Strait Crossings 2001

PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTH SYMPOSIUM ON STRAIT CROSSINGS BERGEN / NORWAY / 2-5 SEPTEMBER 2001

Edited by Jon Krokeborg Norwegian Public Roads Administration

UNIVERSITATSBiBUOTHEK HAf'^OVER

INFORMATiONSBBLiOTHEK

Preface XI Organisation XIII

Invited papers Varity in Bridge Design 3 J.Schlaich History and Aesthetics of Strait Crossings 11 D.P.Billington

Cable-Stayed Bridges Innovative Solutions for Construction Details of Large Cable Bridges 19 F.A.Saad Uddevalla Cable-stayed Bridge 27 C.Hansvold, L.Lundh, K-E.Larsson & H.Nilsson Field Performance Testing and Instrumentation for Design Verification 35 of the Uddevalla Cable-Stayed Bridge F.Myrvoll, A.M.Kaynia, E.Hjort-Hansen, E.Strommen, C.Hansvold & R.Ronnenbrant Verifications of Dynamic and Aerodynamic Design Parameters of Cable-stayed Bridges 41 R.Kiviluoma & L.Salokangas Dynamic Behaviour and Passive Seismic Control of the Rion Bridge 47 G.Morgenthal & G.M.Calvi Health Monitoring and Problem Solving for Cable Supported Bridges 55 B.Mehrabi & A.T.Ciolko A Study on a Hybrid System of Cable Stayed Prestressed Concrete Bridge and Steel Suspension Bridge 61 H.Takemura, T.Ohura, M.Onushi, & T.Tanabe Analysis of Structural Stress for Board-Stayed Bridges 67 Chen Jing-yun & Li Yu-hua The 0resund Stay Cables: Design for Fatigue Resistance and easy Maintenance 73 J.P.Fuzier, J.Stubler, P.Ladret & F.Bignon

Suspension Bridges Performance of Multiple Mass Damper System in Mitigating the Along Wind Response 81 of a Cable Suspended Bridge M.H.Abdelnaby, M.M.Elheweity & M.A.Diwan Case Studies for the Tsugaru Strait Bridge 87 Y.Shioi, A.Hasegawa & H. Wang Major Technique Improvement of Jiangyin Bridge over Yangtze River 95 S.Zhou Suppression of Vortex Shedding Vibrations at Osteray Suspension Bridge 99 B.lsaksen, E.Stremmen & K.Gjerding-Smith The Hardanger Bridge. A Future Crossing of the Hardangerfjord 107 A. Vangsnes & L.Blom-Bakke Field Measurement at Akashi-Kaikyo Bridge 115 S.Kashima, S.Hirano & M.Takeguchi Construction of Suspension Cables for the Triangle Link Project 123 J.J.Geerse. R.P.M.de Jong & A.van der Elst Construction and Installation of the Bridge Segments for the Triangle Link 131 J.J.Geerse, R.P.M.de Jong & A.van der Elst Use of Aerial Spinning versus Locked-Coil Cables for the Suspension Bridges 139 at the Triangle Link Project J.Larsen & A. Valen

Concrete Bridges The Largest Concrete Arch Bridge Designed of RPC200 145 V.Candrlic, A.Mandic & J.Bleiziffer Cost Optimal Design and Maintenance of Concrete Structures in Marine Environments 153 R.M.Larssen Sykkylven Bridge - An economical solution for Intermediate Water Depth 161 J.Solemsli, O.Ellingbe, H.Brudeseth & L.Toverud Long-Span Bridges with Light Weight Concrete in Norway 167 K.Melby New Svinesund Bridge - The new Main Road Connection between Norway and Sweden 173 W.B.Klaveness, T.Berby, P.Biernstad, H.Karstein, E.A.Jordet, S.EJakobsen & K.Mdrtensson Faulty Prestressing Causing Local Damage to Bridge During Construction 181 N.A. Giatver The New Puddefjord Bridge 187 S.Knoph, O.M.Eidsheim & B.Instanes Design and Construction of a Composite Arch Bridge in Iceland 191 E.Haflidason & B.Einarsson High-performance Repair Materials for Concrete Bridges 197 L.Nilsson, G.Liu & O.E.Gjorv VFT Construction Method 201 V.Schmitt, G.Seidl & H. Wolf

