DOCSLIB.ORG

New Approaches to Understanding the Role and Effect of UK Party Leaders in General Elections

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
New Approaches to Understanding the Role and Effect of UK Party Leaders in General Elections How leaders matter: new approaches to understanding the role and effect of UK party leaders in general elections Thesis submitted in accordance with the requirements of the University of Liverpool for the degree of Doctor in Philosophy by Peter Andersen. October 2020 Table of Contents List of Figures ........................................................................................................................... 3 List of Tables ............................................................................................................................ 5 Abstract .................................................................................................................................... 6 Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................. 8 Chapter 1 : Introduction ........................................................................................................... 9 Chapter 2 : Reviewing the Literature on Leaders: Evaluations, Elections and Effects ........... 23 Chapter 3 : Research Design, Methods and Approach ........................................................... 59 Chapter 4 : Fluid or Stable? Leadership Evaluations During a Turbulent Period of British Politics (2014-17) ................................................................................................................... 85 Chapter 5 : Party Leaders and Campaigns: Masters of Persuasion? .................................... 126 Chapter 6 : From Footnotes to Headliners: UK Party Leaders on Election Night ................. 176 Chapter 7 : Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 214 Bibliography ......................................................................................................................... 227 List of Sources for BBC Election Night Broadcasts ............................................................... 245 Research Methods Appendix ............................................................................................... 248 Model Output Appendix ...................................................................................................... 280 2 List of Figures Figure 3.1: Visualisation of the Structure of an Example Path Model ................................... 74 Figure 3.2: Visualisation of Indirect and Direct Effects in Path Models ................................. 74 Figure 3.3: Visualisation of a Multilevel Model Structure ...................................................... 75 Figure 3.4: Machine Learning Approach Flow Chart .............................................................. 78 Figure 4.1: Average Like-Dislike Scores (0-10) for Conservative, Labour, Liberal Democrat and UKIP Leaders in Waves 1-13 of BESIP, February 2014 – June 2017 ....................................... 98 Figure 4.2: Absolute Average Change in Individual Like/Dislike Evaluations of Conservative, Labour, Liberal Democrat and UKIP Leaders in Waves 1-13 of BESIP, February 2014 – June 2017 ....................................................................................................................................... 99 Figure 4.3: Change in Like/Dislike Evaluations During a 'Normal' Wave With No Leadership Change ................................................................................................................................. 102 Figure 4.4: Change in Like/Dislike Evaluations During 'Transition' Waves With Leadership Change ................................................................................................................................. 104 Figure 4.5: Diagram of Conservative Path Model Coefficients (Waves 1-4) ........................ 107 Figure 4.6: Diagram of Labour Path Model Coefficients (Waves 1-4) .................................. 107 Figure 4.7: Diagram of Liberal Democrat Path Model Coefficients (Waves 1-4) .................. 108 Figure 4.8: Diagram of UKIP Path Model Coefficients (Waves 1-4) ...................................... 109 Figure 4.9: Diagram of Conservative Path Model Coefficients (Waves 7-10) ...................... 110 Figure 4.10: Diagram of Labour Path Model Coefficients (Waves 4-7) ................................ 111 Figure 4.11: Diagram of Liberal Democrat Path Model Coefficients (Waves 4-7) ................ 111 Figure 4.12: Diagram of UKIP Path Model Coefficients (Waves 7-10) .................................. 112 Figure 4.13: Wave Level Effects on Party Leader Evaluation Change .................................. 116 Figure 5.1: Machine Learning Approach Flow Chart ............................................................ 133 Figure 5.2: Campaign Vote Intention and Leadership Evaluations for Labour and the Conservatives ....................................................................................................................... 137 Figure 5.3: Campaign Vote Intention and Leadership Evaluations (Very Strong Party Identifiers Only) ................................................................................................................... 138 Figure 5.4: Campaign Vote intention and Leadership Evaluations (No Party Identification Only) ..................................................................................................................................... 140 Figure 5.5: Change in Leadership Evaluations (2015 & 2017), Split by Partisan Groups ...... 