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Teelm.Iaia ]Aumal of Tel and Telegraph Carporati J;I1�©'1rIDJI�I1 oo���n�1rll©� Teelm.iaiA ]aumal ofthe 1*1'rWtiaRal Tel� and Telegraph Carporati� and Assa eia.te Compa.aitls COLO&.·TELETISION TRANSMITrER FOR 491 MEGACYCLE$ P SQUARE LOO S FOR FRlllQUENCY-MOOlJLATED BDOADCASTING TRIOD:il AMPLIFICATION FACTORS ATTENUATION AND Q FACTOR'S IN .WAVE. GUIDES PIEZfiELE£TRI£ SIIUTAl�l::ES RECENT TELE£0M.Ml1NICA'I'ION. DEVELOPMENTS DECEl\IBEB, 1946 VOL. 23 No.. 4 www.americanradiohistory.com ELECTRICAL COMMUNICATION Technical Journal of the INTERNATIONAL TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH CORPORATION and Associate Companies H. T. KoHLHAAS, Editor A F. J. M NN, Managing Editor H. P. WESTMAN, Associate Editor REGIONAL EDITORS E. G. PoRTS, Federal Telephone and Radio Corporation, Newark, New Jersey B. C. HoLDING, Standard Telephones and Cables, Ltd., London, England P. F. BouRGET, Laboratoire Central de Telecommunications, Paris, France H. B. Wooo, Standard Telephones and Cables Pty. Ltd., Sydney, Australia EDITORIAL BOARD H. Busignies H. H. Buttner G. Deakin E. M. Deloraine W. T. Gibson Sir Frank Gill W. Hatton E. Labin E. S. McLarn A. W. Montgomery Haraden Pratt G. Rabuteau F. X. Rettenmeyer T. R. Scott C. E. Strong E. N. Wendell W.K. Weston Published Quarterly by the INTERNATIONAL TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH CORPORATION 67 BROAD STREET, NEW YORK 4, N.Y., U.S.A. Sosthenes Behn, President Charles D. Hilles, Jr., Vice President and Secretary Subscription, $r.50 per year; single copies, 50 cents Copyrighted 1946 by International Telephone and Telegraph Corporation Volume 23 December, 1946 Number 4 CONTENTS PAGE FEDERAL TELEPHONE AND RADIO CORPORATION 377 . • . • . • • • • A HISTORICAL REVIEW: 1909-1946 By F. J. Mann COLOR-TELEVISION TRANSMITTER FOR 490 MEGACYCLES 406 By N. H. Young • • • • . • • • • • SQUARE LOOPS FOR FREQUENCY-MODULATED BROADCASTING AT 88-108 MEGACYCLES 415 By R. F. Lewis . • . • • • . • . • . • • • • . • • • • . • • • . • . • . TRIODE AMPLIFICATION FACTORS . 426 By J. H. Fremlin, R. N. Hall, • and• • • P.• • A.• . .Shatford . • • . • . ATTENUATION AND Q FACTORS IN VVAVE GUIDES 436 By A. G. Clavier ••••.........•. PIEZOELECTRIC SUBSTANCES 445 By M. Bruzait ••..•••....•••.•..•.•............ ELECTRON TRAJECTORIES IN A PLANE SINGLE-ANODE MAGNETRON -A GENERAL RESULT . 460 By L. Brillouin • . • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • . • • . • . SELENIUM RECTIFIERS FOR BROADCAST RADIO RECEIVERS 464 By Edward W. Chadwick . • . • SINGLE-UNIT RADIO EQUIPMENT FOR PASSENGER AND CARGO VESSELS 468 By W. J.••....•. Gillule .•.•••• , • • . • . • . • . • • • . • • . • MEASURING GRID PRIMARY EMISSION IN THERMIONIC vALVES 471 By A. H. Hooke ••. RECENT TELECOMMUNICATION DEVELOPMENTS 479 ••.•.•••.· • .•••.• CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS ISSUE 481 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • www.americanradiohistory.com Photo courtesy Radiation Laboratory, University of California. The illustration above shows the first giant cyclotron ever built. It was con­ structed under Dr. E. 0. Lawrence's direction at the University of California. When completed, it weighed 80 tons and employed a 65-ton magnet cast originally for a Federal 1000-kilowatt arc converter. At the left is shown a view of work being completed on two of the magnet castings in the Federal factory at Palo Alto, California, in 1921. The magnet fields were originally cast in 1918 for a World War I project stopped by the Armistice. They were later intended for a radio station in China. Japanese opposition prevented completion of the Chinese station. Dr. Leonard Fuller, while vice presi­ dent of Federal, learned of Dr. Law­ rence's need of a magnet for producing a practical cyclotron. Federal, conse­ quently, donated the casting to the University and also assisted in winding the magnet coils. Thus, to Federal's long history of scientific pioneering, can be added this contribution toward the disclosure of the secrets of atomic power. www.americanradiohistory.com Federal Telephone and Radio Corporation A Historical Review: 1909-1946 By F. J. MANN �Managing Editor, Electrical Communication EDERAL had its beginning in much the for a microphone and the other for the make and same manner as so many great enter­ break. This spark coil was to be part of a conven­ F prises. First there was someone with an tional, damped-wave spark transmitting circuit idea. When that idea became a reality, it served employing a fixed spark gap, capacitor, inductor, as the means to a growth which dwarfed even and antenna and ground. the imagined scope of the original concept. When a position to experiment with the Mc­ The man responsible for the founding of Fed­ Carty patent was first offered Elwell, he turned eral was C. F. Elwell , the company's firstdire ctor it down because of the pressure of work on the and chief engineer. Elwell's idea was to find a electric furnace. He might also have rejected the practical method of transmitting voice by radio. proposal