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The Design Work of Architect And Sui Generis: The Design Work of Architect-Priest Monsignor John Cyril Hawes (1876-1956) MA in Conservation Studies (Historic Buildings) Dissertation: University of York, England Department of Archaeology Incorporating the Former Institute of Advanced Architectural Studies J.J. Taylor September 2001 Sui Generis: The Design Work Of Architect-Priest Monsignor John Cyril Hawes (1876-1956) Abstract Sui Generis (of its own kind; unique): The Design Work of Architect-Priest Monsignor John Cyril Hawes (1876-1956) MA in Conservation Studies (Historic Buildings) Dissertation by J.J. Taylor 116 pages, 81 figures (51 colour), bibliography and index John Hawes was born in England, and designed buildings (primarily ecclesiastical) that were constructed in Great Britain, the Bahamas, the United States of America, and Australia. The author previously produced an illustrated manuscript titled Between Devotion and Design that chronologically summarizes earlier research on John Hawes’ art and architecture. The University of Western Australia Press published this work in 2000. However the guiding forces that shaped Hawes’ design skills in Great Britain, and later in other places, have previously been addressed and documented in minor detail. Within this dissertation, special effort has been made to research and introduce new facts and connections with Hawes’ work. It differs from and improves previous work by examining early influences, contemporary architects, buildings, events and styles known or thought to have predisposed Hawes’ evolution as an architect. The methodology is an extension of previous research, examining documentary evidence, and physical evidence based on inspections of places discussed. Of difference is that in this paper, after examining Hawes’ formative years, the most stylistically expressive examples of Hawes’ work are selectively taken to illustrate evolving themes. It is expected that this dissertation will assist in the understanding of Hawes, and contribute to an increased appreciation of the value of his designs, buildings and artworks. The dissertation may contribute to architecture by discussing and comparing the innovative work of John Hawes in its international context, analyzing the factors that influenced his style, and allowing consideration of his own influence on architecture. 2 Sui Generis: The Design Work Of Architect-Priest Monsignor John Cyril Hawes (1876-1956) Contents: Acknowledgements ..................................................................................... 5 List of Figures ............................................................................................. 6 Preface....................................................................................................... 10 Introduction .............................................................................................. 11 Chapter One - Formative Years in England 1876-1897: ........................ 13 1.1 Initial Education ........................................................................................... 13 1.2 Articled Pupil ............................................................................................... 15 1.3 Architectural Association, Central Arts & Crafts School .............................. 16 1.4 Travel in France ........................................................................................... 20 1.5 London in the late 1890s, Anglo-Catholicism ............................................... 24 1.6 Architectural Association Teachers: Leonard Stokes, Edward Prior .............. 25 1.7 Victorian British Architecture....................................................................... 25 1.8 End of the Gothic Revival, the Byzantine Style ............................................ 27 1.9 The Arts and Crafts Movement, William Morris, Philip Webb ..................... 29 1.10 Art Workers’ Guild; ‘Architecture, a Profession or an Art?’ ....................... 30 1.11 William Butterfield, George Edmund Street, George Frederick Bodley ...... 31 1.12 Edmund Evan Scott, James Brooks, George Gilbert Scott Junior ................ 32 1.13 John Dando Sedding ................................................................................... 34 1.14 Charles Francis Annesley Voysey............................................................... 35 1.15 Temple Lushington Moore, Sir John Ninian Comper .................................. 37 Chapter Two – John Hawes Architect and Priest 1898-1908: ............... 38 2.1 The office of Sir Aston Webb or John Hawes Architect? .............................. 38 2.2 Royal Academy of Arts Model ..................................................................... 38 2.3 Bognor Regis and Voysey ............................................................................ 