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Omurgasızlar Sistematiği Ders Kitabı Ege Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Kitaplar Serisi No. 168 GENEL PARAZİTOLOJİ DERS KİTABI Doç. Dr. Bayram GÖÇMEN Fen Fakültesi Biyoloji Bölümü Zooloji Anabilim Dalı EGE ÜNİVERSİTESİ BASIMEVİ BORNOVA-İZMİR 2008 Ege Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Kitaplar Serisi, No. 168 GENEL PARAZİTOLOJİ DERS KİTABI (2. Baskı) Doç. Dr. Bayram GÖÇMEN Ege Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Biyoloji Bölümü Zooloji Anabilim Dalı Bornova-İZMİR Ege Üniversitesi Basımevi Bornova-İZMİR 2008 ii © Ege Üniversitesi, 1. Baskı 2000; 2. Baskı 2008. Kapak: Kertenkele, Lacerta rudis (Rize) bağırsağından kamçılı protozoonlar Trichomonas lacertae ve Proteromonas lacertae, Foto. Bayram Göçmen. ISBN 975-483-475-X iii Bu Eseri Türkiye'nin ilk Protozooloğu, Dünyaca Tanınmış Saygıdeğer Hocam, Prof. Dr. Nimet ÖKTEM ve Biricik Sevgili Annem Ülfet GÖÇMEN'e ithaf ediyorum ... Bayram GÖÇMEN iv v ÖNSÖZ Parazitoloji konusunda, ülkemizde pekçok değerli kitap bulunmaktadır. Bununla birlikte bu eserlerin hemen hepsi sadece insan sağlığına yönelik olup, bir kısmı da günümüzdeki yeni bilgileri içermemektedir. Bunun nedeni genel olarak parazitoloji altında ele alınan grupların (protistler, helmintler ve arthropodlar) herbirinin birbirinden oldukça farklı ve güç uzmanlık alanları olmalarından kaynaklanır. Kitap içinde yer alan parazit örneklerinin sunulmasında, bilhassa sistematikteki yerleri esas alınmıştır. I. bölümde parazitlik ve parazitolojide kullanılan yaygın deyimler, II. bölümde kitabın büyük bir kısmını oluşturan parazit ve sığıntı protozoonlar, III. bölümde helmintler ve arthropodlara dahil doğrudan parazitlik yapan hayvanlar ele alınmış ve ayrıca, IV. bölümde “Parazitolojide Bazı Problemler”, V. bölümde konu özetleyici levhalar, VI. bölümde fotoğrafik levhalar ve VII. bölümde “Dizin” kısımları verilmiştir. Zehirli arthropodlar doğrudan parazit olmadıkları için kitabın kapsamı dışında bırakılmıştır. Bu kitabın içeriğini oluşturan konular, gerek ders ve laboratuvar etüdleri esnasında ele alınan konular, gerekse değerli meslektaş ve hocalarım Prof. Dr. Nimet ÖKTEM, Prof. Dr. Mehmet K. ATATÜR, Prof. Dr. Abidin BUDAK (E. Ü. Fen Fakültesi, Biyoloji Bölümü), Prof. Dr. Seza BUDAK (E. Ü. Tıp Fakültesi, Parazitoloji Anabilim Dalı) ve Prof. Dr. Gülendame SAYGI (Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi, Tıp Fakültesi, Parazitoloji Anabilim Dalı, Sivas)’nın tenkitleri de dikkate alınarak hazırlanmıştır. Eserin hazırlanmasında, değerli fikirleriyle katkı sağlayan tüm meslektaşlarıma, ayrıca Anabilim dalının imkanlarından yararlanmam konusundaki katkılarından dolayı Ege Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Biyoloji Bölümü Zooloji Anabilim Dalı Başkanı Sayın Prof. Dr. Beria FALAKALI'ya, değişik eleştiri ve yardımlarından dolayı Sayın Semih ÜÇÜNCÜ'ye, Sayın Mustafa VARGÖR (Çağdaş Kopyalama Merkezi) ve çalışanlarına, basıma hazırlanması aşamasında emeği geçen Ege Üniversitesi Basımevi personeli, Dr. Vedat AKER (E. Ü. Su Ürünleri Fakültesi) ve Dr. Ahmet KARATAŞ (Niğde Üniversitesi, Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi, Biyoloji Bölümü)’a teşekkür eder, bu sahada çalışma yapacak herkese ve öğrencilerimize yararlı olmasını dilerim. Doç. Dr. Bayram GÖÇMEN 10 Ekim 2000 vi vii İÇİNDEKİLER Bölüm 1: GENEL PARAZİTOLOJİYE GİRİŞ 1.1. Parazitlik (Parazitizm) ve Parazitler Hakkında Ön Bilgi ........................... 