (eds) (Woodbridge, 2007) Martyrs and Martyrologies, D. Wood (ed.) Studies in Church History 30 (Oxford, 1993) Masse, H.].L.S., The Abbey Church of Tewkesbury (London, 1911) Maurer, H.E., Margaret of Anjou: Queenship and Power in Late Medieval England (Woodbridge, 2003) MalO Karras, R., From Boys to Men: Formations of Masculinity in Late Medieval Europe (Pennsylvania, 2003) Medieval Art in East Anglia 1300--1520, P. Lasko and N.]. Morgan (eds) (Norwich, 1973) Medieval Virginities, A. Bernau, R. Evans and S. Salih (eds) (Cardiff, 2003) Medieval Women: Texts and Contexts in Late Medieval Britain: Essays for Felicity Riddy,]. Wogan-Browne (ed.) (Turnhout, 2000) Meekings, C.A.F., 'Thomas Kerver's Case, 1444', EHR 90 (1975), pp. 331-46 Mehl, D., The Middle English Romances of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries (London, 1968) Merback, M.B., The Thief, the Cross and the Wheel: Pain and the Spectacle of Punishment in Medieval and Renaissance Europe (London, 1999) Micklethwaite, J.T., 'Antiquities and Works of Art Exhibited', Archaeological Journal 36 (1879), pp. 103-4 Millar, E.G., The Luttrell Psalter (London, 1932) Mills, R., 'The Signification of the Tonsure', in Holiness and Masculinity in the Middle Ages, P.H. Cullum and KJ. Lewis (eds) (Cardiff, 2005), pp. 109-26 Mitchell, J., Thomas Hoccleve: A Study in Early Fifteenth-Century English Poetic (London, 1968) Morgan, P., 'The Death of Edward V and the Rebellion of 1483', Historical Research 68 (1995), pp. 229-32 Morris, c., 'Martyrs on the Field of Battle before and during the First Crusade', in Martyrs and Martyrologies, D. Wood (ed.) Studies in Church History 30 (Oxford, 1993), pp. 93-104 Morris, R., The Character of King Arthur in Medieval Literature (Woodbridge, 1982) Mortimer, I., 'The Death of Edward II in Berkeley Castle', EHR 120 (2005), pp. 1175-214 186 Bibliography

Murray, J., 'Masculinizing Religious Life: Sexual Prowess, the Battle for Chastity and Monastic Identity', in Holiness and Masculinity in the Middle Ages, P.H. Cullum and K.J. Lewis (eds) (Cardiff, 2005), pp. 24-42 Musson, A., 'Social Exclusivity or Justice for All? Access to Justice in Fourteenth• Century England', in Pragmatic Utopias: Ideals and Communities, 1200-1630, R. Horrox and S. Rees Jones (eds) (Cambridge, 2001), pp. 136-55 Musson, A. and Ormrod, W.M., The Evolution of English Justice: Law, Politics and Society in the Fourteenth Century (Basingstoke, 1999) Myers, W.O., 'Poor, Sinning Folk': Confession and Conscience in Counter-Reformation Germany (London and Ithaca, 1996) Naveh, E.J., Crown of Thorns: Political Martyrdom in America from Abraham Lincoln to Martin Luther King Jr. (NY and London, 1990) Nelson, J.L., 'The Political Ideas of Alfred of Wessex', in Kings and Kingship in Medieval Europe, AJ. Duggan (ed.) (London, 1993), pp. 125-58 Nichols, A., The Early Art of Norfolk: A Subject List ofExtant and Lost Art (Kalamazoo, 2002) von Nolcken, c., 'Another Kind of Saint: A Lollard Reception of John Wyclif', in From Ockham to Wyclif: Oxford Scholarship in the Later Fourteenth Century: Conference Papers, A. Hudson and M. Wilks (eds) (Oxford, 1987), pp.429-43 Norris, H., Church Vestments: Their Origin & Development (London, 1949) Norton, c., St William of York (Woodbridge, 2006) --, 'Richard Scrope and York Minster', in Richard Scrope: Archbishop, Rebel, Martyr, J. Goldberg (ed.) (Shaun Tyas, forthcoming 2007) O'Connor, D.E. and Haselock,]., 'The Stained and Painted Glass', in A History of York Minster, G.E. Aylmer and R. Cant (eds) (Oxford, 1977), pp. 313-93 An Old York Church, All Hallows in North Street, P.J. Shaw (ed.) (York, 1908) Oliver, G., Lives of the Bishops of Exeter (Exeter, 1861) Ormrod, W.M., 'The Personal Religion of Edward III', Speculum 64 (1989), pp.849-77 --, The Reign of Edward III: Crown and Political Society in England 1327-1377 (New Haven and London, 1990) --, 'Competing Capitals? York and London in the Fourteenth Century', in Courts and Regions in Medieval Europe, S. Rees Jones, R. Marks, and AJ. Minnis (eds) (Woodbridge, 2000), pp. 75-98 --, 'Monarchy, Martyrdom and Masculinity: England in the Later Middle Ages', in Holiness and Masculinity in the Middle Ages, P.H. Cullum and K.J. Lewis (eds) (Cardiff, 2005), pp. 174-91 Page, C., 'The Rhymed Office for St Thomas of Lancaster: Poetry, Politics and Liturgy in Fourteenth-Century England', Leeds Studies in English 14 (1983), pp.134-51 Pastoureau, M., Blue: The History of Color (Princeton, NJ, 2001) Patterson, 1., Chaucer and the Subject of History (London, 1991) --, "'Experience woot well it is noght so": Marriage and the Pursuit of Hap• piness in the Wife of Bath's Prologue and Tale', in Geoffrey Chaucer The Wife of Bath: Complete, Authoritative Text with Biographical and Historical Contexts, Crit• ical History, and Essays from Five Contemporary Critical Perspectives, P.G. Beidler (ed.) (NY and Boston, 1996), pp. 133-54 Pearsall, D., John Lydgate (London, 1970) Bibliography 187

Peters, c., Patterns of Piety: Women, Gender and Religion in Late Medieval and Reformation England (Cambridge, 2003) Petrina, A., Cultural Politics in Fifteenth Century England: The Case of Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester (Leiden, 2004) Pettegree, A., Marian Protestantism: Six Studies (Aldershot, 1996) Pfaff, R.W., New Liturgical Feasts in Later Medieval England (Oxford, 1970) Phillips, S., '''Edward II" in Italy: English and Welsh Political Exiles and Fugitives in Continental Europe, 1322-1364', in Thirteenth Century England X: Proceedings of the Durham Conference 2003, M. Prestwich, R. Britnell and R. Frame (eds) (Woodbridge, 2005), pp. 209-26 Piroyansky, D., 'Bloody Miracles of a Political Martyr: The Case of Thomas Earl of Lancaster', in Signs, Wonders, Miracles: Representations of Divine Power in the Life of the Church, K. Cooper andJ. Gregory (eds) Studies in Church History 41 (Woodbridge, 2005), pp. 228-38 Pollard, A.J., Richard III and the Princes in the Tower (NY, 1991) Poole, G.A. and Hugall, ].W., An Historical and Descriptive Guide to York Cathedral and Its Antiquities (York, 1850) Pragmatic Utopias: Ideals and Communities, 1200-1630, R. Horrox and S. Rees Jones (eds) (Cambridge, 2001) Pratt, S.M., 'Shakespeare and Humphrey Duke of Gloucester: A Study in Myth', Shakespeare Quarterly 16 (1965), pp. 201-16 Pronger, W.A., 'Thomas Gascoigne', EHR 53 (1938), pp. 606-26 Property and Politics: Essays in Later Medieval English History, A.J. Pollard (ed.) (Gloucester, 1984) Pugh, T.B., 'The Estates, Finances and Regal Aspirations of Richard Plantagenet (1411-1460), Duke of York', in Revolution and Consumption in Late Medieval England, M. Hicks (ed.) (Woodbridge, 2001), pp. 71-88 Radcliffe, A.E., A History and Guide of Ashton Parish Church: to Celebrate looth Anniversary of Our Parish 1281-1981 (Ashton-under-Lyne, 1981) Raine, A., Medieval York: A Topographical Survey based on Original Sources (London, 1955) Raine, ]., Saint Cuthbert (Durham, 1828) Rawcliffe, c., The Staffords, Earls of Stafford and Dukes of Buckingham 1394-1521 (Cambridge, 1978) Rees Jones, S., 'York's Civic Administration, 1354-1464', in The Government of Medieval York: Essays in Commemoration of the 1396 Royal Charter, S. Rees Jones (ed.) (York, 1997), pp. 108-40 --, 'Richard Scrope, the Bolton Hours and the Church of St Martin in Mickle• gate: Reconstructing a Holy Neighbourhood in Later Medieval York', in Richard Scrope: Archbishop, Rebel, Marty, ]. Goldberg (ed.) (Shaun Tyas, forth• coming 2007) Religions of Late Antiquity in Practice, R. Valantasis (ed.) (NJ, 2000) Religious Motivation: Biographical and Social Problems for the Church, D. Baker (ed.) Studies in Church History 15 (Oxford, 1978) Revard, c., 'Scribe and Provenance', in Studies in the Harley Manuscript: The Scribes, Contents, and Social Contexts of British Library MS Harley 2253, S. Fein (ed.) (Kalamazoo, 2000), pp. 21-109 Revolution and Consumption in Late Medieval England, M. Hicks (ed.) (Wood• bridge, 2001) 188 Bibliography