42 2.4 Church of St Christopher, Gunnerton, Northumberland ................................ 45 2.5 Church/Chapel of Our Lady and St Bernard, Painsthorpe, Yorkshire ............ 48 2.6 Caldey Island, Wales .................................................................................... 50 2.7 Birmingham Priest to Caribbean Missionary Architect ................................. 54 Chapter Three - From Anglican in the Bahamas to Catholic in Rome 1909-15: ..................................................................................................... 55 3.1 Church of St John the Evangelist, Buckleys, Deadman’s Cay, Long Island ... 55 3.2 Church of St Mary the Virgin, The Bight, Long Island ................................. 58 3.3 Church of St Paul, Clarence Town, Long Island ........................................... 59 3.4 Departure from the Bahamas ........................................................................ 59 3.5 Chapel of St Francis, Graymoor, New York ................................................. 60 3.6 Rome; First designs for Cathedral of St Francis Xavier, Geraldton ............... 61 3.7 ‘Cathedrals’ by John Hawes ......................................................................... 63 3 Sui Generis: The Design Work Of Architect-Priest Monsignor John Cyril Hawes (1876-1956) Chapter Four – Productive Priest in Western Australia 1916-39: ........ 64 4.1 Commencement of the Cathedral of St Francis Xavier, Geraldton ................ 64 4.2 Travel and Study in 1920.............................................................................. 67 4.3 Proposed Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, Perth (1921-23) ............ 69 4.4 Sir Giles Scott and the Liverpool Cathedrals................................................. 70 4.5 Hawes’ Cathedrals in the Royal Academy Exhibition of 1923 ...................... 72 4.6 Travel and Study in Europe 1923 ................................................................. 72 4.7 Church of Our Lady of Mt Carmel and Sts Peter and Paul, Mullewa (1920-27) ........................................................................................................................... 74 4.8 The New Bishop ........................................................................................... 79 4.9 The Hermitage, Geraldton (1935) ................................................................. 79 4.10 Cemetery Chapel of the Holy Spirit, Utakarra (1935-36) ............................ 80 4.11 Completion of the Cathedral of St Francis Xavier, Geraldton ..................... 82 4.12 Proposed Church of the Holy Redeemer, Walkaway (1938)........................ 86 Chapter Five – Back to the Bahamas, Franciscan Hermit 1940-56: ...... 88 5.1 Approach to Bahamian Building in the 1940s ............................................... 88 5.2 The Influence of Albert Lothian ................................................................... 89 5.3 Hermitage and Chapel of the Holy Spirit, Mount Alvernia, Cat Island (1940- 42) ...................................................................................................................... 91 5.4 Church of The Holy Redeemer, Freetown, Cat Island (1941-48) ................... 92 5.5 Proposed St Patrick’s Cathedral, Ballarat, Victoria (1943-45) ....................... 95 5.6 Church of Sts Peter & Paul, Clarence Town, Long Island (1944-46) ............. 98 5.7 St Augustine’s Monastery and College, Fox Hill, Nassau (1944-47) ........... 100 5.8 Advanced, Innovative Liturgical Design: Liturgical Arts Magazine ............ 102 5.9 Attitude to Modernism ............................................................................... 103 Summary and Conclusion ...................................................................... 105 Endnotes.................................................................................................. 108 Bibliography ........................................................................................... 113 Index of Architects and other individuals mentioned in text ............... 115 4 Sui Generis: The Design Work Of Architect-Priest Monsignor John Cyril Hawes (1876-1956) Acknowledgements Supervisors at the University of York: Peter Burman MBE, Jessica Sutcliffe Architectural historian, York: Phil Thomas Archives at Prinknash Abbey, Gloucester: Denis Lewis Granddaughter of Hawes’ friend Charles Selby-Hall: Jane Branch Key to abbreviations used in figure captions and endnotes: DCAB – Archives of Catholic Diocese of Ballarat, Victoria DCAG – Archives of Catholic Diocese of Geraldton, Western Australia DCAN – Archives of Catholic Diocese of Nassau, Bahamas JSBL – JS Battye Library, Perth, Western Australia PAAG – Archives of Prinknash Abbey, Gloucester,
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