Bridges in General Norwegian Bridges - Reliability Levels 211 E.Rimehaug The Norwegian Bridge Management System - named BRUTUS 215 B.Stensvold & O.Ronnestad Bridge Structures for the Fixed Link Saaremaa 221 V.Kulbach & I.Talvik The Influence of Railroad Dislevelments on the Dynamic Response of Railway Bridge Structure 227 C.Bucur & M.Bucur Thermal Actions on Bridges 235 G.Konig & D.Soukhov

VI Implementation of Mobile Scaffolding in the Construction of Suez Canal Bridge 243 H.A.Mahdi, A.F.El-Kadi & F.I.El-Kadi Protection of Norwegian Steel Bridges against Corrosion 251 R.Klinge History of Bridges. A Philatelic review 263 J.J.Jensen How to Design Large Bridges Preparing for Future Inspections and Low Maintenance and repair Costs 271 K.A.Grefstad & O.Grindland Continuous Acoustic Monitoring of Bridges 279 P.Paulson, J.Elliott & D.Youdan From Oil to Transport - Oilrigs as Bridge Foundation 287 B.M.Alsaker

Floating Bridges An Osaka Floating Swing Arch Bridge Towed to the Site from Dockyard 293 E.Watanabe, S.Ueda, T.Maruyama, Y.Kawamura, H.Tanaka & S.Takeda Wave Response of a Floating Bridge with Separate Cylindrical Pontoons 301 E. Watanabe & T. Utsunomiya The New Waterway 309 B.Hamel, D.Zijlstra, D.Nuijens & A.S.Barneveld World's longest Floating Sea Crossing - Istanbul bypass "TRANSMAR" 317 A.V.Alp Experiences with Floating Bridges 333 J.A.Hasselo

Large and Complex Projects LOFAST - A Fixed Connection Between Lofoten and the Mainland 341 V.Engmo The Challenge of Constructing a Bridge over the Chacao Channel 345 T.Forsberg & A.Petersen The Triangle Link Project - Design and Construction 353 H.Schaathun The Immersed Tunnel in Bjorvika. Not Just a Technical Challenge 359 S.Roed The Immersed Tunnel in Bjorvika and its Technical Challenges 363 P.Meaas & C.Marshall Expanding a 30 km Strait Crossing from Two-lanes to Four-lanes 371 with only 25% of the Funding Available W.Grantz Saaremaa Fixed Link 379 H.Varik Genoa Harbour Crossing 387 A.Farooq, G.W.Davies & M.Grassi Design of the New San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge, California 395 R.Manzanarez, M-CTang, S.Abbas, M.Nader & J.Birdy The Rias Atlas Link. A Challenging Crossing 407 S.Hernandez Planning, Design and Construction Aspects of Suez Canal Cable Stayed Bridge 415 A.Fouad & M.M.Bakhoum

VII Sub-sea Tunnels Sub-sea Tunnelling the Vestmannasund with a 30 m Rock Pillar to the Atlantic Ocean 425 E.Grov & D.R.Hansen Fact Evaluation Compared to Available Information at the time of Project Decision 435 B.Martens Rock Cover Requirements for Sub-sea Road Tunnels 439 O.T.Blindheim & B.Nilsen "ROGFAST" - The Mainland Connection across Boknafjorden 449 G.Eiterjord & B.M.Alsaker Sub-sea Road Tunnels in Norway 451 K.Melby & E.Ovstedal The Aesthetics of the Oslofjord Tunnel 457 I.Amundsen & K.Laukli Freezing Technology, as Preparation for Excavation through a Weakness Zone in a Sub-sea Tunnel 463 E.0vstedal, F.Andreassen & H.Berg Measures against Monotony and Phobia in the 24.5 km. long Laerdal Tunnel in Norway 469 J.Kvaale & G.Lotsberg Some Swedish Experience of longevity of Rock Support in Sub-sea Tunnels 477 P.Andersson, A.Boden & H.Stille Particle Cleaning in Sub-sea Road Tunnels 483 T.Myran & H.Buvik The Mestre Tunnel 487 E.Siviero, B.Briseghella & T.Zordan Maintenance and Conservation Plan for the Second Heinenoord Tunnel 495 M.H.Djorai Transport of Dangerous Goods through Tunnels - Results from a Recent OECD Study 499 F.H.Amundsen Documentation on Road Safety and Car Fires in Norwegian Sub-sea Tunnels 505 F.H.Amundsen & G.Raanes