Rex, R., 'Which is Wyche? Lollardy and Sanctity in Lancastrian London', in Martyrs and Martyrdom in England c. 1400-1700, T.S. Freeman and T.F. Mayer (eds) (Woodbridge, 2007) Richard Scrope: Archbishop, Rebel, Martyr, J. Goldberg (ed.) (Shaun Tyas, forthcoming 2007) Richmond, c., 'Margins and Marginality: English Devotion in the Later Middle Ages', in England in the Fifteenth Century: Proceedings of the 1992 Harlaxton Symposium, N. Rogers (ed.) (Stamford, 1994), pp. 242-52 Rickert, M., Painting in Britain: The Middle Ages (London, 1954) Riddy, F., 'Middle English Romance: Family, Marriage, Intimacy', in The Cam• bridge Companion to Medieval Romance, R.1. Krueger (ed.) (Cambridge, 2000), pp.235-52 Ridyard, S.J., The Royal Saints ofAnglo-Saxon England: A Study of West Saxon and East Anglian Cults (Cambridge, 1988) Robbins, R.H., 'The "Arma Christi" Rolls', The Modern Language Review 34 (1939), pp.415-21 Roberts, P.B., Thomas Becket in the Medieval Latin Tradition (Steenbrugis, 1990) --, Thomas Becket in the Medieval Latin Preaching Tradition: An Inventory of Sermons About St Thomas Becket c. 1170-c. 1400 (Steenbrugis, 1992) Rogers, N.J., 'The Cult of Prince Edward at Tewkesbury', Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society 101 (1983), pp. 187-9 --, 'Henry VI and the Proposed Canonization of King Alfred', in The Lancastrian Court: Proceedings of the 2001 Harlaxton Symposium, J. Stratford (ed.) (Stamford, 2003), pp. 211-20 Rollason, D., 'The Concept of Sanctity in the Early Lives of St Dunstan', in St Dunstan: His Life, Times and Cult, N. Ramsay, M. Sparks and T. Tatton-Brown (eds) (Woodbridge, 1992), pp. 261-72 Rosenthal, J.T., Telling Tales: Sources and Narration in Late Medieval England (Pennsylvania, 2003) Ross, c., Edward IV (London, 1974) Ross, C.D., 'Forfeiture for Treason in the Reign of Richard II', EHR 71 (1956), pp.560-75 Rubin, M., 'Choosing Death? Experiences of Martyrdom in Late Medieval Europe' in Martyrs and Martyrologies, D. Wood (ed.) Studies in Church History 30 (Oxford, 1993), pp. 153-83 --, 'An English Anchorite: The Making, Unmaking, and Remaking of Christine Carpenter', in Pragmatic Utopias: Ideals and Communities, 1200-1630, R. Horrox and S. Rees Jones (eds) (Cambridge, 2001), pp. 204-23 --, 'What is Cultural History Now?', in What is History Now? D. Cannadine (ed.) (Basingstoke, 2002), pp. 80-94 --, 'Religious Symbols and Political Culture in Fifteenth-Century England', in The Fifteenth Century IV: Political Culture in Late Medieval Britain, 1. Clark and C. Carpenter (eds) (Woodbridge, 2004), pp. 97-111 --, The Hollow Crown: A History of Britain in the Late Middle Ages (London, 2005) Russell, J.C., 'The Canonization of Opposition to the King in Angevin England', in Anniversary Essays in Medieval History: By Students of Charles Homer Haskins, Presented on his Completion ofForty Years of Teaching, C.H. Taylor andJ.1. Monte (eds) (Boston and NY, 1929), pp. 279-90 Bibliography 189

Ryden, 1., 'The Holy Fool', in The Byzantine Saint, S. Hackel (ed.) (San Bernardino, Calif., 1981), pp. 106-13 Rye, W., The False Pedigree & Anns of the Family ofBacon of Suffolk (Norwich, 1919) St Dunstan: His Life, Times and Cult, N. Ramsay, M. Sparks and T. Tatton-Brown (eds) (Woodbridge, 1992) Salih, S., Versions of Virginity in Late Medieval England (Cambridge, 2001) de Salis, R., Hillingdon Through Eleven Centuries (Uxbridge, 1927) Sandler, 1.F., 'A Note on the Illuminators of the Bohun Manuscripts', Speculum 60 (1985), pp. 364-72 --, Gothic Manuscripts: 1285-1385, 2 vols. (A Survey of Manuscripts Illuminated in the British Isles vol. 5) (London, 1986) Saul, N., Richard II (New Haven and London, 1997) --, Death, Art and Memory in Medieval England: The Cobham Family and Their Monuments, 1300-1500 (Oxford, 2001) Saxby, ].M.E., Birds of Omen in Shetland (1893) Scase, W., Reginald Pecock, Authors of the Middle Ages 8, vol. III (Aldershot, 1996) --, 'Writing and the "Poetics of Spectacle": Political Epiphanies in The Arrival of Edward IV and some Contemporary Lancastrian and Yorkist Texts', in Images, Idolatry, and Iconoclasm in Late Medieval England: Textuality and Visual Image, ]. Dimmick,]. Simpson and N. Zeeman (eds) (Oxford, 2002), pp. 172-84 Schiller, G., Iconography of Christian Art, vol. II: The Passion of Jesus Christ, ]. Seligman (trans.) (London, 1972) Scott, K.1., Later Gothic Manuscripts, 1390-1490,2 vols. (A Survey of Manuscripts Illuminated in the British Isles vol. 6) (London, 1996) Shrewsbury, ].F.D., A History of Bubonic Plague in the British Isles (Cambridge, 1970) Signs, Wonders, Miracles: Representations of Divine Power in the Life of the Church, K. Cooper and]. Gregory (eds) Studies in Church History 41 (Woodbridge, 2005) Smith, ].c., 'Christ as "Pastor", "Ostium" and "Agnus" in St. Thomas', Angelicum 56 (1979), pp. 93-118 Smith, 1., 'The Canonization of King Henry VI', The Dublin Review 168 (1921), pp.41-53 Somerville, R., History of the Duchy of Lancaster, 2 vols. (London, 1953) Spencer, B., 'King Henry of Windsor and the London Pilgrim', in Collectanea Londiniensia: Studies in London Archaeology and History presented to Ralph Merrifield, ]. Bird, H. Chapman and ]. Clark (eds) London and Middlesex Archaeological Society 2 (London, 1978), pp. 235-64 Storey, R.1., The End of the House of Lancaster (Gloucester, 1986) Stouck, M.-A., 'Saints and Rebels: Hagiography and Opposition to the King in Late Fourteenth-Century England', Medievalia et Humanistica 24 (1997), pp. 75-94 Stratford, ]., 'The Royal Library in England Before the Reign of Edward IV', in England in the Fifteenth Century: Proceedings of the 1992 Harlaxton Symposium, N. Rogers (ed.) (Stamford, 1994), pp. 187-97 Strohm, P., Hochon's Arrow: The Social Imagination of Fourteenth-Century Texts (Princeton, N], 1992) --, England's Empty Throne: Usurpation and the Language of Legitimation 1399-1422 (New Haven and London, 1998) --, Theory and the Premodern Text (Minneapolis and London, 2000) 190 Bibliography

