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L1 1Ffilit L1 CC@ IT©£1Rit@ �l1��1ffilIT�l1 CC@���IT©£1rIT@� Tecknical Journal of the lnternaticraal Telephone and Telegraph Corporation and Asso£iate Companies • MANUFACTtIRE. (}F COAXIAL CABLES FAULT LOCATIDN BY PULSE... TIME MODULATION LIFE. OF VALVES WITH OXIDE..-COATED, CATHODES SECONDARY EMISSION IN THE PRESENCE. OXIDE...COATED CATH1JllMlS OF .DIRECT-WIRE. REMOTE CONTROL AT LOCH SL0¥ POWER STATION TELEVISION-LINK SOUND mPLEXER TRANSMISSlfiN-:UNE BALANCE INDICATOR FOR TRANSMIT'l�E-RS SUPPRESSIDN OF HABMONU::S IN RADIO TRANSMITTERS trANTIZATION PULSE-COUNT MODULATION WITH NONUN"IFORM LEVELS Q IN TIME-DIVISION-MELTJ.PLEX TELEGRAPH SYSTEM FOR. RADIO CIBCUITS INTERFERENCE IN MULTI-CHANNEL. CIRCUITS Volume 28 JUNE, 1951 NumheT 2 www.americanradiohistory.com ELECTRICAL COMMUNICATION Technical Journal of the INTERNATIONAL TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH CORPORATION and Associate Companies H. P. WESTMAN, Editor F. J. MANN, Managing Editor J. E. ScmAIKJER, Assistant Editor EDITORIAL BOARD P. Bourget H. Busignies H. H. Buttner E. M. Deloraine W. Hatton F. B. C. Holding J. S. Jammer E. Labin A. W. Montgomery E. D. Phinney E.G. Ports Haraden Pratt G. Rabuteau T. R. Scott C. E. Strong A. E. Thompson E. N. Wendell H.B. Wood Published Quarterly by the INTERNATIONAL TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH CORPORATION BROAD STREET, NEW YORK 4, NEW YORK, U.S.A. 67 Sosthenes Behn, Chairman William H. Harrison, President Charles D. Hilles, Jr., Vice President and Secretary 50 ElectricalSubscription, Communication $2.oo per is year;indexed single in Industrial copies, Artscents Index Copyrighted 1951 by International Telephone andTelegraph Corporation Volume JUNE, Number 28 1951 2 CONTENTS MANUFACTURE OF COAXIAL CABLES 83 FAULT LOCATION BY PULSE-TIME MODULATION . • • . • . • . • . • . By W. Hughes and Nelson Weintraub . 90 LIFE OF VALVESR. WITH OXIDE-COATED CATHODES . • • . • . • • . • • . • By Eaglesfield 95 C. C. SECONDARY-EMITTING SURFACES IN THE PRESENCE OF OXIDE-COATED CATHODES ..... .. 103 By S. Nevin and H. Salinger MINIATURE DIRECT-WIRE REMOTE CONTROL AT LOCH SLOY POWER STATION . .......... 106 TELEVISION-LINK SOUND DIPLEXER •..........•..•..............•.............•.... By L. Staschover and H. G. Miller 108 TRANSMISSION-LINE BALANCE INDICATOR FOR TRANSMITTERS .......•..•••........... 110 By George Royden SUPPRESSION OF HARMONICS IN RADIO TRANSMITTERS • . T. 112 By George Royden QUANTIZATION DISTORTIONT. IN PULSE-COUNT MODULATION WITH NONUNIFORM SPACING OF LEVELS . • • • • • • . • . • • . • • . 121 By P. Panter and W. Dite FouR/Two-CHANNELF. TIME-DIVISION-MULTIPLEX TELEGRAPH SYSTEM FOR LONG­ DISTANCE RADIO CIRCUITS . • • • . • . • . • By W. Peterman and Anatole Mine 127 C. INTERFERENCE IN MULTI-CHANNEL CIRCUITS .•••....•••...•.....•..••••..•.•.•..... 142 By L. Lewin IN MEMORIAM-HERMAN T. KoHLHAAS •......•..............•.•... ...•.....•...... 157 RECENT TELECOMMUNICATION DEVELOPMENTS MAXIMUM-AMPLITUDE MEASURING SET ........••.............••.•..•.••....•.. 111 MINIATURE TOROIDAL INDUCTOR •..•..................•......•.......· · · · · . • . · · · 155 TELEVISION SCANNER FOR SLIDES .....•...•....•.....•.•.•.....•... · • • · · · • · • · · · 156 ........ ......... CONTRIBUTORS TO THlS ISSUE ··············· ................... 158 www.americanradiohistory.com www.americanradiohistory.com Manufacture of Coaxial Cables EDERAL Telephone and Radio Corporation, at Clifton, New ersey, is one of the largest manu­ J facturers of coaxial-type cables in the world. These cables are extensively used for the trans­ balanced line with three separate braided shieJ Fmission of radio-frequency power, particularly at the A higher frequencies where low losses and good shielding from external interference are important. The following few pages show pictorially the various stages in the manufacture of one of the simpler types of this cable. In the illustration above, the end of a reel of cable has been stripped to show the central conductor, a High-impedance delay line using a spiraled conduct solid copper wire; next is a layer of polyethylene plastic insulation, over which is a braided-wire shield, and finally, a noncontaminating vinylite plastic sheath for over-all protection. If the cable is intended for rough use in an exposed location, a braided layer of aluminum or steel armor wires may be applied over the sheath-the bottom reel in the above picture contains such armored Balanced air-spaced line for high-impedance circui cable. Some of the other types of cable that are fabricated on the versatile machinery at the plant are shown at the right in approximately actual size. The extrusion machine shown in numbers and of 3 4 the series may be considered the heart of the entire process. This machine must be kept running continu­ ously by splicing the end of one reel of wire to the start Balanced twinax line; two conductors with one shit of the next. The extruder is stopped only when a dif­ ferent type of cable is to be made. At one time, a con­ tinuous run of miles