Notes Introduction 1 'Why be now no martyris as were wone to ben?'; 'We han pese dayys mar­ tyris al to manye in pis lond'; 'For pe mor martyris pe mor morde and manslaute & pe mor schadyng of innocentis blood ... And now Englych nacioun hat mad many martyris; pey sparyn neyper here owyn kyng ne her buschopys, no dignyte, non ordre, no stat, no degree'. Dives et Pauper, P.H. Barnum (ed.) 2 vols., EETS o.s. 275 (London, 1976), vol. I, pp. 208-9. 2 ].c. Russell, 'The Canonization of Opposition to the King in Angevin England', in Anniversary Essays in Medieval History: By Students of Charles Homer Haskins, Presented in His Completion of Forty Years of Teaching, C.H. Taylor and].L. Monte (eds) (Boston and NY, 1929), pp. 279-90. 3 For reactions to ].F. Kennedy's assassination and his posthumous portrayal as martyr see E.]. Naveh, Crown of Thoms: Political Martyrdom in America from Abraham Lincoln to Martin Luther King Jr. (NY and London, 1990), pp. 172-4. 4 ].W. McKenna, 'Popular Canonization As Political Propaganda: The Cult of Archbishop Scrope', Speculum 45 (1970), pp. 608-23; J.W. McKenna, 'Piety and Propaganda: The Cult of King Henry VI', in Chaucer and Middle English Studies in Honour of Rossell Hope Robbins, B. Rowland (ed.) (London, 1974), pp. 72-88. Also ].M. Theilmann, 'A Study of the Canonization of Political Figures in England by Popular Opinion, 1066-1509' (unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Georgia, 1978); J.M. Theilmann, 'Political Canoniza­ tion and Political Symbolism in Medieval England', Journal ofBritish Studies 29 (1990), pp. 241-66; A.R. Echerd, 'Canonization and Politics in Late Medieval England: The Cult of Thomas of Lancaster' (unpublished doctoral thesis, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 1983). 5 S. Walker, 'Political Saints in Later Medieval England', in The McFarlane Legacy: Studies in Late Medieval Politics and Society, R.H. Britnell and A.J. Pollard (eds) (Stroud, 1995), pp. 77-106. 6 C. Carpenter, 'Introduction: Political Culture, Politics and Cultural History', in The Fifteenth Century IV: Political Culture in Late Medieval Britain, L. Clark and C. Carpenter (eds) (Woodbridge, 2004), pp. 1-19 (p. 19). 7 M. Rubin, 'What is Cultural History Now?', in What is History Now? D. Cannadine (ed.) (Basingstoke, 2002), pp. 80-94 (p. 81). 8 P. Strohm, Theory and the Premodern Text (Minneapolis and London, 2000), p.33. 9 Rubin, 'What is Cultural History Now?', p. 90. 10 P. Strohm, Hochon's Arrow: The Social Imagination of Fourteenth-Century Texts (Princeton, NJ, 1992), pp. 3-4. Chapter 1 Mapping Martyrdom 1 R. Kieckhefer, Unquiet Souls: Fourteenth-Century Saints and Their Religious Milieu (Chicago and London, 1984), p. 111; G. Schiller, Iconography of Christian Art, 133 134 Notes vol. II: The Passion of Jesus Christ, J. Seligman (trans.) (London, 1972), pp. 189-91. Also R.W. Pfaff, New Liturgical Feasts in Later Medieval England (Oxford, 1970), pp. 84-96; R.H. Robbins, 'The "Arma Christi" Rolls', The Modem Language Review 34 (1939), pp. 415-21. 2 On the Immaculate Conception see, for example, M. Warner, Alone of All Her Sex: The Myth and the Cult of the Virgin Mary (London, 1976), pp.236-54. 