--, Politique: Languages of Statecraft between Chaucer and Shakespeare (Notre Dame, 2005) Stuart, D.M., A Book ofBirds and Beasts: Legendary, Literary and Historical (London, 1957) Studies in the Harley Manuscript: The Scribes, Contents, and Social Contexts of British Library MS Harley 2253, S. Fein (ed.) (Kalamazoo, 2000) A Summary Catalogue of Western Manuscripts in the Bodleian Library at Oxford, F. Madan (ed.) 7 vols. (Oxford, 1895-1953) Summers, M., 'The Cultus of King Henry VI', Notes and Queries, ser. 12, vol. I (February 1916), pp. 161-2 Swanson, R.N., Church and Society in Late Medieval England (Oxford, 1989) Tait, H., 'Pilgrim-Signs and Thomas, Earl of Lancaster', British Museum Quarterly 20 (1955-56), pp. 39-47 Texts and the Repression of Medieval Heresy, C. Bruschi and P. Biller (eds) (Wood• bridge, 2003) Taylor, J., 'The Judgment on Hugh Despenser, the Younger', Medievalia et Humanistica 12 (1958), pp. 70-7 Theilmann, J.M., 'A Study of the Canonization of Political Figures in England by Popular Opinion, 1066-1509' (unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Georgia, 1978) --, 'Political Canonization and Political Symbolism in Medieval England', Journal of British Studies 29 (1990), pp. 241-66 Thirteenth Century England X: Proceedings of the Durham Conference 2003, M. Prestwich, R. Britnell and R. Frame (eds) (Woodbridge, 2005) Thompson, B., 'Prelates and Politics from Winchelsey to Warham', in The Fifteenth Century IV: Political Culture in Late Medieval Britain, L. Clark and C. Carpenter (eds) (Woodbridge, 2004), pp. 69-95 Thomson, ].A.F., The Later Lollards, 1414-1520 (London, 1965) Tout, T.F., 'The Captivity and Death of Edward of Carnarvon', BJRL 6 (1921), pp.69-113 Trade, Devotion and Governance: Papers in Later Medieval History, D.J. Clayton, R.G. Davies and P. McNiven (eds) (Stroud, 1994) Trim, D.J.B., ,I/Knights of Christ"? Chivalric Culture in England, c. 1400- c. 1550', in Cross, Crown and Community: Religion, Government and Culture in Early Modern England 1400-1800, D.].B. Trim and P.J. Balderstone (eds) (Oxford, 2004), pp. 77-112 Tringham, N.K., 'The Whitsuntide Commemoration of St William of York', Records of Early English Drama Newsletter 14 (1989), pp. 10-12 Trinity College Library Dublin: Descriptive Catalogue of the Mediaeval and Renaissance Latin Manuscripts, M.L. Colker (ed.) 2 vols. (Aldershot, 1991) Tristram, E.W., 'The Wall Painting of South Newington', Burlington Magazine 62 (1933), pp. 114-29 --, English Wall Painting of the Fourteenth Century (London, 1955) Tudor-Craig, P., Richard III (London, 1973) Turner, V., The Ritual Process: Structure and Anti-Structure (London, 1969) Tyerman, c., England and the Crusades: 1095-1588 (Chicago and London, 1988) Vale, B., 'The Scropes of Bolton and of Masham, c. 1300-c. 1450: A Study of a Northern Noble Family with a Calendar of the Scrope of Bolton Cartulary' (unpublished doctoral thesis, University of York, 1987) Bibliography 191

Valente, c., 'The "Lament of Edward II": Religious Lyric, Political Propaganda', Speculum 77 (2002), pp. 422-39 Vauchez, A., Sainthood in the Later Middle Ages, J. Birrell (trans.) (Cambridge, 1997) Violence in Medieval Society, R.W. Kaeuper (ed.) (Woodbridge, 2000) Walker, S., The Lancastrian Affinity 1361-1399 (Oxford, 1990) --, 'Political Saints in Later Medieval England', in The McFarlane Legacy: Studies in Late Medieval Politics and Society, R.H. Britnell and A.]. Pollard (eds) (Stroud, 1995), pp. 77-106 --, 'The Yorkshire Rising of 1405: Texts and Contexts', in Henry IV: The Establish• mentofthe Regime, 1399-1406, G. Dodd and D. Biggs (eds) (Woodbridge, 2003), pp.161-84 --, 'Sudbury, Simon', ODNB --, 'Remembering Richard: History and Memory in Lancastrian England', in The Fifteenth Century IV: Political Culture in Late Medieval Britain, L. Clark and C. Carpenter (eds) (Woodbridge, 2004), pp. 21-31 Warner, M., Alone of All Her Sex: The Myth and the Cult of the Virgin Mary (London, 1976) Warren, A.K., Anchorites and Their Patrons in Medieval England (Berkeley and London, 1985) Warren, N.B., Spiritual Economies: Female Monasticism in Later Medieval England (Philadelphia, 2001) The Wars of the Roses, A.]. Pollard (ed.) (London, 1995) Watts, J., 'When Did Henry VI's Minority End?', in Trade, Devotion and Governance: Papers in Later Medieval History, D.]. Clayton, R.G. Davies and P. McNiven (eds) (Stroud, 1994), pp. 116-39 --, 'Ideas, Principles and Politics', in The Wars of the Roses, A.]. Pollard (ed.) (London, 1995), pp. 110-33 --, Henry VI and the Politics of Kingship (Cambridge, 1996) Webb, D., Pilgrimage in Medieval England (London, 2000) Weinstein, D. and Bell, R.M., Saints and Society: Two Worlds of Westem Christendom, 1000-1700 (Chicago and London, 1982) Weir, A., The Princes in the Tower (NY, 1992) The Western Manuscripts in the Library of Trinity College, Cambridge: A Descriptive Catalogue, M.R. James (ed.) 2 vols. (Cambridge, 1901) When a Community Weeps: Case Studies in Group Survivorship, E.S. Zinner and M.B. Williams (eds) (London, 1998) White, W.]., 'The Death and Burial of Henry VI: A Review of the Facts and Theories, Part 1', The Ricardian 6:78 (1982), pp. 70-80 Williams, C.H., 'The Rebellion of Humphrey Stafford in 1486', EHR 43 (1928), pp. 181-9 Williamson, W.W., 'Saints on Norfolk Rood-Screens and Pulpits', Norfolk Archaeo• logy 31 (1955-57), pp. 299-346 Winstead, K.A., Virgin Martyrs: Legends of Sainthood in Late Medieval England (Ithaca and London, 1997) Witness and Memory: The Discourse of Trauma, A. Douglas and T.A. Volger (eds) (NY and London, 2003) Witztum, E. and Malkinson, R., 'Death of a Leader: The Social Construction of Bereavement', in When a Community Weeps: Case Studies in Group Survivorship, E.S. Zinner and M.B. Williams (eds) (London, 1998), pp. 119-37 192 Bibliography