142 Figure 5.6: Example Confusion Matrix and Model Performance Measures ........................ 144 Figure 5.7: Percentage of Correctly Classified Vote Choice (2015) ...................................... 146 Figure 5.8: Percentage of Correctly Classified Vote Choice (2017) ...................................... 146 Figure 5.9: Range of Predicted Values in Voting Conservative at the 2017 General Election ............................................................................................................................................. 159 Figure 5.10: Range of Predicted Values in Voting Labour at the 2017 General Election ..... 159 Figure 5.11: Predicted Values of Voting Conservative at the 2015 General Election .......... 161 Figure 5.12: Distribution of Predicted Values in Voting Labour at the 2015 General Election ............................................................................................................................................. 161 Figure 5.13: Flow of the ‘Goldilocks’ Vote (2015), Pre-Campaign Vote Intention to Actual General Election Vote Choice ............................................................................................... 171 Figure 5.14: Flow of the ‘Goldilocks’ Vote (2017), Pre-Campaign Vote Intention to Actual General Election Vote Choice ............................................................................................... 173 Figure 6.1: Percentage of Spoken Words of Overall Coverage about Party Leaders (First Hour of Coverage) ......................................................................................................................... 185 3 Figure 6.2: Percentage of Spoken Words Relating to Party Leader Interviews or Describing the Whereabouts of Leaders (First Hour of Coverage) ........................................................ 186 Figure 6.3: Percentage of Spoken Words Discussing Party Leaders (First Hour of Coverage) ............................................................................................................................................. 191 Figure 6.4: Comments and Questions related to Campaign performance 1955-2017 ........ 194 Figure 6.5: Negative and Positive Assessments of Party Leaders’ Personality and Leadership Abilities 1955-2017 .............................................................................................................. 197 Figure 6.6: Praise and Blame of Party Leaders for Election Result (1955-2017) .................. 205 Research Methods Appendix Figure A1: Visualisation of Indirect and Direct Effects in Path Models ................................................................................................................................. 251 Research Methods Appendix Figure A2: Machine Learning Flow Chart with Annotations . 256 Research Methods Appendix Figure C3: Coding Hierarchy .................................................. 269 Research Methods Appendix Figure C4: Summary of Themes for Chapter 6 of Election Night Broadcasts ............................................................................................................................ 271 4 List of Tables Table 3.1: British Election Study Internet Panel (W1-W13) Fieldwork Information .............. 70 Table 4.1: British Election Study Internet Panel Fieldwork – Leadership Change Information ............................................................................................................................................... 94 Table 4.2: Percentage of Panel Recording No Change in Leadership Evaluations ............... 101 Table 4.3: R-Squared Estimates for each ‘Typical’ and ‘Transition’ Models ........................ 113 Table 4.4 Full Multilevel Model for Absolute Change in Leadership Evaluation .................. 119 Table 5.1: Variables used in each Lasso model in predicting vote intention ....................... 143 Table 5.2: Labour Vote Choice (2015) - LASSO Model Coefficients ..................................... 150 Table 5.3: Conservative Vote Choice (2015) - LASSO Model
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Bias at the Beeb?
    Pointmaker BIAS AT THE BEEB? A QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF SLANT IN BBC ONLINE REPORTING OLIVER LATHAM SUMMARY This paper uses objective, quantitative of coverage by the BBC than is coverage in methods, based on the existing academic The Daily Telegraph. literature on media bias, to look for evidence Once we control for coverage of a think-tank of slant in the BBC’s online reporting. in The Guardian, the number of hits a think- These methods minimise the need for tank received in The Daily Telegraph has no subjective judgements of the content of the statistically significant correlation with its BBC’s news output to be made. As such, they coverage by the BBC. are less susceptible to accusations of This paper then looks at the “health partiality on the part of the author than many warnings” given to think-tanks of different previous studies. ideological persuasions when they are The paper first examines 40 think-tanks mentioned on the BBC website. which the BBC cited online between 1 June It finds that right-of-centre think-tanks are far 2010 and 31 May 2013 and compares the more likely to receive health warnings than number of citations to those of The Guardian their left-of-centre counterparts (the former and The Daily Telegraph newspapers. received health warnings between 23% and In a statistical sense, the BBC cites these 61% of the time while the latter received think-tanks “more similarly” to that of The them between 0% and 12% of the time). Guardian than that of The Daily Telegraph.