because of the hopelessness of expecting His search led him far afield, but it resulted in such a crude piece of apparatus to operate. How­ founding an organization that later became re­ ever, no one at that time had proved whether it sponsible for the discovery and development of a would or would not work and at least several number of outstanding electronic and radio persons including the U.S. Patent Officethought devices. it might. Elwell was invited a second time by the Ia 1908, Elwell was a tall, athletic young man representative of the Henshaw brothers to under­ completing the course in electrical engineering at take the research. The Henshaw brothers were Stanford University, Palo Alto, California. He anxious to learn whether the patent, on which had been collaborating with Professors G. H. they had already spent a considerable sum of Clevenger and D. A. Lyon on the design of an money, was of practical value. This second offer electrical furnace for the reduction of iron on a was sufficiently attractive to cause him to agree commercial scale. This work was selected by El­ to investigate the possibilities of the spark-coil well for his graduation thesis and he was devoting radiotelephone transmitter. all of his time to it. He had not then even thought While on his trip east for the furnace trans­ of going into radio work although he has spent his formers, Elwell purchased the necessary appa­ entire life since in the field of radio engineering. ratus for the McCarty transmitter. He returned to Palo Alto in the summer of 1908 and began The McCarty Wireless Telephone work on the McCarty patent at Stanford Uni- Elwell was just about to make a trip east to versity. Since Mr. Timothy Hopkins, a trustee purchase three large transformers for the new of the university who was in charge during the furnace when he was approached to do research summer, objected to these experiments being on the McCarty wireless telephone patent which carried on there, Elwell had to leave. He there­ had been purchased by the Henshaw brothers, fore arranged for the purchase of a house in Palo bankers of Oakland, California. To persons fa- Alto located on the corner of Cowper Street and miliar today with high-fidelityradio broadcasting Embarcadero Road. from transmitters ranging in powers up to 200 Elwell erected two 75-foot wooden masts to kilowatts, the idea that anyone would consider support his transmitting aerial on the new prop­ the McCarty patent seriously for radiotelephone erty. The house he used as a laboratory and transmission seems preposterous. For this patent dwelling. The receiving station was located in a covered a device intended to permit radiotele- small wooden hut placed near the base of one of phone transmission by means of a spark coil the nearby Palo Alto water towers which served which was to be equipped with two primaries, one to support the receiving antenna. 377 www.americanradiohistory.com 378 ELECTRICAL CO MMUNICATION It Worked-but Not Well At the time, therefore, only two sources of un­ Two-way transmission and reception was not damped or continuous waves were known-the attempted since it was possible to see the receiv­ high-frequency alternator, then only in the de­ velopment stage, and the Poulsen arc. Several ing hut from the transmitting station with the one-kilowatt alternators had been made in the aid of a pair of binoculars. Elwell reports that he U. S. A. by Alexanderson to operate at a fre­ actually did succeed in transmitting telephone quency of 50000 cycles. It was possible to signals using this crude apparatus. As a matter of transmit voice with these transmitters, but the fact, the incident is recalled vividly to mind be­ extremely long wavelength made them imprac­ cause, as Elwell states, he had arranged with his tical except for. rather elaborate and costly in­ assistant at the receiving station to signal the results of the experiments with a piece of paper stallations. Valdemar Poulsen, the Danish scientist in­ placed at one of the four corners of the hut. The ' vented the arc that bore his name in 1903. The position of the paper was intended to indicate the original work on the arc was done in 1892 by degree of reception. The assistant, however, used · such a small piece of paper that Elwell could not Elihu Thomson who showed that direct current see it through the binoculars. When Elwell re­ could be employed for the generation of oscilla­ turned to the microphone he shouted impatiently, tory currents if capacitance and inductance were placed across a spark gap connected to the supply "Why don't you put up a piece of paper I can mains through large choke coils and a magnetic see?" This time the assistant came out with a blast provided for the spark gap. Thomson ob­ whole sheet of newspaper! tained small currents at frequencies up to 100000 Demonstrations given on August 29, 1908, cycles. In 1900, William Duddell substituted were reported in the San Francisco, Oakland, and carbon electrodes for the spark gap and obtained Palo Alto newspapers in glowing terms.
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