Wogan-Browne, J., Saints' Lives and Women's Literary Culture c. 1150-1300: Virginity and its Authorizations (Oxford, 2001) Wolffe, B., Henry VI (London, 1981) Women in the Church, W.J. Sheils and D. Wood (eds) Studies in Church History 27 (Oxford, 1990) Wright, S.K., 'The Provenance and Manuscript Tradition of the Martyrium Ricardi Archiepiscopi', Manuscripta 28 (1984), pp. 92-102 --, 'Paradigmatic Ambiguity in Monastic Historiography: The Case of Clement Maidstone's Martyrium Ricardi Archiepiscopi', Studia Monastica 28 (1986), pp.311-42 --, 'Genres of Sanctity: Literary Representations of Archbishop Scrope', in Richard Scrope: Archbishop, Rebel, Martyr, J. Goldberg (ed.) (Shaun Tyas, forth• coming 2007) The Writing ofHistory in the Middle Ages: Essays Presented to Richard William Southern, R.H.C. Davis and J.M. Wallace-Hadrill (eds) (Oxford, 1981) Wylie, J .H., History of England Under Henry the Fourth, 4 vols. (London, 1884-98) Young Medieval Women, K.J. Lewis, N.J. Menuge and K.M. Phillips (eds) (Stroud, 1999) Index

Abbot, Robert 55, 67 Bacon family 31 Acle (Norfolk) 11 Bacon, Adam 32 Act of Accord (1460) 114, 116 Bacon, Thomas 32 Adam Davy's Dreams of Edward II Bacon, William 32 (1307-8) 102, 103 Badby, John 16 Alexander VI, Pope 77, 126 Badlesmere, Bartholomew 23 Alfred, King of England 88 Bale, John 18 All Saints' Church, North Street, Bal/ade set on the gates of York 71 Canterbury (1460) 114 Alnwick Church (Northumberland) Barton Turf Church (Norfolk) 81, 79 82, 158 n.90, 158 n.93 Alton Church (Hampshire) 87, 128 Basin, Thomas 96 Alyn, Agnes 91 Baxter, Margery 15 anchoresses 10 Beauchamp, Richard, Earl of Ancrene Wisse 10 Warwick (d. 1439) 94 Anonimal/e chronicle 42 Pageants of 56 Appellant, Lords 19, 103, 109, 110 Beauchamp, Thomas, Earl of see also Fizalan, Richard, Earl of Warwick (d. 1369) 40-1 Arundel; Thomas of Woodstock, Beauchamp, Thomas, Earl of Duke of Gloucester Warwick (d. 1401) 19, 109-11 archbishops see under individual see also Appellant, Lords archbishops: Arundel, Thomas; Beaufort, Edmund, Duke of Becket, Thomas; Booth, Laurence; Somerset (d. 1455) 74 Booth, William; Chichele, Henry; Beaufort, Edmund, Duke of FitzHerbert, William; de Gray, Somerset (d. 1471) 118 Walter; Melton, William; Beaufort, Lady Margaret 77 Scrope, Richard; Stafford, John; Becket, Thomas, Arc. of Canterbury Sudbury, Simon; Winchelsey, 36,106, 107, 108 Robert 'Becket model', the 62 Argentine, John 104 canonization of 12 aristocracy 6, 19, 38, 39, 66, 80, defender of Church liberties 12, 104,108-9, 111, 118 13 Arthur, King 37,43 model political martyr 13 Arthur, Prince, son of Henry VII 77, posthumous cult of 12-13,63,70, 83 72, 79, 101, 102 Arundel, Thomas, Arc. of as shepherd 55 Canterbury 17,18,51,66 and Arc. Scrope's cult 62 asceticism 36, 56, 76, 124 and Thomas of Lancaster's cult Ashby, George 19 13,32,35,62 Asheton, Sir Thomas 84 Bedford, John, Duke of 50, 94 Ashton-under-Lyne Church Bell, Alexander 29 (Lancashire) 84 Benedict XII, Pope 40 astrology 105 Benet, John 51, 114, 165 n.114

193 194 Index

Berkeley 100, 101 Book of the Miracles of Edward... 100 Beverly, Sir John 14 Books of Hours Binham Priory (Norfolk) 158 n.93 general 7, 11, 89, 128, 130, 131 Binski, Paul 13 individual 31,40,50,56,58, bishops 62, 65-6, 68, 71, 84, 86, 87-8, English 63-4, 118 see also under 154 n.23 individual bishops: Gravesend, Booth, Laurence, Arc. of York 75 Stephen, Bishop of London; Booth, William, Arc. of York 67 Bowet, Henry, Bishop of Bath Boroubridge, battle of (1322) 23, and Wells; Hamo de Hethe, 27,32 Bishop of Rochester; Stapeldon, Bosworth, battle of (1485) 71, 104 Walter, Bishop of Exeter; Boughton, Joan 14,17 Grandisson, John, Bishop of Bourn Priory (Lincolnshire) 30 Exeter; Cantilupe, Thomas, Bowet, Henry, Bishop of Bath and ; Hugh of Wells 64,71 Lincoln, Bishop of Lincoln; Bowet, Sir Nicholas 68 Stafford, John, Bishop of Bath Bread Street, London, Augustinian and Wells; Stafford, Edmund, Priory on 109, 111 Bishop of Exeter; Pecock, Brightling (Sussex) 94 Reginald, Bishop of Chichester Brimsfield (Gloucestershire) 32 holy 57,60,63 Bristol 14, 163 n.50 Black Notley Church (Essex) 29 Bristol Cathedral 100, 161 n.lO Blackburn, Margaret 62, 68, 71, 129 Bruce, Isabel 68 Blackburn, Nicholas 71 Brut, continuation of the 35, 39, Blackheath, battle of (1452) 114 43,47 Blacman, John 75-6, 84, 88, 89, 90, Bukherst, John 30 91-2, 94 Burgundy 71,95,99 Blanche of Navarre 24, 32, 39 dukes of 96 Blessed Mary Magdalene Chapel, Burning of Heretics, On the (1401) 14 York 54 Burton (Staffordshire) 23 blood 13,45,48,87,102 de Burton, Sir John 29-30 Boccaccio, Giovanni 34, 96 Burton, Robert 21 body natural 83 Bury St Edmunds 112, 113 body politiC 52, 83 Bushy, Sir John 110 de Bohun family 28, 32-3, 116, Butler family, lords of Wem 31 142 n.70 de Bohun, Humphrey, Earl of Cade's Rebellion 112 Hereford and Essex (d. 1322) Calais, siege of (1347) 37 23,32 Cambridge University 88 de Bohun, Humphrey, Earl of canonization 2, 63 see also in Hereford and Essex (d. 1361) individual cults under attempted 32-3 canonization de Bohun, Joan, Countess of Canterbury (province) 62, 70, 71 Hereford 33 Canterbury Cathedral 13,23,71, Bokenham, Osbern 11 79, 102, 108, 161 n.15 Bolton Book of Hours, the 56, 62, Cantilupe, Thomas, Bishop of 68,71 Hereford 35-6, 60, 101 Book ofFaith 15 Capgrave, John 11,93, 140 n.38 Book of the Illustrious Henries 93 Carpenter, Christine 3 Index 195