    [Show full text]
  • 'Pinkoes Traitors'
    ‘PINKOES AND TRAITORS’ The BBC and the nation, 1974–1987 JEAN SEATON PROFILE BOOKS First published in Great Britain in !#$% by Pro&le Books Ltd ' Holford Yard Bevin Way London ()$* +,- www.pro lebooks.com Copyright © Jean Seaton !#$% The right of Jean Seaton to be identi&ed as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright Designs and Patents Act $++/. All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission of both the copyright owner and the publisher of this book. A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN +4/ $ /566/ 545 6 eISBN +4/ $ /546% +$6 ' All reasonable e7orts have been made to obtain copyright permissions where required. Any omissions and errors of attribution are unintentional and will, if noti&ed in writing to the publisher, be corrected in future printings. Text design by [email protected] Typeset in Dante by MacGuru Ltd [email protected] Printed and bound in Britain by Clays, Bungay, Su7olk The paper this book is printed on is certi&ed by the © $++6 Forest Stewardship Council A.C. (FSC). It is ancient-forest friendly. The printer holds FSC chain of custody SGS-COC-!#6$ CONTENTS List of illustrations ix Timeline xvi Introduction $ " Mrs Thatcher and the BBC: the Conservative Athene $5
    [Show full text]
  • 11 October 2019 Page 1 of 15 SATURDAY 05 OCTOBER 2019 Fans Helps Explain the Current State of Politics
    Radio 4 Listings for 5 – 11 October 2019 Page 1 of 15 SATURDAY 05 OCTOBER 2019 fans helps explain the current state of politics. Editor: Eleanor Garland SAT 00:00 Midnight News (m0008y9h) Penny is an academic and a serial fan - covering everything National and international news from BBC Radio 4 from David Bowie to Ed Balls. And in this energetic and witty SAT 10:30 The Kitchen Cabinet (m00092tc) talk Penny argues that many of the characteristics of fandom Series 26 elsewhere - a rich interest, a wish to protect the sanctity of the SAT 00:30 Margaret Thatcher: Herself Alone (m0008y7r) fandom, and a refusal to tolerate criticism - also mark politics Isle of Wight Episode 5 and political fans, whatever side they're on. And that understanding politics in this way may help us understand it Jay Rayner and his panel are on the Isle of Wight. Polly Russell, How did Margaret Thatcher both change and divide Britain? better. Tim Hayward, Paula McIntyre and Tim Anderson answer the How did her model of combative female leadership help shape culinary questions from the audience. the way we live now? How did the woman who won the Cold Producer: Giles Edwards War and three general elections in succession find herself This week the panellists offer ideas for blackberries, suggest a pushed out by her own MPs? foolproof way to flip an omelette and discuss cheese soufflé. SAT 06:00 News and Papers (m00092t1) Charles Moore’s full account, based on unique access to The latest news headlines. Including the weather and a look at David Redup of Grace's bakery joins the panel with Bird's Margaret Thatcher herself, her papers, and her closest the papers.
    [Show full text]
  • And Fringe Parties
    The University of Manchester Research 'Third' and fringe parties Document Version Accepted author manuscript Link to publication record in Manchester Research Explorer Citation for published version (APA): Morgan, K. (2018). 'Third' and fringe parties. In D. Brown, G. Pentland, & R. Crowcroft (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Modern British Political History, 1800-2000 (Oxford Handbooks). Oxford University Press. Published in: The Oxford Handbook of Modern British Political History, 1800-2000 Citing this paper Please note that where the full-text provided on Manchester Research Explorer is the Author Accepted Manuscript or Proof version this may differ from the final Published version. If citing, it is advised that you check and use the publisher's definitive version. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the Research Explorer are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Takedown policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please refer to the University of Manchester’s Takedown Procedures [http://man.ac.uk/04Y6Bo] or contact [email protected] providing relevant details, so we can investigate your claim. Download date:27. Sep. 2021 ‘Third’ and fringe parties Kevin Morgan As for the first time in the 1950s millions gathered round their television sets on election night, a new device was unveiled to picture for them the way that things were going. This was the famous swingometer, affably manipulated by Canadian pundit Bob McKenzie, and it represented the contest of Britain’s two great tribes of Labour and Conservatives as a simple oscillating movement between one election and another.