1 1.2. Parazitlerin Yaptıkları Hastalıkların İsimlendirilmesi ............................... 9 1.3. Parazitlerin Sınıflandırılması ..................................................................... 11 Bölüm 2: PROTISTA (PROTOCTISTA) (=PROTİSTLER) 2.1. Protista Aleminin Tanımı, Kapsamı ve Protozoonlar ................................ 13 2.2. Phylum: Rhizopoda (Sarcodina) (=Kök Bacaklılar) ................................. 14 2.3. Phylum: Dinoflagellata (Peridinea, Dinophyceae) (=Mezokaryotlar) ....... 30 2.4. Phylum: Mastigophora (Flagellata) (=Kamçılılar) .................................... 42 2.5. Phylum: Sporozoa (Apicomplexa) (=Sporozoonlar) ................................. 123 2.6. Phylum: Ciliophora (Ciliata) (=Siliyatlar, Silliler) .................................... 168 Bölüm 3: ANIMALIA (ÇOK HÜCRELİ HAYVANLAR) 3.1. HELMINTHES (VERMES) (KURTLAR, SOLUCANLAR).................... 175 3.1.1. Phylum: Platyhelminthes (=Yassı Kurtlar)....................................... 178 3.1.1.1. Classis: Trematoda (=Trematodlar, Karaciğer Kelebekleri)..... 180 3.1.1.2. Classis: Cestoda (=Sestodlar, Şeritler) ..................................... 194 3.1.2. Phylum: Nematoda (=Nematodlar, Yuvarlak Kurtlar).................... 215 3.1.2.1. Classis: Adenophorea (Aphasmidia) ........................................ 218 3.1.2.2. Classis: Secernentea (Phasmidia) ............................................. 225 3.1.3. Phylum: Annelida (=Annelidler, Halkalı veya Segmentli Kurtlar) 242 3.2. ARTHROPODA (=EKLEM BACAKLILAR) .......................................... 250 3.2.1. Classis: Insecta (Hexapoda) (=Böcekler) ........................................ 251 3.2.1.1. Ordo: Mallophaga (=Tüy-Post Bitleri, Çiğneyici Bitler) ......... 257 3.2.1.2. Ordo: Anoplura (=Kıl Bitleri, Emici Bitler) ............................ 259 3.2.1.3. Ordo: Hemiptera (Heteroptera) (=Yarım Kanatlılar) ............... 264 3.2.1.4. Ordo: Diptera (=Sinekler) ........................................................ 267 3.2.1.5. Ordo: Siphanoptera (=Pireler).................................................. 278 3.2.2. Classis: Arachnida (=Örümceksiler) ................................................ 283 Ordo: Acarina (=Akarlar) .......................................................... 284 viii Subordo 1. Mesostigmata (=Akarcıklar) ................................... 288 Subordo 2. Ixodides (=Keneler) ................................................ 288 Subordo 3. Trombidiformes (=Ot Uyuzu Etkenleri) ................ 293 Subordo 4. Sarcoptiformes (=Uyuz Etkenleri) .......................... 298 4. PARAZİTOLOJİDE BAZI PROBLEMLER ................................................ 301 5. ÖZETLEYİCİ LEVHALAR ........................................................................... 327 6. FOTOGRAFİK LEVHALAR ......................................................................... 330 7. YARARLANILAN KAYNAKLAR ................................................................ 334 8. DİZİN ................................................................................................................ 