Carruthers, Mary 69 Clementhorpe Nunnery, York 50, Cato, Angelo, Arc. of Vienne 104 68, 149 n.53 Caversham (Berkshire) 74,78 clergy, the 12, 13,49, 54, 60, 62, celibacy see chastity 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69, 72, 107, Chanson de Roland, La 41 108, 128, 129 charity 58,76,77, 111, 119 Clerk, John 54 Charles II, King of England 105 Cobham, Eleanor, Duchess of Charles the Bold, Duke of Gloucester 2, 113 Burgundy 96 Cokkes, Richard and Alice 116 Charter of Christ 46 Comber, Walter 14, 15 Chastelain, George 95-6 common weal 2, 82-3, 98, 108, chastity 10, 20, 42, 52, 60, 62, 76, 110, 114, 115, 109 88,92 commonplace books 21,39,51 Chaucer, Geoffrey 11, 13, 21 commons, the 41, 46, 100, 108, Cheapside, London 106 110,128 75, 76, 127, 129 Commons, the parliamentary 26, Chichele, Henry, Arc. of 38,46,49,109-10,112,113 Canterbury 136 n.49 communitas 69 Chigwell, Hamo 105-6 Compilation of the Meekness and chivalry 37-44, 81, 109, 111, 118, Good Life of King Henry VI 75-6, 117 84,88,89,90,91-2,94 in literature 37 Complaint of a Prisoner in the Fleet and chivalric virtues 39 (1463) 19 and martyrdom 41 confession 9, 102, 104, 120 and reality 37-8 Constitutions of Clarendon (1164) Christ 6-10, 16, 17,20,28,35,39, 12 40,43,46,48,57,58,60,62,75, contrition 8, 9, 102, 103, 120 94,95,102,104,107,131 Corpus Christi, guild of, in York 67, Arma Christi 7, 58 68,69 Calvary 7, 8-9, 35 Cothi, Lewys Glyn 79 Christi miles 28, 38, 39-44, 109, Coventry 25 122, 125 Crowland chronicle, continuation Corpus Christi 8, 58, 149 n.58 of 75,89 Crown of Thorns 7,9,43,48,115 crusading 39-40 Five Wounds 50,57,58 cults see martyrdom cults humanity of 6-7, 58 cultural turn, the 4 militia Christi 63 Cumberland 79 suffering and Passion of 6, 7-10, Cuthbert, Bishop of Lindisfarne 13 20,22,35,48,58,59,115, 131 Dance of Isaiah 21 Resurrection 73 Dautree, John 54, 68, 69, 70 imitatio Christi 8, 13, 17,20,48, David, King 103 50,59,60,75,102,107,131 De Casibus Illustrium Virorum 34, meditation on 7-10 96 as shepherd 55 De Heretico Cumburendo (1401) 14 and Mary's suffering 7-8 De Laudibus Legum Ang/iae 117 Chronicle of London, A 93 De Re Militari 95 Church liberties 2, 56, 63, 66, 108 Decollatio Ricardi Scrope 51,58,59, Clement VI, Pope 9 61,66,67, 149 n.53 196 Index

Despensers, the (Hugh the Elder and and Arthurian imagery 37 Younger) 23, 25, 26, 32 and chivalry 44 [D}euout meditacioun vp pe passioun and crusading 40 of Christ 9 and cult around Edward II 101-2, dioceses 103 Bath and Wells 63 and the Order of the Garter 37 Exeter 107 Edward IV, King of England 19, 53, Salisbury 62 54,55,60,61,74,76,82,96,99, Worcester 63 105,112,113,115, 117 devotion see piety as suffering 97-8 dissolution of the monasteries 78, Edward V, King of England 77, 125 104-5, 162 n.43 Dives and Pauper 1,99-100 Edward, Prince of Wales, son of Dublin 105 Henry VI 74,75,96, 115-18 Duffy, Eamon 128 posthumous cult 116-18 El Cid 41 East Anglia 80, 81, 84, 87 Eleven Thousand Virgins, feast of East Harptree (Somerset) 116 60 Edmund of Woodstock, Earl of Elizabeth of York, Queen of Henry VII Kent 100-1 77,116 Edward I, King of England 24, 43 Emayn, William 14, 15 Edward II, King of England 24,25, endurance see suffering, endurance of 37,42,43,80,106,107 English Church, the 128-31 deposition of 26 epidemics 85-7, 126-7 death and burial 100, 101, 105, Eton College, Winchester 76,88 120 Eulogium, the 61 escape of 100 Evesham, battle of (1265) 36 relations of with Thomas of execution Lancaster 23, 39 by beheading 24, 25 opposition of to Lancaster's cult public 119-20 24, 25 iconography of 131 incompetence of 47, 101, 103-4, Exeter Cathedral 106 118 exile (as martyrdom) 19-20 and Piers Gaveston 25 expiation 9, 48, 58, 87, 103, 130 posthumous cult 100-4, 118: Eye Church (Suffolk) 158 n.93 support of 101, 103, 104; opposition to 100-1; Fincham, Ela and John 85 popularity of 100-1, 127; Fitzalan, Richard, Earl of Arundel 1, adherents 100; attempted 109-11,118,119,120,125 canonization 101-2, 103, posthumous cult 109-11,122, 104, 123; as highlighting 125 ideas on penitence and Fitzalan, Thomas, Earl of suffering 102-3, 122, 125, Arundel 111 127; Edward as a penitent FitzHerbert, William, Arc. of and sufferer 102-3, 120 York 54,59,63,72-3,82 Edward III, King of England 26,27, Flagellants 9 45,46,80,84,100,101-2 Flanders 71 attempted canonization of Thomas Flavius Vegetius Renatus 95 of Lancaster 26-8, 126 Fortescue, Sir John 82,83, 117 Index 197

Fortune's Wheel 34 Hagiography 18, 63, 109, 130, 131 Fotheringhay Church see also in individual cults; also (Northamptonshire) 53, 56, 71, under martyrdom in literature 115 Haiton, William 68 Foucault, Michel 119 Hales, Sir Robert 107 Fountains Abbey (Yorkshire) 59 Hamo de Hethe, Bishop of Rochester Fourth Lateran Council, the (1215) 103 102 Harcley, Andrew 23, 48 Foxe, John 112 Hardyng, John 52, 94, 96 France 12,32,37,38, 71, 74,82,84, Harland Abbey (Devon) 106, 107 106,109,112,114,117,118 de Hatfield, Robert 106 Friars of St Francis Church, Henry II, King of England 12, 47, Bridgewater (Somerset) 30 80,82 Frithelstock Priory (Devon) 106, 107 Henry III, King of England 24, 36, Froissart, Jean 107 39 Fulk Fitz Warin (romance) 46-7 Henry IV, King of England 14,49, Fullar, Thomas 90 50, 53, 59, 63, 64, 66, 70-1, 72-3, 104 Galahad, Sir 42 and Arc. Scrope's cult 52,59, 64, Gascoigne, Thomas 51,58,59,61, 70-1, 72-3 66, 67, 149 n.53 and Thomas of Lancaster's cult Gascoigne, William 66 28,41 Gaveston, Piers 25, 32 Henry IV (play) 63 generosity 39 Henry V, King of England 44,71, gentry 19,30-2,38,44,46,67,68, 147 n.21 80, 104, 128 as Prince of Wales 16 Geoffrey Ie Baker 45 and Arc. Scrope's cult 52 Gieleman, John 29 Henry VI, King of England 52, 53, Gifford, Sir John, Lord of Brimsfield 115, 116, 118 32 coronation 92-3 Gifford, Sir Thomas 32 minority and personal rule 92, Given-Wilson, Chris 111 93 Gloucester 106, 163 n.50 foundation of colleges 88 Gloucester Cathedral 100, 101, 103, mental breakdown 74,83,94 129 dethronement 74 Gloucester, Humphrey, Duke of Readeption 75 112-13 exile 74,75,96 Godstow chronicle, the 52 imprisonment 74, 75, 76,90, 'Good Duke Humphrey' 112-13 91 Grandisson, John, Bishop of Exeter death 74, 75, 76,85,87,90,96-7, 107 100, 105, 114, 119-20 Gravesend, Stephen, Bishop of display of body 75 London 25 burial, reburial and tomb 75, 76, de Gray, Walter, Arc. of York 72 77,79,90,91,120 Great Chronicle of London, the 17 and France 74 Gregory XI, Pope 108 ineptitude of as king 83, 89, 92, Gregory XII, Pope 52 94, 113 Greven, Herman 29,33 contemporary views of 92-4, Guinevere, Queen 37 96-7 198 Index

