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Tithonia (Asteraceae) in Nigeria

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Tithonia (Asteraceae) in Nigeria Ife Journal of Science vol. 13, no. 1 (2011) 1 TITHONIA (ASTERACEAE) IN NIGERIA Omotoye Olorode*, Sekinat O. Hassan**, Olajumoke A. Olabinjo** and Idris O. Raimi** **Department of Botany, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife. *Department of Biological Sciences, University of Abuja, Abuja & (Received: February, 2011; Accepted: April, 2011) ABSTRACT The distribution of Tithonia rotundifolia and T. disversifolia in Nigeria is circumscribed. While the former is an annual widespread from the forest borders to the southern limits of Sahel Savana, the latter is perennial occurring only as small populations except around Jos metropolis where it tends to be invasive. T. rotundifolia is propagated by seeds while T. diversifolia reproduces exclusively vegetatively. The two taxa are morphologically distinct as they differ with respect to longevity, the size of their capitula and ray florets, the structures of their peduncles, and the shape of their phyllaries; the outermost series of phyllaries are also hairy in T. rotundifolia but glabrous in T. diversifolia. Tithonia rotundifolia is much more variable regarding branching patterns, ligule size and even ray floret colour; a red ray population is encountered around Jos almost as an endemic. This study confirms the chromosome number of n=17 in Tithonia but raises questions as to whether exclusion of polyploidy in the speciation of Tithonia is fully justified. There is no cytological evidence from microsporogenesis to implicate meiotic irregularities in the seed-sterility of T. Diversifolia. Keywords: Tithonia, Annual, Perennial, Speciation INTRODUCTION Tithonia diversifolia, however, is encountered largely In the best known revision of the genus Tithonia as populations of mostly restricted sizes on Desf. Ex Gmelin, La Duke (1982) recognized roadsides and open locations from the forest- eleven species and thirteen taxa in which he savanna borders to Jos Plateau where it shows, recognized two sections: section Tithonia and curiously, invasive characteristics and occurs as section Mirasolia (Sch.-Bip in Seemann) La Duke. extensive populations in abandoned spaces in Jos Section Tithonia comprises three series: Series metropolis and its outskirts (Adebowale and Tithonia with four species, series Fruticosae La Olorode, 2005; Figure 1) Duke with two species and series Grandiflorae La Isawumi (1996) addressed the taxonomic Duke with two species. problems relating to wrong identification of The only two species found in Nigeria today Tithonia diverisifolia and T. rotundifolia leading to and studies on which are reported in this circumscription of the two species as one i.e. T. contribution, Tithonia diversifolia (Helmsl.) A. Gray diversifolia. Using what he called floral and T. rotundifolia (Miller) S.F. Blake were assigned microcharacters and certain capitula characters in La Duke (1982) to series Grandiflorae and series such as number of ray florets and disk florets, he Tithonia respectively. The genus Tithonia has its delimited the two species unambiguously. More center of origin in Mexico and Central America. recently, Moughalu and Chuba (2005) reported Tithonia rotundifolia is the type species of the genus their studies (in Zambia) on seed germination and but T. diversifolia is the most widespread having reproductive strategies in T. diversifolia and T. been cultivated in Asia, Africa, Australia and rotundifolia with data on reproductive attributes North America where it has escaped (La Duke, (number of capitula per plant, number of seeds 1982). per capitula and number of seeds per plant) and In Nigeria, Tithonia rotundifolia is the widespread allocation of dry matter to different structures species having colonized roadsides, waste places, (reproductive tissue, stem and total above-ground fallow land and disturbed open spaces like tissue). In respect of Muoghalu and Chuba's abandoned construction sites etc. and displacing reports cited earlier, the significant point was traditional weedy species like Chromolaena odorata made that T. diversifolia produces viable seeds in and Panicum maximum (Adebowale and Olorode, Zambia and that, indeed, it has a high 2005). reproductive and greater invasive potential than T. 2 Olorode et al.: Tithonia (Asteraceae) in Nigieria rotundifolia. Arising from the observations in deposited in the herbaria at the University of Adebowale and Olorode's (2005) studies, more Abuja, Abuja and Obafemi Awolowo University, extensive collections and studies of T. diversifolia Ile-Ife. and T. rotundifolia became imperative. The results of these studies are reported in this paper. RESULTS AND OBSERVATIONS Distribution of the Two Species in Nigeria MATERIALS AND METHODS The distribution of Tithonia rotundifolia