of type cable was 400 RG-8/U made on one of the four extruders at the plant. Wire passes through an extruder at roughly the speed of a fast walk, and very close coordination of speeds and temperatures must be maintained constantly. Double-shielded coaxial line with stranded conduc June 1951 ELECTRICAL COMMUNICATION 83 www.americanradiohistory.com Both polyethylene plastic for insulation and vi­ coloring matter in the steam-heated mixer, and the nylite1. for the sheaths are compounded in the Ban­ doughlike mass is rolled out in thin strips. These are bury mixer in the background and then milled on the cut to convenient sizes, and after being ground to a heated rolls. Plastic in the form of a powder is mixed granular form in a chopper the plastic is ready to with a liquid plasticising agent and any necessary be placed in the hopper of the extrusion machine. www.americanradiohistory.com MOTOR DRIVE FOR FEED SCREW :-';7----HOPPER FOR FEEDING PLASTIC FEED SCREW----._ HOT OIL HOT OIL HINGE TO OPEN HEAD FOR CLEANING PLASTIC-COVERED COPPER WIRE WIRE - - An over-all view of the front end of an extruder is in the extruding head, the wire goes through a 300-foot shown2. below. The wire passes from a reel at the left, trough of water. The temperature of the water in the through a tension-maintaining device, and then various parts of the trough is adjusted so that the through a series of gas flames that warm the wire and extruded plastic is cooled very slowly. Details of the ex­ drive off any moisture. After the hot plastic is applied truding head are shown in the diagram and view above. www.americanradiohistory.com The view above shows the 3.back end. of the extruder, the large wheel in the foreground being the capstan that pulls the wire from the reel through the extrusion head and the long trough of water. On the table in the center of the picture are an air-blast drier, footage-count­ ing machine, and a a high-voltage breakdown tester, in which 10 to 20 kilovolts are applied to check the homogeneity of the polyethylene insulation. The next step is the applica­ 4.tion of the braided-wire shield to the cable. The shield consists of a number of ribbons of wire interwoven to form a complete covering over the polyethylene insulation. Each of these rib­ bons is formed of anywhere from 2 to or separate wires of 7 10 very small diameter that must he laid exactly parallel to each other to form the ribbon. Per­ haps the most critical operation in braiding is the filling of the bobbins with these thin wires. The operation is illustrated at the left, where wires are being 7 wound on a bobbin. www.americanradiohistory.com A close-up of a braider is sh5. own at the right. The insu­ lated wire is pulled upward through the center of the cone. Two circles of 12 bobbins each rotate in opposite directions around the wire. The strands from the lower circle of bobbins are alternately passed above and below the strands of the upper circle. Thus, 24 separate ribbons are tightly interwoven on the cable. This same machine may he used to apply a braid of steel wire over the outside of a small armored cable. A single operator is capable of6. replacing depleted bobbins and performing other necessary duties on a series of 10 hraiders. Such a row of machines is shown below. The insulated wire is pulled from the reel below the circles of bobbins hy the large wheel at the top of each ma­ chine. The braided cable is re­ wound on the second reel under the braider. The machines oper­ ate very rapidly, approximately 6 to 10 feet of cable being cov­ ered with braid in a minute. www.americanradiohistory.com The above photograph shows braider that is 24 each that rotate in opposite directions around the 7. central cable, alternately passing on opposite sides used for cables of larger diameter athan those illus­ trated in On this machine, the ribbons of braiding of each other. ,\fter braiding, the cable is returned to 6. wire are carried on the bobbins in the shuttles. The an extruder, where, with a slight modification of shuttles on the table are divided into two series of the dies in the head, the vinylite sheath is applied. 18 www.americanradiohistory.com The maintenance of high standard8. of quality requires that a a complete laboratory he available to check the electrical and me­ chanical properties of the prod­ uct. In the area illustrated at the right, instruments are used to test samples for voltage break­ down strength, characteristic im­ pedance, electrical losses, low­ and high-temperature flexibility, and the effects of age. The view below shows another 9.part of the inspection and ship­ ping department where high volt­ age is applied between the braid of the cable and the outside of the sheath to test the insulating properties of the sheath. While this test is being made in the box at the center of the picture, the operator is reeling up the cable and cut it for shipment on will reels in the lengths ordered. www.americanradiohistory.com Atop Squak Mountain Fault Location by Pulse-Time Modulation* By R.
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