Henry VI, King of England - continued Hillingdon Church, London 29,31 posthumous cult 116, 117, 118, Hilton, Walter 9, 10 126 Historie of the Arrivall of Edward IV in prohibition of 75; Eng/and (1471) 96--7,98, 117 encouragement of 76--8, Hoccleve, Thomas 16, 19 79, 116; popularity of 75, Holinshed, Raphael 112 78, 79, 119-20, 127; Holland, Sir Robert 23, 48 adherents 79-80, 86, 104, holy fool, the 94 128; attempted canonization Holy Innocents, the 105 77, 78, 79, 123, 126; images Holy Land, the 40 and iconography 75,78,79, Hugh of Lincoln, Bishop of 80,81,82,83,84,85,87-8, Lincoln 13,60 91, 130, 131; miracles 75, humility 103 77,79,85,89-90,91,128; Hundred Years War, the 37-8 obits 76, 79-80, 85; pilgrimage 78; poems 90; images, devotional 130 see also prayers 76, 79, 83--4, 85-6, in individual cults under images 89; relics 74, 78; vita 75-6, and iconography 84,88,89,90,91-2,94; Innocent VIII, Pope 77, 126 emphasizing virtuous life and Irnham (Lincolnshire) 31,32 patient suffering 85,86, Isabella of France, Queen of 87,88-9; as highlighting ideas Edward II 2,24, 26-7, 37, 45, of political harmony 79; 100-1, 102, 105-6, 107, 108 and his blood 90; and Isle of Man 109 children 91; and King Alfred 88; and St Edward the James Douglas 43 Confessor 81,82,91,92; James, Sir (possibly Sir William and St Edmund 81-2,92; James) 14, 136 n.49 and Job 90,93,94; Henry VI Job 18-19,90,93,94,96,97,114 as chaste 76, 82, 92, 125; John XXII, Pope 26,28,126 model of piety 75-6, 77, 78, John the Baptist 81, 156 n.64 84,88,89,93,94,97,118, John Mirk's Festial 11 120, 122, 128; as a fool 94; John of Salisbury 12, 83 innocent 87,89-94,97,98, Julian of Norwich 8, 10 122, 125; as king 80-5, Julius II, Pope 77, 126 87,88-9, 131; patron of justice 45-8, 118 learning 87-8, 125, 128; protector against plague 79, Kamerick, Kathleen 129 82,85-7,122,126--7,128; Kantorowicz, E.H. 83 suffering in life 75-6, 77-8, Kempe, John 20 82,85,86,89,91,94,95, Kempe, Margery 8, 20 96--7,98,117,120,124,126 Kennedy, assassinations 3 Henry VII, King of England 76-8, Kerver, Thomas 93 79, 83, 84, 85, 105, 116, 118 King's College, Cambridge 87 and Henry VI's cult 77-8, 79, 83, see also Henry VI's foundations 105 kingship 80, 82-3, 88, 92-3, 99, Henry VIII, King of England 13, 29, 103, 117, 118 31, 78, 125 royal attributes 80-94 Hereford 85 royal contrition 103 Index 199

royal saints 80-2, 84, 99-100 104, 122, 127; attempted see also St Edmund; St Edward canonization 24, 26, 27-8, the Confessor 48, 123, 125-6, 140 n.38; royaltouch,the 82,84 images and iconography 27, Kirkby Knoll (North Riding) 55, 67 28,29-30,31,32,33,35,44, knighthood see chivalry 131, 140 n.31; miracles 24-5, Knyghthode and Bataile 95 26, 29, 31, 33, 42, 43, 45, 48, Koeur (Lorraine) 75 90, 125; obits 30,31,46; passio 28-9, 33, 35, 39; de Lacy, Alice, Countess of Lancaster pilgrimage 25,26,27; and Leicester 42 poems 30; prayers 31,32, laity, the 3, 9, 11, 60, 62, 63, 64, 67, 33,35,39,40,44,45,46,48, 71, 76, 84, 86, 88, 108, 123, 127, 131; relics 29,31,42,43; 128, 129-31 as providing explanation 'Lament of Edward II' 102-3 for death 43; enhancing Lancashire 30, 75 identities 38, 42, 44, Lancaster, Duchy of 31,32 69-73; and blood 45, 48, 90; Lancaster, Henry, Duke of 32, 33, and chivalry 37-44, 109, 102 122, 126; and law and Lancaster, Henry, Earl of 26-7, 28 justice 45-8, 122; and Lancaster, Thomas, Earl of King Arthur 43, 48; and rebellion 23-4 Thomas Becket 13, 32, 35; trial 24, 25, 27, 29, 34, 45, 111, and Thomas Cantilupe 35-6; 122; and annulation of 27, 45 and Christ 48; and execution and execution place 24, St George 40-1; and 25, 27, 29, 31, 32, 33-4, 35, 41, Simon de Montfort, Earl of 4~4~4~ 119, 12~ 131 Leicester 36-7; 'Blessed burial and tomb 24, 25, 26, 48, Thomas of Lancaster', 120 guild of 29, 30; Lancaster parentage 24, 39 as chaste 42; Christi patronage of religious houses 30 miles 28, 38, 39-44, 109, political activity 23, 25, 38, 122, 125, 131; generous 39; 43-4,46 innocent 27,45, 89, 109; relations with King Edward II 23 dying for England 24, 26, contemporary views of 23 31,35-6,41,43,48,121; and Stewardship of England 31, dying in defence of 36,43-4,46,47 Church 26, 35-6, 45; and lordship 31 dying for justice 30, 35-6, and his wife, Alice de Lacy 42 41,45,46 posthumous cult: 66,68,69, 74, Lanercost chronicle 25 79, 82, 99, 109, 126: Langley, Thomas 51 encouragement of 24, law 45-6 26-8; prohibition of 24, Lawrence, John 106 25, 120, 127; propagation 'Ie Laweles chirch', London 106 of 28,29,31,33; popularity Le Temple de Bocace 95-6 of outside Britain 29, 33; Leeds Castle (Kent) 23 adherents 28, 30-3, 36, Legenda Aurea, the 164 n.85 42, 44, 118; gentry Legendys ofHooly Wummen 11 adherents 30-2, 38, 44, 46, Leicester Abbey 30 200 Index

Leicestershire 30, 31 Jewish 16; Lollard 14-18; Lene, William 30 virgin-martyrs 11, 16, 18, 19, leprosy 59, 64 124, 125; boy-martyrs 92, Lincolnshire 31,32,68 124, 125 literature political: based on old romance 37,40 traditions 17-18,34-5,123, outlawry 47 131; consoling and chansons de geste 37 rationalizing events 16, 34, liturgy 4,6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 18, 41,48, 123; constructing 65, 72, 76, 109, 129, 130--1 see also and enhancing identities 38, in individual cults under prayers 42,44,69-73,122,130; Livre de Seyntz Medicines 102 contextualized 2,4, 6, 14, Llewelyn, Dafydd Llwyd up 104 120, 126-7; creation of Lollardy 14-18 119-21; enabling Lombarde, William 78 commemoration 65-6, 69, London 12,17,49,70,75,92,95, 123-4, 130; enabling 97, 105-6, 108, 110, 112, 117 discourse 37-44,45-8, London Bridge 107 55-6, 121-2; expressing Louis IX, King of France 82 resistance to the king 3, 29, Love, Nicholas 7 111, 120--1; highlighting the Ludham Church (Norfolk) 81,82 martyr's innocence and Ludlow, Sir Laurence 39 victimization 45, 59-60, Luttrell, Sir Geoffrey 31,32,38 89-94, 104-5, 110--11, 124-5; Luttrell Psalter, the 31,32,33,34, offering intercession and 38,44 protection 13, 31, 33, 48, Lydgate, John 11,20-1,81,82,92, 70-1,85-7, 122 see also in 93 individual cults under miracles; political manipulation by Maddicott, J.R. 43 individual players 3,29, Maidstone, Clement 51,58,59,61, 52, 120; providing 66,67, 70, 149 n.53 role-models 11, 13, 38-44, Maidstone, Thomas 70 59-62, 75-6, 102-3, 122; Mancini, Dominic 104 representing ideas of manliness see masculinity political harmony 3, 13, Margaret of Anjou, Queen of 41, 59, 70, 79, 104, 121; Henry VI 2,53,74,75,76,95, and death in defence of the 97, 115, 116, 117, 118 common weal 24,26,31, as suffering 95-6 35-6,41,48,67,109-10,121, Martham (Norfolk) 15 114; and death in defence martyrdom of the Church 12-13, as innocent suffering 6, 104 26, 35-6, 60, 65, 66-7; as metaphor 18-21 and death in defence of law in life 10, 18-21, 124 and justice 30, 35-6, 41, in literature 10-11,82, 124, 125 45,46, 67; and the English 'old' versus 'new' 124-5 Church 128-31 spiritual 8, 10 Martyrium Ricardi Archiepiscopi 51, martyrdom cults 58, 59, 61, 66, 67, 70, 149 n.53 general: Anglo-Saxon 1; martyrologicallanguage 6, 14, 20, Protestant and Catholic 2, 16; 94-8, 113, 124 Index 201