    [Show full text]
  • Impartiality at the BBC? an Investigation Into the Background and Claims of Stuart Prebble's 'Independent Assessment for the BBC Trust'
    Impartiality at the BBC? An investigation into the background and claims of Stuart Prebble's 'Independent Assessment for the BBC Trust' David Keighley and Andrew Jubb April 2014 Civitas: Institute for the Study of Civil Society Impartiality at the BBC? • 1 David Keighley has worked in the media for most of his career. A graduate of Emmanuel College, Cambridge, where he worked on the university newspaper, Varsity, he was a reporter on the Wakefield Express and The Evening Gazette, Middlesbrough. He worked for the BBC for seven years, rising to become television news and current affairs television publicity officer with responsibility for all the corporation’s highest-profile programmes in that domain. He was controller of public affairs at the breakfast channel TV-am from 1985- 92, where he was in charge of all aspects of the £100m company’s public profile, including editorial compliance. From 1993 to the present, he has worked as a media business development consultant, and his clients have ranged from Reuters Television to Channel Nine, Australia. He was the originator and director of News World, the world’s first international conference for news broadcasters and founded Newswatch in 1999. Andrew Jubb read English and Media studies at Sussex University, with a strong focus on media bias, politics and representation. He has worked for Newswatch since its inception in 1999. He has overseen more than 6,000 hours of broadcast media monitoring, and conducted extended analyses of the tabloid and broadsheet press. He has co-authored more than 30 Newswatch reports and has provided statistical evidence for papers published by the CPS and Migration Watch.
    [Show full text]
  • Mind the Gap: How the Ethnic Minority Vote Cost Theresa May Her Majority
    Mind the gap: How the ethnic minority vote cost Theresa May her majority Sunder Katwala and Steve Ballinger September 2017 Published September 2017 by: British Future Kean House 6 Kean Street London WC2B 4AS Authors: Sunder Katwala and Steve Ballinger Editor: Steve Ballinger Design: Laura Dias Additional research by Laura Dias About British Future: British Future is an independent, non-partisan thinktank engaging people’s hopes and fears about integration and migration, opportunity and identity, so that we share a confident and welcoming Britain, inclusive and fair to all. www.britishfuture.org Tel. +44 (0)20 7632 9069 Twitter: @BritishFuture 2 British Future / Mind the gap: How the ethnic minority vote cost Theresa May her majority Contents 1. Introduction: Mind the gap 4 2. The 2017 General Election: how much is known about the ethnic minority vote? 8 3. How the ethnic vote gap influenced the 2017 General Election outcome 11 4. Block vote or up for grabs? Are ethnic minority voters becoming floating voters? 16 5. Who are the different ethnic minority voter ‘tribes’? 21 6. Conclusion: The One Nation challenge 24 Notes 30 About British Future 31 3 British Future / Mind the gap: How the ethnic minority vote cost Theresa May her majority 1. Introduction: Mind the gap Theresa May called the snap General Election of June 2017 intending to increase the Conservative majority in the House of Commons. The plan failed: the Conservatives failed to gain most of the seats that they were targeting in England and Wales, and suffered unexpected losses to the Labour Party. The Conservatives went into the General Election with 330 seats and a working majority of 17 seats; they came out of it with just 318 seats, 8 seats short of a majority at all.
    [Show full text]
  • Newsreaders As Eye Candy: the Hidden Agenda of Public Service Broadcasting
    Page 92 Journalism Education Volume 1 number 1 Newsreaders as eye candy: the hidden agenda of public service broadcasting Claire Wolfe and Dr. Barbara Mitra Worcester University Abstract: Television news adds to the wider discourses that permeate society about feminine beauty. Women still face much greater pressure than men regarding their physical appearance and body image. How they look mat- ters, especially with regards to newsreaders and broad- casters. We investigated the opinions of journalists and audiences about the appearance of women newsreaders and found that physical appearance plays a significant role for female presenters. Also, our research suggests that where women are glamorised they are belittled in terms of intelligence and their abilities. The audience for television news are aware of the narrow versions of beau- ty that are being presented and note that they would like to see more diverse representations of women reading the news. Keywords: newsreaders, gender, sexualisation, age, representation, beauty, television news, discourse. Aims This study investigates the physical appearance of male and female newsreaders in Eng- land with reference to age, credibility and industry response. We argue that television news implicitly promotes stereotypical physical attractiveness, particularly for women. Recent research demonstrates that television is still the main source of news for many older people (Clausen, 2004 cited in Weibel, Wissmath and Groner, 2008, p.466) and hence forms part of the discourses that permeate society (Giles, 2009, p.318). Women looking good Much has been written about the preoccupation with image for women in the media (see Downs and Har- rison, 1985; Demarest and Allen, 2005; Wykes and Gunter, 2005) and how these reinforce dominant dis- courses of beauty as well as patriarchal norms.