3 E. Duffy, The Stripping of the Altars: Traditional Religion in England c. 1400- c. 1580 (New Haven and London, 1992), pp. 259-65; Warner, Alone, chapter 14. 4 Nicholas Love, The Mirror of the Blessed Life of Jesus Christ: A Reading Text, M.G. Sargent (ed.) (Exeter, 2004), p. 176 (lines 28-9). 5 Duffy, The Stripping, p. 264. 6 D.S. Ellington, 'Impassioned Mother or Passive Icon: The Virgin's Role in Late Medieval and Early Modern Passion Sermons', Renaissance Quarterly 48 (1995), pp. 227-61 (pp. 237-41). 7 Julian of Norwich, A Book of Showings to the Anchoress Julian of Norwich, E. Colledge and]. Walsh (eds) 2 vols., Studies and Texts 35 (Toronto, 1978), vol. II, chapter 17, p. 365 (lines 61-3). 8 The Book of Margery Kempe, B. Windeatt (ed.) (Harlow, 2000), chapter 45, p. 223 (lines 3546-59). 9 Kieckhefer, Unquiet Souls, p. 105. 10 D. Gray, Themes and Images in the Medieval English Religious Lyric (London, 1972), p. 37. 11 On the Sherborne Missal (BL, MS Add. 74236) see M. Rickert, Painting in Britain: The Middle Ages (London, 1954), pp. 179-80, plate 161. 12 Schiller, Iconography of Christian Art, vol. II, pp. 151-2. 13 Richard Rolle: Prose and Verse, S.]. Ogilvie-Thomson, EETS 293 (Oxford, 1988), pp. 66-7 (lines 107-24). 14 J.A.W. Bennett, Poetry of the Passion: Studies in Twelve Centuries ofEnglish Verse (Oxford, 1982), p. 36; Walter Hilton, The Ladder ofPerfection, L. Sherley-Price (trans.) (London, 1988), Book I, chapter 35, p. 39. 15 Ibid., Book II, chapter 38, p. 218. 16 Ibid., Book II, chapter 35, p. 206. R. Kieckhefer, 'Radical Tendencies in the Flagellant Movement of the Mid Fourteenth Century', Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies (1974), pp. 157-77; J. Henderson, 'The Flagellant Movement and Flagellant Confraternities in Central Italy, 1260-1400', in Religious Motivation: Biographical and Social Problems for the Church, D. Baker (ed.) Studies in Church History 15 (Oxford, 1978), pp. 147-60. 17 E. Duffy's already canonical study of religious attitudes and practices in pre-Reformation England is wide ranging and full of examples. Duffy, The Stripping, part I. 18 J. Murray, 'Masculinizing Religious Life: Sexual Prowess, the Battle for Chastity and Monastic Identity', in Holiness and Masculinity in the Middle Ages, P.H. Cullum and K.J. Lewis (eds) (Cardiff, 2005), pp. 24-42 (p. 27); J.H. Arnold, 'The Labour of Continence: Masculinity and Clerical Virginity', in Medieval Virginities, A. Bernau, R. Evans and S. Salih (eds) (Cardiff, 2003), pp. 102-18. 19 The term was used by J. Wogan-Browne, Saints' Lives and Women's Literary Culture c. 1150-1300: Virginity and its Authorization (Oxford, 2001), for exam- Notes 135 pie, pp. 41 and 48. On the different experiences of virginity see also S. Salih, Versions of Virginity in Late Medieval England (Cambridge, 2001); M.e. Erler, 'English Vowed Women at the End of the Middle Ages', Mediaeval Studies 57 (1995), pp. 155-203; P.H. Cullum, 'Vowesses and Female Lay Piety in the Province of York, 1300-1500', Northern History 32 (1996), pp. 21-4l. 20 Ancrene Wisse: Edited from MS. Corpus Christi College Cambridge 402, ].R.R. Tolkien (ed.) EETS 249 (Oxford, 1962), p. 30. Translation in Ancrene Riwle, M.B. Salu (trans.) (London, 1955), p. 22. 