as available to all 22 Neville, Richard, Earl of Warwick as explaining suffering 18, 22, ('the Kingmaker') 114 89 Neville, Richard, Earl of Warwick 75 martyrologies 30, 106, 130 Nicholas of the Tower, the 112 Mary 7-8, 50, 58, 60-1, 78, 79, Norfolk 31,81,86 81 North English Legendary, the 10-11 compassion of 7-8 Northern Rising, the (1405) 49-50, Immaculate Conception 7 61, 63, 66, 67, 69 Joys and Sorrows 7 Northumberland 79 Pieta, the 7 Norton, Christopher 65 as Mater DoloTOsa 7 Norwich 15 masculinity 42,60,65,81, 109, 111, Nottinghamshire 30 114, 117, 118 Nycolas, Thomas 29 matrimony (as martyrdom) 20-1 McNiven, Peter 63 obedience 58 Melton, William, Arc. of York 25, 'Obsecro Te' (prayer) 7 26 Oldcastle, Sir John 14, 16, 136 n.49 merchants 71-2 On the Recovery of the Throne by Merfeld, John 94 EdwardIV 97 methodology 4 Order of the Garter, the 37,41,91 Middleham Jewel, the 12 Ordinance of Justices (1346) 46 Midlands, the 79, 102 Ordinances of 1311, the 23, 24, Mills, Robert 65 25,36 MiTrour of the Blessed Lyf o(Jesu Ormrod, Mark 101 Christ 7 Oxford University 88 Modus Tenendi Parliamentum Oxfordshire 32 (1321) 38 'monk of Evesham' 109, 111, Pange lingua (hymn) 131 164 n.85 Paris, William 11, 19 'monk of Westminster' 107 parliaments 38, 49 de Montfort, Simon, Earl of individual parliaments: Leicester 36-7 'pseudo-parliaments' More, Thomas 11-12 (1321) 23, 30; (1327) 27; Morgan, John 79 (1332) 40; (1334) 40; Mortayne, Lady Margaret 32 (1384) 110; (1386) 110; Mortimer, Ann, Lady March 11 (1388) 109; (1404) 49; Mortimer, Sir Roger 26-7, 37, 45, (1406) 50; (1447) 112, 113; 100-1 (1459) 95; (1461) 97 de Moseleye, Richard 25-6 Parron, William 105 Mowbray family 68 pastor populi 55-6, 59, 63, 66, 67, Mowbray, Thomas, Earl Marshal 49, 69, 122, 125, 131 50 patience see suffering, endurance of Peasants' Revolt, the (1381) 49, 99, Neville, Cecily, Duchess of York 53, 107-8 54 Pecock, Reginald, Bishop of Neville, Ralph, Earl of Chichester 15 Westmorland 50,61 penance 13,20,52,97,102-3,104, Neville, Richard, Earl of 106, 127 see also confession, Salisbury 114 penitence 202 Index penitence 102-3, 104, 125, 127, psalters 161 n.Z9 see also confession, general 130 penance individual 30,31,32,33,34,38, Penzance (Cornwall) 85 44,46,116 Percy, Henry, Earl of purgatory 21 Northumberland 63, 67 Pyncocke, Sir James 29, 31 Percy, Sir Henry (Hotspur) 73, 112 perjury 95 Raunds (Northumptonshire) 31, persona publica 83, 89 46 pestilence 85-7 Raunds family 31,46 Peters, Christine 128 Raunds, William 46 Pety Job 18-19 Rawc1iffe (Yorkshire) 61 Pfaff, Richard 130 Reading 93 Philip the Good, Duke of Reformation 2, 29 Burgundy 96 Reynes, Robert 11 piety 13, 16, 35, 48, 53, 56, 75, 76, Richard II, King of England I, 19, 77, 82, 88, 91, 94, 97, 99, 117, 52,67,80,81,94,99,100,101, 118, 119, 120, 123, 128 103, 104, 105, 109, 110, 111 lay 7, 122, 131 Richard III, King of England 54, 76, female 68, 128 79, 100, 104, 105 plague 85-7, 126-7 Richard III (play) 104 Plumpton, Sir William 50 Ripon (Yorkshire) 55, 67 de la Pole, William, Duke of Robert Bruce, King of Scotland 24 Suffolk 112 Robynson, John 91 political culture 3, 5, 29, 113, 125, Rolle, Richard 9 128 Rome 102 political martyrs see under Romney (Kent) 30 individual cults: Becket, rood screens 80, 81, 82, 84, 85, 91, Thomas, Arc. of Canterbury; 158 n.93 Edward II, King of England; Rothwell, Thomas 67 Edward, Prince of Wales; Rubin, Miri 4, 128 Fitzalan, Richard, Earl of Arundel; Russell, J. c. 3 Henry VI, King of England; Rutlandshire 46 Lancaster, Thomas, Earl of; Scrope, Richard, Arc. of York; saintly kings 80-2, 84 see also Sudbury, Simon, Arc. of kingship Canterbury saints Pollard, A.]. 105 St Agatha II, 12 Pontefract 23,24,25,26,27,29,31, St Agnes 17 43,50,115,127,129 St Alban 112 Prince Arthur's Chantry, Worcester St Anne 99 Cathedral 83 St Apollonia 11, 12, 156 n.64 Princes in the Tower, the 77, 104-5 St Barbara 156 n.64 see Edward V, King of England; St Blaise 70, 72 York, Richard, Duke of St Cecily II, 17 (d. 1483?) St Christine 11, 19 providence 48, 98 St Christopher 70, 72 Provisions of Oxford (1258) 36 St Clement 57, 71, 156 n.64 prowess 39,42,44,60,114,117 St Cuthbert 13 Index 203

