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'If You Build It, They Will Come' the Origins of Scotland's Country Parks

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'If You Build It, They Will Come' the Origins of Scotland's Country Parks ‘If you build it, they will come’ The Origins of Scotland’s Country Parks Volume 1 By: Phil Back A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Sheffield Faculty of Arts and Humanities Department of History May 2018 University of Sheffield: Department of History ‘If you build it, they will come’: The origins of Scotland’s Country Parks Phil Back Volume 1 Pollok Country Park, Glasgow (Author’s collection) Supervisors: Dr James Shaw, Dr Tim Baycroft, Dr Clare Griffiths and Dr Caoimhe Nic Dháibhéid Abstract Country parks emerged as a designated landscape type in the UK following legislation in the 1960s. Conceived initially as a solution to damaging impacts on the scenic and working countryside from visiting motorists, they were a response to alarmist forecasts of trends that would exacerbate these problems further. Although often mentioned in discussion of countryside policy, country parks have never been examined in depth in Scotland, where the applicability of this policy has generally been either ignored, or conflated with the experience of England & Wales. Yet recreational need in Scotland was very different, and requires specific examination, as does the solution provided. This thesis uses archive material, together with contemporary commentary, to explore countryside recreation policy in Scotland in the later twentieth century. It considers whether the factors influencing legislation in England & Wales were germane to Scotland as well, and whether the emergent Scottish policy reflected Scotland’s distinctive needs. The thesis explores the creation of the Countryside Commission for Scotland and the expectations placed upon it, together with its fundamental weaknesses. It examines the implementation of country park policy in Scotland, the difficulties caused by the weak evidence base, and the ways in which policy was developed, amended and even subverted to ensure that visible results were achieved. It explores several issues of scholarly debate on countryside recreation, providing a Scottish perspective on these. The analysis demonstrates the need for clarity in policy-making and the intrinsic weakness of a ‘blank sheet of paper’ approach, the importance of aligning accountabilities with appropriate powers, the need to integrate policy across related i | P a g e areas of operation, and the value of defining and monitoring ‘success’. It thus provides not only an insight into historic recreation and open space policy but also more general understanding of Scotland’s history in the pre-devolution period. ii | P a g e Acknowledgments, Contents and Abbreviations Phil Back _______________________________________ Acknowledgments My studies owe a good deal to the supervision I have received, firstly at Cambridge where Dr Susan Oosthuizen and Prof. Ian Baxter encouraged my early work on Lochore Meadows Country Park, suggesting that I take this further; and later at Sheffield, where Dr Clare Griffiths, Dr Tim Baycroft, Dr Caoimhe Nic Dháibhéid and Dr James Shaw have enthusiastically guided my more recent research and writing. This acknowledgement is scant recognition of the invaluable help, support and encouragement they have given me throughout this challenge. I would not have reached this point without them, and I am profoundly grateful. My examiners, Prof. Matthew Kelly and Prof. Ian Rotherham, have also made valuable suggestions that have greatly improved this thesis. I also owe a debt to the many librarians and archivists who have made material available for me to study, both nationally and locally throughout Scotland. In a service often under severe financial pressure, their help has been both immense and freely given. Particular thanks to Ian Riches, Archivist at the National Trust for Scotland, whose efforts are recognised in the number of times his material is referenced in my footnotes, and the staff at both the National Records of Scotland and the National Library of Scotland in Edinburgh. Local archivists in East Kilbride, Aberdeen, Haddington, Markinch, Mintlaw and Oldmeldrum have offered their enthusiastic support and help throughout this process. Strathclyde University provided access to their uncatalogued archive for the Scottish Countryside Activities Council, and the Saltire Society allowed me to research their archive in Edinburgh. An informal archive at Lochore Meadows Country Park was invaluable as a jumping-off point. iii | P a g e Acknowledgments, Contents and Abbreviations Phil Back _______________________________________ The Mackichan Trust kindly helped with research expenses, as did the University of Sheffield; I am grateful to both. My thanks, too, to