338 Giriş 1 Bölüm 1 GENEL PARAZİTOLOJİYE GİRİŞ 1. 1. Parazitlik (Parazitizm) ve Parazitler Hakkında Ön Bilgi “Parazit” sözcüğü çok eski zamanlarda örneğin ilk Yunan komedilerinde bile kullanılmış olmasına rağmen, parazitlerle ilgilenen bir bilim dalının yani Parazitolojinin ortaya çıkması ancak 19. yüzyılın sonlarında gerçekleşmiştir. Bununla beraber parazitleri bir araya toplayan ve bu bakımdan ilk parazitoloji kitabı olarak değerlendirilen eser "Traité de Parasites" (Parazitlerin Kitabı=Parazitlerin İncelenmesi) İtalyan bilimci Francesco REDİ (1621-1697) tarafından neşredilmiştir. Araştırıcı 108 parazit türünü tanımlamış ve o zamana kadar bir gelenek halinde olan Abiyogenez (Kendiliğinden Oluş) teorisini de yaptığı deneylerle çürütmüştür. Bu bakımlardan bugün için Parazitolojinin Babası olarak nitelendirilmektedir (Chandler, 1958; Oytun, 1961; Unat, 1979). Parazit (Asalak), "bir diğer canlının içinde veya üzerinde ona zarar verecek şekilde yaşayan ve besinlerini doğrudan doğruya ondan sağlayan organizma" demektir. Yunanca para (yanında, haksız, usulsüz) ve sitos (besin, tane) kelimelerinin birleşiminden türevlenmiş olup, besinin yanında olan yahut besinini haksız veya usulsüz şekilde sağlayan anlamına gelir. Parazit ve dolaylı olarak parazitizm (asalaklık), bazen bir çeşit antogonistik simbiyozis olarak nitelendirilir. Simbiyozis (Symbiosis) terimi Yunanca syn- veya sym- (birlikte) ve bios (yaşam) kelimelerinin birleşmesinden oluşmuştur. Kısaca "birlikte yaşam" anlamına gelir. Simbiyozis "birbirine benzemeyen iki veya daha fazla sayıda organizmanın (birbirlerine daima yarar sağlama zorunluluğu olmaksızın) çok yakın işbirliği yahut yakın birliktelik halinde bir arada yaşaması" şeklinde 2 GENEL PARAZİTOLOJİ tanımlanır. Bu kullanımdaki simbiyozisin parazitizmi (veya antogonistik simbiyozisi) kapsadığı söylenebilir. Zoolojide ise parazitizm bazen oldukça geniş olabilecek bir tarzda "bir canlının geçici yahut daimi olarak diğer bir canlının vücudu içinde veya üzerinde yaşayıp beslendiği iki hayvan arasındaki birlik" şeklinde ifade edilir (Kreier ve Baker, 1987). Bu tanım memeli embriyosu yahut fötusunu da kapsar ve anne-fötus arasındaki bu birliktelik oldukça nadir olan bir olayın, Tür içi (İntraspesifik) Parazitizm'in bir örneği olarak kabul edilir. Tür içi Parazitizme ilişkin diğer bazı örnekler, belli kabuklular (Crustacea)'ın örneğin Balanus cinsinin ve derin deniz balıkları (Fenerbalığı, Lophius cinsi)'nın ektoparazitik erkekleri tarafından sergilenir. Buna uygun olarak farklı türlere dahil hayvanlar arasındaki parazitliğe ise Türler arası (İnterspesifik) Parazitizm olarak bakılabilir. Parazitlik dendiği zaman daha çok farklı türden olan canlılar arasında gelişen bu tip parazitizm akla gelir (Storer ve Ark., 1979). Zoolojik parazitizm tanımında yer alan "beslenmek" sözcüğü ihtiyatlı bir kullanımdır. Bir canlının, farklı ve belirli bir türden diğer bir canlının vücudunda herhangi bir beslenme olayı olmadan, sadece bir yerden diğer bir yere taşınımın gerçekleştiği ve bu amaç için diğerine zorunlu bağımlılığın söz konusu olduğu birliktelikler Forezi (Phoresis, Phoresy) (Yunanca Phero=taşımaktan kökenlenir), taşınım için zorunlu bağımlılığın söz konusu olmadığı ve taşınımın başka türden
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