St Dominic 72 burial and tomb 50, 59, 61, 67, St Dunstan 56 69, 73, 120, 125 St Edmund 80,81-2, 84, 85, 92, leadership of rising 49-50, 58, 61, 101 63,64,66,67,69,126,127 St Edward the Confessor 80-1,82, articles hung in York 49, 63, 66, 84, 85, 91, 92, 101 67 St Erasmus 71 articles attributed to by Yorkists St Francis of Assisi 72 51,53,67 St George 33,40-1,42,81,82 reasons for decollation of 51,67 St Hugh of Lincoln see Hugh of relations of with King Henry IV Lincoln, Bishop of Lincoln 49 St Julian 11 as 57, 103 St Katherine 11, 61 as Arc. of York 58, 60, 64 St Louis 82 posthumous cult 74,79,82,99, St Lucy 12 126 St Margaret 11 opposition to 50,51-2, 70, 73, St Olaf 81 120; encouragement of 53, St Oswald 57,80-1 54; propagation of 70, 127; St Peter 57 adherents 54-5, 61, 67-8, 'St' Robert of Bury 92 69, 71, 104, 118, 127, 128-9; St Roch 11, 85, 86, 87, 128 proposed canonization St Sebastian 12, 85, 87, 128 and translation 54-5, 61, St Sidwell 156 n.64 67, 70; images and St Stephen 50, 59, 65 iconography 53, 56-7, 62, St Thomas Aquinas 36 65, 71, 73, 131; miracles St Thomas Becket see Becket, 51,52,61, 125, l49 n.53; Thomas, Arc. of Canterbury obits 68-9; pilgrimage 65, St Thomas of Dover 36 69; poems 60, 61, 62; St Thomas of Hereford see prayers 50, 58, 60, 61, 62, Cantilupe, Thomas, Bishop of 65-6, 68, 71, 72; relics 54, Hereford 68, 69; shrine, inventory St Thomas the Apostle 36 of 55, 71; texts of St William of York see FitzHerbert Martyrium 51,58,59,61, William, Arc. of York 66, 67, 70; cult as enabling Saul, Nigel 110 commemoration 65-6, Sawtre, Sir William 14, 17, 136 n.49 69; encouraging political Scale ofPerfection 9 harmony 59, 70; enhancing Scotland 28,75,82,96 civic identity 69-73; Scrope Chapel, York Minster 59,65 propagating social messages Scrope family 52, 54, 59, 64-6 58-9, 68, 122; and the city of Scrope, Henry, 3rd Lord of Masham York 67-73; and emphasis (d. l415) 52,112,151 n.100 on martyrdom 50-1, 52, Scrope, Richard, Arc. of York 66, 67; and emphasis on trial 50,51,59-60,65,66,67, saintly virtues 50-1,52, 72-3 59, 67, and the Five execution and execution place 50, Wounds 50,57-8; 53, 56, 60, 61, 64, 65, 66, 67, and Christ 57-8,59-60; 68, 72-3, 106, 107, 119, 131, and Mary 60-1; and the l49 n.53 Scrope family 65-6; and 204 Index

Scrope, Richard, Arc. of York - cont'd St Albans, first battle of (1455) 74, St Stephen 59i and 112 St Thomas Becket 62i and St Albans Abbey 112, 113, 115 St William of York 59, St Clement Danes Church, London 72-3, death for England 106 and its laws 67i death in St Cuthbert Monastery, Durham 33 defence of the Church 60, St George's Chapel, Windsor 28,41, 65, 66-7i Scrope as an 76, 77, 78, 79, 85, 116, 162 n.43 an ti- Lancastrian St Gregory's Church, Sudbury champion 53, 67, 126i (Suffolk) 108 chaste 52, 60, 65, 68, 122, St John the Evangelist Priory, 125i innocent 59-60, 89i Pontefract 24, 25, 127 model for younger St Paul's Cathedral 24, 25, 75, 90, generations 62i pastor 106, 125, 161 n.15 populi 55-6, 59, 63, 66, St Peter ad Vincula Church, South 67, 69, 122, 125, 131i NeWington (Oxfordshire) 32, patron-saint as sea 53, 35,44 54,70-1, 122i political St Peter's Abbey, Gloucester 100, leader 63-7, 73i spiritual 102 leader 56-62, 63, 64, 73i Stafford, Edmund, Bishop of truthful 52, 61-2, 68, 122 Exeter 64 Scrope, Richard, Baron of Bolton Stafford, Edward, Duke of (d. 1403) 64 Buckingham 116 Scrope, Stephen (d. 1406) 59, 65 Stafford, John, Bishop of Bath Scrope, Stephen (d. 1418) 56, 59, 65 and Wells 14i Arc. of Scrope-Grosvenor Controversy, the Canterbury 116 64 Stambourne Church (Essex) 91 Second Nun's Tale, the 11 Stapeldon, Walter, Bishop of Sempringhem Priory (Lincolnshire) Exeter 106-7, 108 32 Statute of Treasons (1352) 111 Sendale, John 55, 67 Stele, John 29, 30 Seneca, Lucius Annaeus 96 Stephen, William Fitz 12 Shakespeare, William 63, 64, 104, Stouck, Mary-Ann 111 112 Strohm, Paul 4,98, 115 Sheen Priory 147 n.21 Sudbury, Simon, Arc. of Sherborne Missal, the 8 Canterbury I, 107-8, 131 Shipton Moor (Yorkshire) 49 posthumous cult 107-8, 127, Shrewsbury, battle of (1403) 112 131 Sibs on, John 61, 68, 125 suffering, endurance of 10, 19,20, silence (as a martyrological motif) 21,59-60,62,63,74,89,96, 17,59-60 97-8, 103, 113-15 Simnel, Lambert (,Edward VI') 105 Suffolk 31, 32, 105 Smith, William 14,136 n.49 Swanson, R.N. 70, 129 Smithfield, London 14, 16,99 sweat sickness 85, 126 Solomon, King 88, 93 Symeon, Simon 32 Somnium Vigilantis, the (1459) 95 51,147 n.21 South English Legendary, the 10-11 Southampton plot, the 112 taxation 49, 66 Speculum Sacerdotale 11 Taylor, William 14, 136 n.49 Index 205

Tewkesbury Abbey Wars of the Roses, the 83,95, 114 (Gloucestershire) 115, 116 Watts, John 92, 112 Tewkesbury, battle of (1471) 75, Wem (Shropshire) 31 115, 117, 118 Westminster Abbey, London 71,99, Theilmann, John 101 105, 161 n.15 Thomas, John ap 79 Wethamsted, John 115 Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Whimple Church (Devon) 85, 128 Gloucester 103, 109 see also White, William 15 Appellant, Lords Wife of Bath 21 Thorpe, William 16-17, 18 Wigmore, Abbot of St Peter's Abbey, tonsure 65 Gloucester 100 Tower Hill, London 109 William Gregory's chronicle 92, 114 Tower, the, London 74, 75, 76, 91, William of Northfolk 29 92, 104, 105, 119 Wilton Diptych, the 81 treason accusations 24, 25, 110, Winchelsey, Robert, Arc. of 111,112 Canterbury 56, 63 truthfulness 52, 59, 61-2, 68 Woodville, Elizabeth, Queen of Tudor, Edmund, Earl of Edward IV 97-8, 105 Richmond 77 Worcester 84 Turner, Victor 69 Worcester Cathedral 83 Tutbury (Staffordshire) 23 Wriothesley (or Wrythe), Sir Twelve Letters save England 114 Thomas 41 Wyche, Richard 14 Urban VI, Pope 100, 103 Wycliffe, John 14-15, 108 Usk, Adam 109,111,164 n.85 Wyman, Agnes 68,69 Wyman, Henry 68, 71 Vauchez, Andre 62, 63, 125 violence 19, 25, 35, 36, 37, 52, 62, York (city) 24,27, 49, 50, 54, 58, 60, 99,101, 109, Ill, 112, 119, 123, 64, 67-73, 115 124, 125 civic identity in 67-73 virginity 10,42, 59, 60, 61, 68,82, civic saints of 70-3 92 mercantile community in 71-2 as martyrdom 10 York (province) 60, 72 and virgin-martyrs II, 16, 18, 19, York Minster 50,51,52,54,55,56, 124, 125 58, 59, 61, 65, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, Vita Edward Secundi 34, 42 72, 75, 79, 125, 127, 129 Vyvian, Richard 85 York, Richard, Duke of (d. 1483?) 77,104-5 Wakefield, battle of (1460) 114, 115 York, Richard, Duke of (d. 1460) 74, Walberswick Church (Suffolk) 84-5, 95,97,116 130 claim for throne 53, 110, 114, 115 Walker, Simon 3,41 as suffering 97, 113-14, 115 Walsham Ie Willows (Suffolk) 30 York, use of 50, 56, 62 Walsingham, Thomas 28, 64, 107, Yorkist suffering 97-8, 113-15 108,111 Yorkshire Rising see Northern Walter, Henry 91 Rising, the Warbeck, Perkin 105 Yorkshire 7,31,49,51,53,62,64, Warkworth, John 90 79, 126