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A History of Norwegian Immigration to the United States

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A History of Norwegian Immigration to the United States A History of Norwegian Immigration to the United States By Flom, George T. (George Tobias) English A Doctrine Publishing Corporation Digital Book This book is indexed by ISYS Web Indexing system to allow the reader find any word or number within the document. (This file was produced from images generously made Transcriber's Note This version of the text cannot represent certain typographical effects. Italics are delimited with the '' character as italic. The footnotes have been consolidated and moved to directly follow the paragraphs in which they are referenced. Be advised that the internal page references made in the text are necessarily meaningless in this version, since the printed page numbers are lost. History of Norwegian Immigration A History of Norwegian Immigration to The United States From the Earliest Beginning down to the Year 1848 By GEORGE T. FLOM, Ph. D. (Columbia) Professor of Scandinavian Languages and Literatures and Acting [Illustration] PRIVATELY PRINTED IOWA CITY, IOWA 1909 COPYRIGHT 1909 GEORGE T. FLOM THE TORCH PRESS CEDAR RAPIDS IOWA TO MY MOTHER THROUGH WHOM I HAVE COME TO UNDERSTAND SOMETHING OF THE HEROIC WOMANHOOD EXEMPLIFIED IN THE LIVES OF OUR PIONEER MOTHERS, THIS VOLUME IS AFFECTIONATELY INSCRIBED FOREWORD This volume is intended to present the progress of immigration from Norway to this country from the beginning down through what may be termed the first period of settlement. It is possible that I may at some future time return to these studies to trace the further growth of the Scandinavian element and its place and influence in American life. Doctrine Publishing Corporation Digital Book Page 1 Four years ago I contributed an article to The Iowa Journal of History and Politics upon "The Scandinavian Factor in the American Population," in which I discussed briefly the causes of emigration from the Northern countries. This article forms the basis of chapters VI-VIII of the present volume, much new evidence from later years having, however, been added. In a subsequent issue of the same Journal I published an article on "The Coming of the Norwegians to Iowa," which is embodied in part in chapters III-V of this volume. The remaining thirty-six chapters are new. During the last three summers I have continued my investigation of that part of the subject which deals with the immigration movement. This book represents the results of that investigation down to 1848. For invaluable assistance in the investigation I gratefully acknowledge indebtedness to the numerous pioneers whom, from time to time, I have interviewed and who so kindly have given the aid sought. I wish to thank, also, several persons who generously have accepted the task of personally gathering pioneer data for certain localities. For such help I owe a debt of gratitude to the following persons: J. W. Johnson, Racine, Wisconsin; Reverend A. Jacobson, Decorah, Iowa; Reverend G. A. Larsen, Clinton, Wisconsin; Henry Natesta, Clinton, Wisconsin; Rev. O. J. Kvale, Orfordville, Wisconsin; Rev. J. Nordby, Lee, Illinois; Dr. N. C. Evans, Mt. Horeb, Wisconsin; M. J. Engebretson, Gratiot, Wisconsin; Dan K. Anderson and wife, Woodford, Wisconsin; Ole Jacobson, Elk Horn, Wisconsin; Samuel Sampson, Rio, Wisconsin; T. M. Newton, Grinnell, Iowa; Harvey Arveson, Whitewater, Wisconsin; and Reverend Helge Höverstad, Mt. Horeb, Wisconsin. My thanks are also due to Reverend G. G. Krostu of Koshkonong Parsonage for having placed at my disposal the Koshkonong Church Register from 1844-1850; as also for verifying my copy of it in some cases of names and dates; for the privilege accorded me of using these so precious documents I am most grateful. Reverend K. A. Kasberg of Spring Grove, Minnesota, has given me certain important data on part of the immigration to East Koshkonong in 1842, and similarly N. A. Lie of Deerfield, Wisconsin, for immigration from Voss in 1838-1844, and Mr. Elim Ellingson and wife of Capron, Illinois, on the founders of the Long Prairie Settlement. Many others might be mentioned who have given valuable assistance by letter and otherwise in the course of the investigation, and to whom I owe much. Finally, I wish to thank Dr. N. C. Evans of Mt. Horeb, Wisconsin, for the loan of Cyclopedia of Wisconsin (1906) and Illustreret Kirkehistorie (Chicago, 1898); Mr. O. N. Falk of Stoughton, Wisconsin, for loaning me Billed-Magazin for 1869-1870, and my brother, Martin O. Flom, of Stoughton, for securing for my use several Wisconsin Atlases and a copy of The Biographical Review of Dane County (1893). Of published works on Norwegian immigration which I have found especially useful are to