21 'Hali Miohad' ('A Letter on Virginity'), in Medieval English Prose for Women: Selections from the Katherine Group and Ancrene Wisse, B. Millett and J. Wogan­ Browne (eds and trans.) (Oxford, 1990), pp. 2-43 (p. 42). 22 On this liturgy see A.K Warren, Anchorites and Their Patrons in Medieval England (Berkeley and London, 1985), pp. 97-9; M. Rubin, 'An English Anchorite: The Making, Unmaking, and Remaking of Christine Carpenter', in Pragmatic Utopias: Ideals and Communities, 1200-1630, R. Horrox and S. ReesJones (eds) (Cambridge, 2001), pp. 204-23 (pp. 209-10). 23 Wogan-Browne, Saints' Lives, p. 29. 24 Warren, Anchorites, p. 120. 25 Ancrene Wisse, p. 57; Ancrene Riwle, p. 46. 26 The South English Legendary, e. D'Evelyn and A.]. Mill (eds) 3 vols., EETS 235, 236 and 244 (London, 1956 and 1959); 'Die Nordenglische Legenden­ sammlung', in Altenglische Legenden Neue Folge, e. Horstmann (ed.) (Hennin­ ger, 1881), pp. 1-173; Mirk's Festial: A Collection of Homilies, T. Erbe (ed.) EETS o.s. 96 (London, 1905); Osbern Bokenham, Legendys ofHooly Wummen, M.S. Serjeanston (ed.) EETS o.s. 206 (London, 1938); Speculum Sacerdotale, E.H. Weatherly (ed.) EETS o.s. 200 (London, 1936). 27 Speculum Sacerdotale, p. l. 28 William Paris, 'Christine', in Sammlung A Itenglischer Legenden, e. Horstmann (ed.) (Heilbronn, 1878), pp. 183-90; The Minor Poems of John Lydgate, H.N. MacCracken (ed.) EETS 107 (London, 1911), pp. 173-92; John Capgrave, The Life of St Katharine of Alexandria, e. Horstmann (ed.) EETS o.s. 100 (London, 1893). 29 M. Rubin, 'Religious Symbols and Political Culture in Fifteenth-Century England', in The Fifteenth Century IV: Political Culture in Late Medieval Britain, L. Clark and e. Carpenter (eds) (Woodbridge, 2004), pp. 97-111 (p. 105). On the role of the virgin-martyrs see also KJ. Lewis, 'Model Girls? Virgin­ Martyrs and the Training of Young Women in Late Medieval England', in Young Medieval Women, KJ. Lewis, N.J. Menuge and K.M. Phillips (eds) (Stroud, 1999), pp. 25-46; E. Duffy, 'Holy Maydens, Holy Wyfes: The Cult of Women Saints in Fifteenth-and Sixteenth-Century England', in Women in the Church, W.J. Sheils and D. Wood (eds) Studies in Church History 27 (Oxford, 1990), pp. 175-96 (p. 189). 30 Duffy, The Stripping, p. 279. 31 The Commonplace Book of Robert Reynes ofAc/e: An Edition of Tanner MS 407, e. Louis (ed.) (NY, 1980), pp. 24-7. 32 Thomas More, A Dialogue Concerning Heresies, T.M.C. Lawler, G. Marc'hadour and R.e. Marius (eds) The Yale Edition of the Complete Works of St. Thomas More, vol. 6 (New Haven and London, 1981), part I, pp. 226-7. 33 Duffy, The Stripping, p. 278. 136 Notes 34 P.M. Jones and L.T. Olsan, 'Middleham Jewel: Ritual, Power, and Devotion', Viator 31 (2000), pp. 249-90. 35 P.B. Roberts, Thomas Becket in the Medieval Latin Tradition (Steenbrugis, 1990), pp. 11-12. 36 D. Webb, Pilgrimage in Medieval England (London, 2000), p. 46. 37 Ibid., p. 49. 38 Ibid., p. 50. 39 Roberts, Thomas Becket, pp.