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THE BRYNMAWR EXPERIMENT 1928-1940 QUAKER VALUES AND ARTS AND CRAFTS PRINCIPLES by PAMELA MANAS SEH A thesis submitted to the University of Plymouth in partial fulfilment for the degreeof DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Faculty of Art and Design University College, Falmouth October, 2009 2 This copy of the thesis has been supplied on condition that anyone who consults it is understood to recognise that its copyright rests with its author and that no quotation from the thesis and no information derived from it may be published without the author's prior consent. PAMELA MANASSEH THE BRYNMAWR EXPERIMENT, 1928-1940: QUAKER VALUES AND ARTS AND CRAFTS PRINCIPLES ABSTRACT This is a study of the social work of Quakers in the town of Brynmawr in South Wales during the depressions of the 1920s and 1930s. The work, which took place during the years 1928 to 1940, has become known as the Brynmawr Experiment. The initial provision of practical and financial relief for a town suffering severely from the effects of unemployment, was developed with the establishment of craft workshops to provide employment. Special reference is made to the furniture making workshop and the personnel involved with it. The thesis attempts to trace links between the moral and aesthetic values of Quakerism and the Arts and Crafts Movement and explores the extent to which the guiding principles of the social witness project and the furniture making enterprise resemble those of the Arts and Crafts Movement of the inter-war years, 1919-1939. All aspectsof the Quaker work at Brynmawr were prompted by concern for social justice and upholding the dignity of eachindividual. Thesewere also the concernsof John Ruskin and William Morris which motivated the formation of the Arts and Crafts Movement in the! 880s. The Arts and Crafts principles which persistedinto the twentieth century in the craft communities of C. R. Ashbee and of Eric Gill, and in the craftsmanship of the Cotswold furniture makers,provides an Arts and Crafts context for the Brynmawr furniture. It is arguedthat similarities betweenthe aestheticand moral principles of the membersof the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers)and those of Ruskin, Morris and their followers establish a synonymity in which they are linked by a common integrity. It is further argued that as a social project arising out of and responding to the specific economic conditions of the time, the Brynmawr Experiment and its furniture making enterprise is, by virtue of such links with Arts and Crafts, a potentially unique Quaker social witness project. 3 CONTENTS Acknowledgements 5 Abbreviations 6 Author's Declaration 7 Chapter One Introduction 8 Chapter Two The principles shared by the Religious Society of Friends 38 and the Arts and Crafts Movement ChapterThree Practical application of the sharedprinciples 60 ChapterFour Peter Scott, Quaker 110 Chapter Five C. R. Ashbee, Eric Gill, Peter Scott and the Arts and Crafts vision 138 Chapter Six Twentieth century Quaker Arts and Crafts furniture makers 159 Chapter Seven Conclusion 209 Appendix 213 Bibliography 230 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My interest in the Brynmawr Experiment was arousedby family associationwith the Quaker relief work before World War II and the Brynmawr furniture in their homes. I was granted an Eva Koch Fellowship to study the subject at Woodbrooke, the Quaker Study Centre in Birmingham. The outcome of my research was `Quaker Relief Work and the Brynmawr Experiment' published in The Woodbrooke Journal by Woodbrooke Quaker Centre in 2000. In the course of that study I discovered the significance for Quaker history of the individual Quakers most closely responsible for the work at Brynmawr and also that there was very little of their work collated into a consecutive record of the Brynmawr Experiment. My warmest thanks are due to Woodbrooke, its staff and fellow students for comfort, companionship and twenty-four hour access to the Library. Acceptanceinto the post-graduatedepartment at Falmouth College of Arts, now University College, Falmouth, enabledme to take my interest in Brynmawr further. My thanks to ProfessorDavid Cottington and Fiona Hackney at Falmouth, and to Professors Roger Homan and Tanya Harrod, my external tutors. The award of a bursary by the Design History Society gave much appreciated financial support which helped with the necessary travel to County Record Offices, to Brynmawr and to the major Quaker libraries in London and Birmingham. The research project was otherwise entirely self-funded. Librarians have been unfailingly helpful and it is not possible to name them all, but there is special appreciation for those at University College, Falmouth, Rachel Loverin at the Newport City Museums and Heritage Service, Richard Edwards at St Fagans Library and to Heather, Josef, Joanna, Tabitha and Jennifer at Friends' House. Also too many to name are the Friends who have written in responseto my requests for information. Thanks in particular to Edwina Newman, Gethin Evans, Ronald Watts, Colin Johnson, Paul Bowers-Isaacson for his photographs of the Mount table, Greteli (Aylward) for lending me her father Bernard's manuscript, Brian Fincken for the gift of the Brynmawr film, my daughter Nicky for her IT expertise, the support and encouragement from my daughter Jenny and son Simon, and my husband Tony for being a very patient sounding board. 