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An Analysis of the Development of the Policy-Making Process in Relation to Bidding for Large Scale Sports Events in the UK

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An Analysis of the Development of the Policy-Making Process in Relation to Bidding for Large Scale Sports Events in the UK An analysis of the development of the policy-making process in relation to bidding for large scale sports events in the UK by Paul James Salisbury Doctoral Thesis Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Doctor of Philosophy of Loughborough University July 2013 © by Paul Salisbury (2013) CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY This is to certify that I am responsible for the work submitted in this thesis, that the original work is my own except as specified in acknowledgments or in footnotes, and that neither the thesis nor the original work contained therein has been submitted to this or any other institution for a degree. ……………………………………………. ( Signed ) ……………………………………………. ( Date) i Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to thank my supervisor, Professor Barrie Houlihan, for his support for this piece of work. I am hugely grateful for his kindness and much- needed succinct advice and constructive criticism. I have made several long-distance journeys to meet him for supervision meetings and left each one inspired and motivated. Thank you. I must also thank the two employers for whom I have worked during the completion of this thesis: the University of St. Mark and St. John and Leeds Trinity University. Their support has been both material, in terms of contributions towards my tuition fees, and also in the form of flexibility to allow me to devote time to this study. I also thank those colleagues to whom I have lectured, complained, or used to sound out my ideas. Finally, I would like to thank my family for their emotional, financial and all other support. In particular, to Carly for her understanding and the personal sacrifices she has made to join me on this journey and to my parents for creating an environment which valued education and also allowed me the freedom to follow my aspirations. ii Table of Contents CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY ......................................................................... i Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................... ii List of Figures and Tables .......................................................................................... vi Abstract ....................................................................................................................... vii Chapter One: Introduction ......................................................................................... 1 1.1 The Study ............................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Hosting Large Scale Sporting Events .................................................................. 2 1.2.1 Context .......................................................................................................... 2 1.2.2 Defining Large Scale Sporting Events .......................................................... 8 1.3 Chapter-by-Chapter Outline............................................................................... 10 Chapter Two: The development of a bidding strategy within UK sport policy: 1908 - 2013 .................................................................................................................. 13 2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 13 2.2 Periodisation and Path Dependency................................................................... 14 2.2.1 Periodisation ............................................................................................... 14 2.2.2 Path Dependency ........................................................................................ 17 2.3 Historical Context: bidding in the pre-sport policy era ..................................... 20 2.4 Sport Policy in the 1960s and 1970s .................................................................. 25 2.5 The 1980s: Economic Change, Los Angeles 1984 and Local Authority Restructuring. ........................................................................................................... 31 2.5.1 Sport Policy Context ................................................................................... 32 2.5.2 The BOA and bidding ................................................................................. 34 2.5.3 Sport and Economic Change ....................................................................... 35 2.5.4 Local authorities.......................................................................................... 37 2.6 The 1990s and beyond: The National Lottery and UK Sport ............................ 42 2.6.1 Sport Policy Context ................................................................................... 42 2.6.2 New Labour, Game Plan and bidding ........................................................ 46 2.6.3 UK Sport ..................................................................................................... 49 2.7 An International ‘Pull’ ....................................................................................... 51 2.8 Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 59 Chapter Three: Theoretical Frameworks ............................................................... 61 3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 61 3.2 The nature of power in policy-making............................................................... 63 3.3 Decision-making within policy analysis ............................................................ 69 3.4 Macro Level Policy Theory ............................................................................... 69 3.4.1 Pluralism ..................................................................................................... 69 iii 3.4.2 Marxism ...................................................................................................... 74 3.4.3 Corporatism................................................................................................. 79 3.5 Meso Level Policy Theory ................................................................................. 82 3.5.1 Policy Networks .......................................................................................... 83 3.5.2 Multiple Streams Framework ..................................................................... 86 3.5.3 Advocacy Coalition Framework ................................................................. 89 3.6 Theories of Local Governance: Regime Theory ................................................ 93 3.6.1 Urban Regimes............................................................................................ 94 3.6.2 Symbolic Regimes .................................................................................... 103 3.7 Conclusions ...................................................................................................... 104 Chapter Four: Methods ........................................................................................... 107 4.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 107 4.2 Ontology and Epistemology ............................................................................ 108 4.3 Methodology .................................................................................................... 112 4.4 Research Methods ............................................................................................ 114 4.4.1 Case Study Research Design .................................................................... 114 4.4.2 Interviews .................................................................................................. 118 4.4.3 Documentary Analysis .............................................................................. 123 4.5 Presentation of Results ..................................................................................... 127 4.6 Conclusion ....................................................................................................... 127 Chapter Five: The 1991 World Student Games, Sheffield. .................................. 129 5.1 The political context of Sheffield .................................................................... 130 5.2 A Pen Portrait of the World Student Games .................................................... 135 5.3 Agenda Setting ................................................................................................. 141 5.4 The Decision Making Process ......................................................................... 148 5.5 Relationships with other bodies ....................................................................... 156 5.6 Legacy in terms of decisions............................................................................ 161 5.7 Conclusions ...................................................................................................... 164 Chapter Six: Manchester’s Bid for the 2000 Olympic Games ............................. 168 6.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 168 6.2 The Political Context of Manchester ............................................................... 168 6.3 Manchester’s attempts at bidding for the Olympic Games .............................. 172 6.3.1 The Olympic Games ................................................................................
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