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Emergy Analysis of Tidal Freshwater Marsh and Mudflat Sportfish Communities on Anacostia River, Washington, D.C

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Emergy Analysis of Tidal Freshwater Marsh and Mudflat Sportfish Communities on Anacostia River, Washington, D.C EMERGY SYNTHESIS 5: Theory and Applications of the Emergy Methodology Proceedings from the Fifth Biennial Emergy Conference, Gainesville, Florida Edited by Mark T. Brown University of Florida Gainesville, Florida Managing Editor Sharlynn Sweeney University of Florida Gainesville, Florida Associate Editors Daniel E. Campbell US EPA Narragansett, Rhode Island Shu-Li Huang National Taipei University Taipei, Taiwan Enrique Ortega State University of Campinas Campinas, Brazil Torbjorn Rydberg Centre for Sustainable Agriculture Uppsala, Sweden David Tilley University of Maryland College Park, Maryland Sergio Ulgiati Parthenope University of Napoli Napoli, Italy December 2009 The Center for Environmental Policy Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences University of Florida Gainesville, FL ii 11 Emergy Analysis of Tidal Freshwater Marsh and Mudflat Sportfish Communities on Anacostia River, Washington, D.C. Peter I. May and Patrick C. Kangas ABSTRACT The ecological role of tidal freshwater marshes as important fish spawning and nursery habitat has been studied, although fish utilization of associated intertidal mudflats have not been as extensively investigated. Using the same sampling methodology, fish surveys of three separate areas of the Anacostia River in Washington, D.C. were conducted using a boat based electrofishing unit. The sportfish utilization of an area of expansive intertidal mudflats is compared to that of a restored emergent marsh and that of nearby mature emergent marsh. The annual production of sportfish biomass from each system was estimated and converted to emergy and emdollar equivalents. While the mudflat survey areas were dominated by bullhead catfishes (Ictaluridae), the restored and mature emergent marsh survey areas supported greater numbers of piscivorous fish from the families Moronidae and Centrarchidae. The fisheries emergy analysis provided for an interesting dilemma in that the mudflat system devoid of any emergent vegetation produced greater total annual sportfish biomass emergy than either the restored or mature marsh systems, due entirely to the contributions of catfish which are considered gamefish in D.C. While the restored and mature marsh systems both supported catfish, their sportfish communities were more balanced in terms of species, numbers and biomass. From an emergy perspective, the mudflat system provided more sportfishery emergy and economic emdollar potential than that of the two marsh systems. INTRODUCTION Tidal freshwater marshes are important spawning, nursery and feeding habitat for numerous resident freshwater, estuarine, anadromous, semi-anadromous and catadromous species of fish (W.E. Odum et al., 1984; Mitsch and Gosselink, 2000; Rozas and Odum, 1987), with estuarine and coastal marshes in general considered critical to the support of fishery stocks (Boesch and Turner, 1984; Deegan, 1993; Mitsch and Gosselink, 2000). Improvement of the fishery is often an argument for the restoration of emergent marsh habitat (Able et al., 2000; Mitsch and Gosselink, 2000; Zedler, 2001). A major pathway for the transfer of energy from lower to higher trophic levels in wetlands is made through fish (Smith et al., 2000; Van Engel and Joseph, 1968) which are then as a “fishery” the link to the human social and economic system (Bahr et al., 1982; Martin, 2002). In the restoration of natural systems, the comparison of production exports with the resulting changes in energy signatures from an existing, pre-restored condition to a restored condition are rarely undertaken (Kangas, 2004; H.T. Odum, 1996; W.E. Odum et al., 1984). While economic analyses recognize monetary values, they typically do not incorporate or greatly underestimate the value of natural environmental inputs and exports due to the lack of a direct monetary valuation for natural services (Odum, 2001). An emergy analysis and the application of an emdollar ratio is used in converting emergy flow to a common monetary amount, which is useful when translating natural products or services which are not often given an economic value, to that which can be related to the 115 human economy (Odum, 1996; 2001). The value of large scale environmental restoration projects to the human economy and society, such as improved fisheries production, is worth a detailed systems level investigation to advance the understanding of some of the results of restoration (Kangas, 2004; Mitsch and Jorgensen, 2004; H.T. Odum, 1996; W.E. Odum et al., 1984). One system that is under-represented in the ecological literature is the freshwater intertidal mudflat which is often associated with adjacent