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Restoration and Management Plan of Tananger Coastal Heathland

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Restoration and Management Plan of Tananger Coastal Heathland Master’s Thesis 2016 60 ECTS Department of Plant Sciences (IPV) Restoration and management plan of Tananger coastal heathland Marta Bosque Fajardo General Ecology 1 Contents Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... 5 Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................... 7 1. PAST: Cause and effect .............................................................................................................. 8 1.1 Coastal heathlands ............................................................................................................ 10 1.2 Norwegian coastal heathland creation ............................................................................. 10 1.3 Traditional management of Norwegian heathlands ......................................................... 12 1.4 Heathland vegetation composition ................................................................................... 16 1.5 The decline of heathlands ................................................................................................. 16 1.6 Threats to the heathlands ................................................................................................. 17 1.7 Legal framework for coastal heathlands in Norway ......................................................... 20 1.8 Goals of the thesis ............................................................................................................. 21 2. PRESENT: Determinants and consequences ........................................................................... 24 2.1 Materials and methods ..................................................................................................... 26 2.1.1 Study area................................................................................................................... 26 2.1.2 Climate ....................................................................................................................... 28 2.1.3 Sampling ..................................................................................................................... 28 2.1.4 Data processing .......................................................................................................... 34 2.2 RESULTS ............................................................................................................................. 36 2.2.1 Vegetation types ........................................................................................................ 36 2.2.2 Regionally important species ..................................................................................... 39 2.3.1 Section A ......................................................................................................................... 40 2.3.1 a) Vegetation composition per vegetation type ........................................................ 41 2.3.1 b) Area state variable ................................................................................................. 45 2.3.1 c) Regrowth (GG) ........................................................................................................ 46 2.3.1 d) Alien species ........................................................................................................... 47 2.3.2 Section B ......................................................................................................................... 48 2.3.2 a) Vegetation composition per vegetation type ........................................................ 49 2.3.2 b) Area state variable ................................................................................................. 53 2.3.2 c) Regrowth (GG) ........................................................................................................ 54 2.3.2 d) Alien species ........................................................................................................... 55 2.3.3 Section C ......................................................................................................................... 56 2.3.3 a) Vegetation composition per vegetation type ........................................................ 57 2.3.3 b) Area state variable ................................................................................................. 60 2.3.3 c) Regrowth (GG) ........................................................................................................ 61 2.3.3 d) Alien species ........................................................................................................... 61 2 2.4 Discussion .......................................................................................................................... 62 2.4.1 Implications for a restoration and extended management plan, Tananger coastal heathland. ........................................................................................................................... 71 3. FUTURE: Proposed restoration and management plan for Tananger coastal heathland ....... 74 3.1 Objectives of the restoration and management plan ....................................................... 76 3.2 General advice on restoration of Tananger coastal heathland ......................................... 77 3.2.1 Removal of trees and shrubs ...................................................................................... 77 3.2.2 Removal of seedlings .................................................................................................. 79 3.2.3 Cutting old Calluna plants .......................................................................................... 79 3.2.4 Controlled burning ..................................................................................................... 80 3.2.5 Addition of Calluna seeds ........................................................................................... 80 3.2.6 Erecting fences and gates and water stations ........................................................... 81 3.2.7 Information measures ................................................................................................ 81 3.3 General advice on management of Tananger coastal heathland ..................................... 82 3.3.1 Grazing ....................................................................................................................... 82 3.3.2 Clearing new seedlings of trees and bushes establishing .......................................... 85 3.3.3 Burning regime ........................................................................................................... 85 3.3.4 Monitoring.................................................................................................................. 86 3.4. Proposed measures in the different management areas ................................................ 89 3.5 Management Section A ..................................................................................................... 89 3.5.1 Management area A1.1 .................................................................................................. 90 3.5.2 Restoration actions suggested for management area A1.1 ....................................... 91 3.5.3 Management actions suggested for management area A1.1 .................................... 93 3.5.4 Management area A1.2 .................................................................................................. 95 3.5.6 Restoration actions suggested for management area A 1.2 ...................................... 96 3.5.7 Management actions suggested for management area A 1.2 ................................... 98 3.5.8 Management area A1.3 .................................................................................................. 99 3.5.9 Restoration actions suggested for management area A1.3 ..................................... 100 3.5.10 Management actions suggested area A1.3 ............................................................ 102 3.5.11 Management area A1.4 .............................................................................................. 104 3.5.12 Restoration actions suggested for management area A1.4 ................................... 105 3.5.13 Management actions suggested in area A1.4 ........................................................ 106 3.6 Management Section B ................................................................................................... 108 3.6.1 Management area B1.1 ................................................................................................ 108 3.6.2 Restoration actions suggested for management area B1.1 ..................................... 109 3.6.3 Management actions suggested in area B1.1 .......................................................... 111 3 3.6.4 Management area B1.2 ................................................................................................ 112 3.6.5 Restoration actions suggested for management area B1.2 ..................................... 113 3.6.6 Management actions suggested in area B1.2 .......................................................... 115 3.7 Management Section C ................................................................................................... 116 3.7.1 Management area C1.1 ................................................................................................ 117 3.7.2 Restoration actions suggested
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