and T. Three forms of Tithonia rotundifolia (standard diversifolia is already addressed under yellow, woody yellow and red ray) were analysed in “Introduction” above and illustrated in Figure 1. this study. Standard yellow (RS) seedlings were It is left to emphasise that in Nigeria, T. rotundifolia transplanted into our experimental plot near the is the definitive invasive species while T. diversifolia Screen House of the Department of Botany at is encountered mostly as small populations except Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife (OAU). around Jos (Plateau State) metropolis and its The form referred to as woody yellow T. suburb where it shows definitive invasive rotundifolia (RW) was a lone plant recovered from characteristic. The red-ray form of Tithonia the large population of RW; it was unique because rotundifolia is encountered nowadays only around it survived one full dry season without any human Jos metropolis (as an escape) although one of us intervention. The red ray (RR) T. rotundifolia was (Olorode) remembers that the form used to be a from seeds collected from waste places in Jos common annual ornamental (along with species metropolis, sown in seed boxes and then of Zinnia) in school gardens in South Western transplanted into the experimental plot (as above). Nigeria in the 1950s and 1960s. Tithonia diversifolia (YD) were clones from waste places around Jos and around Obafemi Awolowo Annuality and Perenniality, Branching University; the cuttings were planted in the Patterns, Leaf Forms and Pigmentation of experimental plot (as above). Main-Veins Measurements (thirty measurements for each Tithonia rotundifolia (yellow and red ray flowers) character) of various ray and achene characters is preponderantly annual. However, a single plant were made (in cm) while awn lengths were was found among the yellow-ray population measured (in mm) in the various collections; the which is distinctly, woody and which survived the means and standard deviations of the dry season into the following raining season. This measurements were recorded. A general check of woody-yellow form was accidentally lost before stainability of pollen grains was carried out on seeds could be harvested from it. However, T. each collection by applying cotton-blue-in- diversifolia is perennial. While T. rotundifolia lactophenol stains to samples of pollen dust reproduces from seeds copiously produced, T. deposited on glass slides and covering the diversifolia is seed sterile thus spreading only specimens with cover slips. The specimens were through segments of stems arising from slashing. then examined under light microscope at X400. Pollen grain studies showed that both species are Mitotic and meiotic studies were carried out on consistently pollen-fertile. some of the specimens using standard squash Branching may be monopodial leading to techniques for root tips and disk florets at determinate capitulum production on the main appropriate stages (Olorode, 1974; Olorode and axis or determinate capitulum production in Morakinyo, 1978). Photomicrographs were taken lateral branches as in Figure 2A:a. This general under phase contrast from appropriate mitotic and pattern in T. rotundifolia seemed to be affected by meiotic cells. the degree of “crowding” in populations of T. Line drawings were made to illustrate gross rotundifolia. Sympodial branching leading to habit, disposition of capitula, leaf and indeterminate capitula production is typical in T. characteristics of main veins, capitula diversifolia but it is also encountered in both the characteristics and characteristics of ray flowers, yellow- and red-ray T. rotundifolia as especially in disk flowers, paleas and achenes. Photographs of the perennial woody yellow T. rotundifolia (Figure capitula were also taken with a digital camera to 2A:b). illustrate variations in size and colour of ray Leaves are generally stiffer and less hairy in T. flowers. diversifolia than in T. rotundifolia. The general Voucher specimens were prepared and they will be patterns of dissection and lobbing are more or Olorode et al.: Tithonia (Asteraceae) in Nigieria 3 T. diversifolia T. rotundifolia FIG . 1: Distribution Pattern of Tithonia Species in Nigeria a a1 b c a c b A B d e a a c b b c e d d C 5cm D Figure 2: Branching Patterns and Leaf Characteristics in Tithonia rotundifolia and Tithonia diversifolia. A. Monopodial (a;a1) and sympodial (b) branching and patter ns of capitula production in Tithonia collections B. Shape dissection, margins and extension of blade on the petiole in Tithonia rotundifolia; a,b,c: degrees of dissection in mature leaves; a is more prevalent in young plants; blade extends more than two-thirds down the petiole. C. Shape dissection margins, and extension of blade on the petiole in Tithonia diversifolia, a: Fully-developed leaves at flowering,
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