marshes. The ecological role of freshwater tidal mudflats may be more complex than a casual observation may suggest (Peterson, 1981). Diaz and Boesch (1977) mentioned that freshwater tidal flat benthic fauna appeared to be a significant contributor to the diets of benthic feeding fishes, with implications for higher trophic level consumers (May, 2007). W.E. Odum and associates (1984), some of the first to extensively study tidal fresh marshes from a whole systems perspective, believed at the time that "the knowledge of energy flow in tidal freshwater wetlands is almost totally speculative." Tidal freshwater marsh restoration efforts on Anacostia River in Washington, D.C. between 1993 and 2003 have converted most expansive mudflat areas to emergent marsh utilizing dredge spoil deposited on the mudflats to raise sediment elevations to a point suitable for emergent macrophyte growth (USACE, 1993). The mudflat system in the District of Columbia has not been historically well studied and there may be some species, energy flow pathways, nutrient processing or other functions and values that have not yet been defined (May, 2007). As a part of a larger study of the ecological role of tidal freshwater mudflats with respect to emergent marshes, fish surveys were conducted of a newly restored emergent marsh, a mature emergent marsh, and several intertidal mudflats to compare the relative utilization of those areas by different species of fish. An analysis of the sportfish emergy supported by each of these systems was also developed as part of a larger emergy assessment of mudflat and restored emergent marsh systems (May, 2007). The family of bullhead catfish (Ictaluridae) are considered to be commercially important, and for the many anglers, an important gamefish (Rohde et al., 1994). While there is no commercial fishing allowed in District waters for any species, individual anglers are generally free to fish with a District fishing license. Catfish are bottom dwelling omnivorous fish and they come into close contact with riverine sediments. In the Anacostia River, bottom sediments in several locations were found to be contaminated to different degrees by location by PCBs, PAHs, chlordane, DDTs, and several heavy metals (Velinsky et al., 1997). Due to this acknowledged contamination and the findings of elevated levels of many of these contaminants in catfish tissue (Velinsky and Cummins, 1996), the D.C. Department of Health, Environmental Health Administration imposed a public health advisory on their consumption in the city that had been in effect for over a decade (Byers, 2005). Potomac River commercial and hook and line catfish harvests for Maryland and Virginia were almost 200,000 lbs in 2000, yet dropped to over 1,500 lbs in 2004 and 550 lbs in 2005 (Potomac River Fisheries Commission statistics, 2007 personal communication). This is likely due to the extension of a fishery advisory for catfish to these downriver portions of the Potomac by their resource management agencies. A shoreline angler fishery survey conducted in 2004 by the Government of the District of Columbia, Fisheries and Wildlife Management Division, found that of the anglers surveyed, about 19% had caught catfish and that the fish species (family) favored by the anglers was 48% catfish (Byers, 2005). The same survey estimated the annual angler catch of all gamefish in the District to be approximately 909kg, of which about 400kg (44%) were estimated to be catfish. Despite the public health advisory, its seems that catfish are an important gamefish to District anglers. An emergy analysis of the fisheries production exports that result from the Kingman marsh restoration is detailed for the purposes of determining the relative net value and benefits of emergent marsh restoration to the District of Columbia’s fisheries. The economic importance of the District’s fishery is conservatively estimated at $1.35 million annually for 2004 (May, 2007). Determining the net benefit of environmental restoration in terms of emergy and its translation to economic equivalents in emdollars is seen as a way to inform management policy, at least in this analysis as it relates to the District’s economically and culturally significant sportfishery (Byers, 2005; Cummins and Rockland, 1987). 116 METHODS Study Area Descriptions The study areas (Kenilworth Marsh, Dueling Creek Marsh and Kingman Marsh) are located on the Anacostia River in Washington, D.C. (38° 54' N, 76° 56' W). The river is completely freshwater with a tidal amplitude of approximately 1.0 m. The marsh and mudflat study areas are situated immediately adjacent to the mainstem Anacostia River on its east and west sides approximately 11 km upriver of its confluence with the Potomac River. Kenilworth Marsh, a 31 ha emergent tidal marsh is located within the U.S. National Park Service’s Kenilworth Park and Aquatic Gardens on the Washington, D.C – Maryland border.
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