    [Show full text]
  • Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
    Wednesday Volume 598 15 July 2015 No. 34 HOUSE OF COMMONS OFFICIAL REPORT PARLIAMENTARY DEBATES (HANSARD) Wednesday 15 July 2015 £5·00 © Parliamentary Copyright House of Commons 2015 This publication may be reproduced under the terms of the Open Parliament licence, which is published at www.parliament.uk/site-information/copyright/. 873 15 JULY 2015 874 Angus Robertson (Moray) (SNP): The UK Government House of Commons are planning to restrict child benefit to two children for new parents. The Department for Work and Pensions Wednesday 15 July 2015 and Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs have in the Budget been asked to “develop protections for women who have a third child as a result The House met at half-past Eleven o’clock of rape, or other exceptional circumstances.” Can the Minister explain how that will work? PRAYERS Mr Gauke: The point I would make to the hon. Gentleman is that we think it is right that all families face the same situation, having to make choices bearing [MR SPEAKER in the Chair] in mind the financial consequences of the number of children they have. It is right that a regime is put in place for exceptional circumstances. If the hon. Gentleman Oral Answers to Questions does not want to restrict tax credits to two children per family in future, he will be able to bring in top-ups paid for by the Scottish taxpayer under the powers provided SCOTLAND in the Scotland Bill. Angus Robertson: Rape is one of the most serious The Secretary of State was asked— crimes and has one of the poorest clear-up rates.
    [Show full text]
  • The Educational Backgrounds of Leading Journalists
    The Educational Backgrounds of Leading Journalists June 2006 NOT FOR PUBLICATION BEFORE 00.01 HOURS THURSDAY JUNE 15TH 2006 1 Foreword by Sir Peter Lampl In a number of recent studies the Sutton Trust has highlighted the predominance of those from private schools in the country’s leading and high profile professions1. In law, we found that almost 70% of barristers in the top chambers had attended fee-paying schools, and, more worryingly, that the young partners in so called ‘magic circle’ law firms were now more likely than their equivalents of 20 years ago to have been independently-educated. In politics, we showed that one third of MPs had attended independent schools, and this rose to 42% among those holding most power in the main political parties. Now, with this study, we have found that leading news and current affairs journalists – those figures who are so central in shaping public opinion and national debate – are more likely than not to have been to independent schools which educate just 7% of the population. Of the top 100 journalists in 2006, 54% were independently educated an increase from 49% in 1986. Not only does this say something about the state of our education system, but it also raises questions about the nature of the media’s relationship with society: is it healthy that those who are most influential in determining and interpreting the news agenda have educational backgrounds that are so different to the vast majority of the population? What is clear is that an independent school education offers a tremendous boost to the life chances of young people, making it more likely that they will attain highly in school exams, attend the country’s leading universities and gain access to the highest and most prestigious professions.