5 ABBREVIATIONS BYM Britain Yearly Meeting CDC Coalfields Distress Committee FCFU Friends' Christian Fellowship Union FH Friends' house FHME Friends' Home Mission and Extension Committee FHS Friend's Home Service Committee ICC Industrial Crisis Committee ICS Industrial Crisis Sub-Committee ILP IndependentLabour Party IVS International Voluntary Service JTB James T. Baily LYM London Yearly Meeting LSF Library of Society of Friends, Friends house MfS Meeting for Sufferings NADE Journal of the National Association of Design Education NMAG/ NPTMG Newport Museum and Art Gallery NCSS National Council for Social Service QFP Quaker Faith and Practice SPS Subsistence Production Society SWCSS South Wales Council for Social Service SWMM South Wales Monthly Meeting UDC Urban District Council WSOC War and Social Order Committee YF Young Friends 6 AUTHOR'S DECLARATION At no time during the registration for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy has the author beenregistered for any other University award without prior agreementof the Graduate Committee. A bursary award by the Design History Society contributed to the expenditure on travel to libraries and to Brynmawr. The project was otherwise entirely self-funded. Word count of main body of thesis: 66,757. Signe ................... 3ý Date.. ýQ . .... ..... 7 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION In this study comparisons show that the principles of John Ruskin and William Morris, which influenced the members of the Arts and Crafts Movement, bore a strong similarity to those of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers). These principles continued to guide the Arts and Crafts furniture makers, some of whom were Quakers, who were in business in the first half of the twentieth century. The focal point of the thesis is Brynmawr, a small town in South Wales, which suffered the effects of unemploymentin the economic depressionsof the inter-war years, 1919-1939.Among the many endeavoursto give help to those in circumstancesof deprivation was a project known as the Brynmawr Experiment, initiated and led by Peter Scott, supportedby other membersof the Religious Society of Friends. My interest in the subject was arousedby family experienceof the economic Depression of the 1930s, and acquaintance with Friends who had been associated with the Quaker relief work at that time. The opportunity to undertake a period of research at Woodbrooke, the Quaker Study Centre in Birmingham, resulted in the publication of an introductory study of the Experiment' That study revealed aspects of the subject relevant to the Quaker concern for social justice which warranted further exploration. Analysis of the Brynmawr Experiment showed it to have been a social witness project in the tradition of the Quaker concern for humanity which had motivated Quaker 2 work since the seventeenth century. This concern was put into practice throughout the following centuries by the provision of opportunities for occupation and employment by which dignity and self-respect of the individual could be upheld. This same concern was put into effect at Brynmawr with the setting up of craft workshops, one of which produced a commercially successful range of domestic furniture. 'Pamela Manasseh,Quaker Relief Work and the Brynmawr Experiment (Birmingham: Woodbrooke Quaker Study Centre, 2000). 2'True godliness don't turn men out of the world but enablesthem to live better in it and excites their endeavoursto mend it. ' William Penn, 1682, Quaker Faith and Practice: 23.02. 8 The argumentsupports the proposition that, as an humanitarianand productive project sustained by those principles shared with the Arts and Crafts Movement, the Brynmawr Experiment holds a potentially singular place in the history of Quaker social witness by virtue of that correspondence. A range of sources has been consulted which, for the Brynmawr Experiment, are both primary and secondary.For discussionof Arts and Crafts in relation to the Religious Society of Friends, and thus also to the Brynmawr Experiment, secondarymaterial has beenrelied on. PRIMARY SOURCES Unpublished manuscripts The collections of unpublishedmanuscript material relating to the Brynmawr Experiment are held at the Quaker library at
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