Submerged Floating Tunnels Design and Modelling Aspects Concerning the Submerged Floating Tunnels: 511 An Application to the Messina Strait Crossing B.Faggiano, F.M.Mazzolani & R.Landolfo Measured Dynamic Response of Submerged Floating Tunnels: A Tool for Further Developments 521 R.M.Larsen Effect of Non-linearity in Restoring Force on Dynamic Response of SFT 529 S.Kanie, T.Mikami, H.Horiguchi, N.Miyauchi & Y.Mizutani Modelling of Submerged Floating Tunnel as a Beam on Elastic Foundation under Bending Vibration 535 M.Sato, S.Kanie, T.Mikami, T.Yaginuma & H.Hamaguchi Submerged, unsinkable Tunnels and Bridges 541 E.Odegard & C.Danielsen Submerged Floating Tunnel (sft), a new Type of Structure for Efficient Transport, 545 Energysaving, Minimizing Pollution and Environmental Impact H.Ostlid Owners Experience with the Pilot Project Hegsfjord Submerged Floating Tunnel 547 L.Skorpa & H.Ostlid The Hogsfjord Submerged Floating Tunnel Project - Transport, Environment and Energy Studies 551 L.Skorpa

VIII Development of Submerged Floating Tunnel in Shallow Water 555 R.Fujita & T.Mikami The Lugano Crossing - Technical Solution 563 S.A.Haugerud, T.O.Olsen & A.Muttoni Crossing Wide and Deep Fjords with Submerged Floating Tunnels 569 BJakobsen, S.N.Remseth & G.Udahl A Crossing Proposal for the Lake Lugano for the new AlpTransit Railway across the Alps 575 A.Muttoni, S.A.Haugerud & T.O.Olsen The Seatle-Bellevue Loop with the Still-Water Submerged Floating Tunnel 581 J.Felch

Ferries FerryCat™ 120 - The Fourth Solution 591 I.Myklebost, J.F.Paulsen, L. Vartdal & F.Bloch Floating Ferry Jetties 599 H.Haavardtun, O.M.Eidsheim & K.Roaldsnes The Manheller Ferry Quay - An Environmental Challenge in Sognefjord 607 N.M.Slinde Medium Speed Car Ferries in Fjord Crossings - Some Experiences on Double-ended Ferry 611 Running on Natural Gas A.Grovdal, J.A.Rasmussen, S.SoIbjorg & L.Dahl

Socio-economic Effects Changes in Traffic Pattern Caused by Atlanterhavsvegen 619 L.M.Lillebakk Crossings the Bosphorus Strait: A Railway Tunnel or another Highway Bridge? 625 H.Gercek & N.Yayla Current Situation of Bridge Construction to and between Remote Islands in Japan 631 K.Komadan The Immersed Tunnel in Bjervika. A Tunnel with a Positive Impact 639 on City Development and the Environment B.Amdal Do Strait Crossings Encourage Regional and Local Development? 645 T.Presttun The Socio-economic Effect of FATIMA, the Fixed Link to North Cape 651 R.Siiri & E.Einarsen Joining Denmark: Impact of the Storebaelt Fixed Link 655 M. W.Braestrup Socio-economic Impact of the Honshu-Shikoku Bridges 663 K. Yoshinaga, Y.Kishimoto & S.Ohe

Environmental Effects The Prevention of Unwanted Species Immigrating to Islands on Strait Crossings 673 B.Iuell Life Cycle Assessment as a Basis for Environmental Comparison of Alternatives for Fjord Crossings 679 T.Johnsen, I.Nestaas & T.Dyken The Immersed Tunnel in Bjorvika. Presentation of Environmental Challenges and Measures 683 T. Winther-Larsen

IX EIA of Underground Motor-Transport Structures within Historic City: St. Petersburg Experience 689 N.Bobylev

Author index 695