    [Show full text]
  • Protest Rally Planned to Say No to Housing
    downsmail.co.uk Maidstone East Edition Maidstone & Malling’s No. 1 newspaper Maidstone East Edition FREEdownsmail.co.uk Maidstone & Malling’s October 2017 No.No. 246 1 newspaper NewsFREE JanuaryPanto 2020 ahoy! Kate,No. 107, 273 dies THE cast of Cinderella, which is to be KATE Hart, a resident at an old staged at the Hazlitt Theatre in Maid- people’s home in Bearsted, stone, took to the River Medway to News has died aged 107, her son 3 launch this year's panto. David has disclosed. GoodOn board The report Kentish Lady were Izzy’s call-up THE Lenham School has national treasure Rustie Lee (Fairy TEENAGER Izzy Shelley, an In- Godmother),achieved a “good” former rating EastEnder by the Ste- MP’s Local Plan bid education watchdog Ofsted. victa Grammar pupil, has been fan Booth (Prince Charming), Eliza- HELEN Whately asked the The secondary, once the fail- called up to represent her beth Bright (Cinderella), Craig governmentcountry at hockey. to halt the à3 Andersoning Swadelands, (Buttons) is and,part ofpictured, the borough’s housing scheme. 4 StephenValley Invicta Richards Academies and Adam Trust Bor- zone(VIAT) (Ugly under Sisters) head . teacher Bishop Rose speaks ChrisThey Foreman. were greeted by pupils from PlansTHE new forBishop Dr of Nigel Dover has SouthSee pageBorough 6 for Primary full story. School and THEspoken widow for theof GP first Dr time Nigel Minnet members of the media. The panto willabout walk the the role. Grand à5 runs from December 1-31. For tick- Canyon for charity. 12 ets go to www.hazlitttheatre.co.uk.
    [Show full text]
  • Election Forecasting
    ORiON Volume 34 (2), pp. 83{106 ISSN 0259{191X (print) http://orion.journals.ac.za ISSN 2224{0004 (online) c 2018 From SA to the USA: Election forecasting JP Holloway∗ HW Ittmanny N Dudeni-Tlhonez PMU Schmitzx Received: 22 November 2017; Revised: 25 April 2018; Accepted: 11 May 2018 Abstract Elections draw enormous interest worldwide, especially if these involve major coun- tries, and there is much speculation in the media as to possible outcomes from these elections. In many of these recent elections, such as the UK and USA, however, fore- casts from market surveys, electoral polls, scientific forecasting models and even exit polls, obtained from voters as they leave the voting stations, failed to predict the correct outcome. Election night forecasts, which endeavour to forecast the ultimate result before the final outcome is known using early results, were also carried out, with some more accurate than others. After successfully predicting most of the metropolitan region results correctly in the South African local 2016 municipal elections, using an election night forecasting model developed for South Africa (SA), the question of adapting the model to work outside of SA on a different electoral system was raised. The focus of this paper is to describe the results obtained for the 2016 USA presidential election, on election night, using an adapted version of the SA model. This paper also addresses the applicability of the model assumptions as well as the data issues involved in forecasting outside of South Africa. It is shown that even with many hurdles experienced in the process the model performed relatively well.
    [Show full text]
  • Rallying Call to Protest at 28,000 Homes Plans
    Maidstone South Edition downsmail.co.uk Maidstone & Malling’s No. 1 newspaper FREE Christmas Edition 2019 No. 273 Panto stars News Busy Izzy’s call up AN INVICTA Grammar School light town student has been called up to THOUSANDS turned out to watch the England under 16 the county town's Christmas girls’ hockey squad. à3 lights being switched on. An estimated 5,000 converged 50 years of skills on Jubilee Square to watch the big moment and to listen to Ha- MAIDSTONE Roller Dance Club is zlitt panto star Jake Quickenden celebrating its 50-year sing live. anniversary. à6 l Full story, page 18 M&S store to open A NEW M&S store will open next year at the Eclipse retail park, off the M20 at Rallying call to protest junction seven. à8 The Queen in Kent HER Majesty the Queen has visted the Royal British Legion at 28,000 homes plans Industries’ village near Maidstone. à A MASS rally is being planned to highlight the growing “people’s 24 protest” against council plans for 28,000-plus homes in the borough. Parishes à33 Organisers are looking for a “opportunity sites” in the town back control. SOHL would like CLLR Paul Wooding has been venue to hold about 1,500 people, centre for 1,000 homes, including a concerned residents and action elected as chairman and Cllr where representatives hope to scheme to remove the war memo- groups to unite with us to put pres- Gary Butler as his vice chairman send a message to Liberal Demo- rial to make way for a 14-storey sure on elected representatives to of the parish council at Tovil; an crat-led Maidstone Borough Coun- block of flats.
    [Show full text]