Better World Books of Dunfermline, whose apparently inexhaustible supply of second-hand planning, environment and recreation textbooks has augmented my library at relatively low cost, while benefitting third world literacy projects. Naturally, family and friends have played a vital part in this endeavour. It would not have been possible without my wife Carolyn’s support and forbearance, her willingness to take holidays in her native Scotland, and her company on many of my site visits. I have also been inspired by my children and their considerable achievements, and hope to demonstrate that they have drawn on a genetic inheritance. Many friends have taken an interest in my progress and given me valued encouragement; Pete and Angie Webb joined us on several visits including a glorious summer’s day at Brodick, while Heather Alexander and Twiglet enjoyed exploring both familiar and new venues around Glasgow. Richard Smith at Lochore Meadows took a very active interest in my work from the outset, and gave me some valuable insights and contacts, while Angela Porrovecchio gave me a guided tour of Hareshowe farm at Aden, and her colleagues allowed me privileged access to the ‘Weel Vrocht Grun’ exhibition space there. And that brings me to the final acknowledgment: to those responsible for creating and maintaining Scotland’s 36 country parks. All who now care for Scotland’s country parks – often under straitened circumstances - have played some part in making this thesis comprehensive. I hope I have done your work, and your legacy, justice. iv | P a g e Acknowledgments, Contents and Abbreviations Phil Back _______________________________________ Table of Contents Chapter Title Page Abstract i Acknowledgments iii List of figures x Abbreviations xii 1 Introduction 1 Introduction 1 Historiography 5 Phases of Policy 5 Impact and success 7 Commodification and 11 marketisation Social Inclusion 14 Strategic Location 17 Values and countryside 19 interpretation Research questions 25 Methodology 26 Outline 30 2 The Scottish Context: Recreation 31 and Wider Policy to 1967 Urbanisation and housing 31 The Scottish economy 36 Planning and regeneration 39 Tourism 41 v | P a g e Acknowledgments, Contents and Abbreviations Phil Back _______________________________________ Access and conservation 43 Recreational pressures 49 The Governance of Scotland 53 Conclusion 58 3 Country Parks: The Origin of the 61 Concept Introduction 61 Policy and proposals up to 1949 63 Policy and debate after 1949 77 Reappraisal 100 Overall assessment 106 4 Legislation and Integration: The 116 Countryside (Scotland) Act 1967 and its Aims and Objectives Introduction 116 The statement and its aftermath 117 The legislation 127 Conclusion 133 5 The Triumph of Pragmatism: The 139 evolution of Scottish country park policy in the 1970s and 1980s Introduction 139 Optimism and reality, 1968-74 141 Rethinking and reorganisation, 155 1974-84 Stagnation and reappraisal, 1985-92 166 Issues that arose in policy 169 vi | P a g e Acknowledgments, Contents and Abbreviations Phil Back _______________________________________ Proximity 169 Location and the urban fringe 173 New provision or upgrades? 178 Social inclusion 181 Feasibility studies and 184 management planning Designation 186 Funding 187 Conclusion 190 6 Case Studies: Two pre-existing 201 spaces Introduction 201 Culzean (1969) 202 Chatelherault (1987) 220 Conclusion 240 7 Case Studies: Two new spaces 243 Introduction 243 Lochore Meadows (1976) 244 Aden (1980) 263 Conclusion 284 8 The country parks that never were 287 Introduction 287 Early applications and issues 287 Loirston 294 Later applications and issues 296 vii | P a g e Acknowledgments, Contents and Abbreviations Phil Back _______________________________________ Conclusion 302 9 Discussion: The Scottish 309 contribution to an appraisal of country park policy Introduction 309 Areas of academic debate 310 Success and impact 310 Commodification 317 Phasing 323 Strategic location 325 Social inclusion 327 Values and countryside 331 interpretation Further observations 334 Education 334 Country parks as a type of 335 open space Scottish distinctiveness 337 Contextual influences 338 External influences 340 An expendable landscape? 341 Countryside for all? 343 10 Conclusion 346 The research study 346 The broader picture 347 viii | P a g e Acknowledgments, Contents and Abbreviations Phil Back _______________________________________ Further work 352 Appendix 354* Bibliography 471* * These sections are found in Volume 2. ix | P a g e Acknowledgments, Contents and Abbreviations Phil Back _______________________________________ List of figures Fig. no. Title Page Pollok Country Park, Glasgow Title page 2.1 Housing at Duntorvie Quadrant, Easterhouse 34 2.2 Derelict land at Glencraig, Fife 39 2.3 The Caravan Craze 44 2.4 Funicular Railway, Cairn
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