be mentioned S. Nilsen's Billed-Magazin on causes of immigration and the earliest immigrants from Telemarken and Numedal; R. B. Anderson's First Chapter on Norwegian Immigration for the sloopers of 1825, and their descendants; Strand's History of the Norwegians in Illinois (1905) for the Norwegians in Chicago; H. L. Skavlem's sketch of Scandinavians in the Early Days of Rock County, Wisconsin, Normandsforbundet for February, 1909, and several articles in Symra, 1905-1908. I must also mention a most valuable series of articles on the Rock Prairie Settlement, Rock County, Wisconsin, which appeared in Amerika in 1906. (See further the Bibliography at the end of this volume.) Doctrine Publishing Corporation Digital Book Page 2 No one who has never been engaged in a similar undertaking can have any conception of the difficulty of the task and the labor involved in the collecting, weighing and sifting of the vast amount of detail material. I have tried to write a work which shall be correct as to details and historically reliable. That errors have crept in I doubt not. I shall be grateful to the reader who may discover such errors if he will call my attention to them. Finally, I wish to say that I have attempted nothing complete with reference to the personal sketches of the earliest pioneers; this was manifestly impossible. I have thought also that this was not here called for except in cases of founders of settlements, and even here I have sometimes lacked the full facts. To many it will also undoubtedly seem that the early days of the church and the founding of congregations should have received more attention. I can only say that this volume deals specifically with the causes, course and progress of Norwegian immigration and that this plan precluded a discussion in this volume of religious and educational movements among the pioneers, or of social questions, occupations, public service, and like topics. The work thus aims to keep only what the title promises, and I hope it will be found to be a real contribution to history within the scope marked out for it. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 15 CHAPTER I. Norway. Population, Resources, Pursuits of her CHAPTER II. Emigration from Norway 27 CHAPTER III. The Earliest Immigrants from Norway, 1620 to 1825. 35 CHAPTER IV. The Sloopers of 1825. The First Norwegian CHAPTER V. The Founding of the Fox River Settlement. CHAPTER VI. Causes of Emigration from Norway. General Factors, CHAPTER VII. Causes of Emigration Continued. Special Factors. CHAPTER VIII. Causes of Emigration Continued. The Influence CHAPTER IX. Growth of the Fox River Settlement. The CHAPTER X. The Year 1837 Continued. The Sailing of Aegir. 97 CHAPTER XI. Beaver Creek. Ole Rynning 102 CHAPTER XII. Some of the Immigrants of 1837. The CHAPTER XIII. Ansten Nattestad's Return to Norway in 1838. CHAPTER XIV. Shelby County, Missouri. Ansten Nattestad's CHAPTER XV. The Earliest White Settlers on Rock and Jefferson CHAPTER XVI. The Rock Run Settlement. Other CHAPTER XVII. The Settlement of Norway and Raymond Townships, Doctrine Publishing Corporation Digital Book Page 3 CHAPTER XVIII. The Establishment of the Koshkonong Settlement CHAPTER XIX. The Settling of Koshkonong by Immigrants from CHAPTER XX. New Accessions to the Koshkonong Settlement in CHAPTER XXI. The First Norwegian Settlement in Iowa, at Sugar CHAPTER XXII. The Earliest Norwegian Settlers at Wiota, CHAPTER XXIII. Growth of the Jefferson Prairie Settlement CHAPTER XXIV. Immigration to Rock Prairie from Numedal and CHAPTER XXV. Immigration from Hallingdal, Norway, to Rock CHAPTER XXVI. Economic Conditions of Immigrants. Cost of CHAPTER XXVII. Norwegians in Chicago, 1840-1845. A Vossing CHAPTER XXVIII. The Earliest Norwegian Settlers in the CHAPTER XXIX. The First Norwegian Settlers in the Townships CHAPTER XXX. The Expansion of the Koshkonong Settlement CHAPTER XXXI. The Coming of the First Large Party of CHAPTER XXXII. Long Prairie in Boone County, Illinois; CHAPTER XXXIII. The Growth of the Racine County (Muskego) CHAPTER XXXIV. The Heart Prairie Settlement in Walworth Co., CHAPTER XXXV. The Earliest Norwegian Settlers at Sugar Creek, CHAPTER XXXVI. Continued Immigration from Aurland, Sogn, CHAPTER XXXVII. Kirkeregister. Church Register of East CHAPTER XXXVIII. The Founding of the Norwegian Settlements CHAPTER XXXIX. Blue Mounds in Western Dane County, Wisconsin 340 CHAPTER XL. The Hardanger Settlement in Lee and De Kalb Counties, CHAPTER XLI. The First Norwegian Pioneers in CHAPTER XLII. Survey of Immigration from Norway to APPENDIX I 383 APPENDIX II 386 BIBLIOGRAPHY 387 INDEX 389 INTRODUCTION In this volume I shall aim to give an account of the Norwegian immigration movement from 1825 down to 1848. Thereupon will follow a brief survey of the course of the movement Doctrine Publishing Corporation Digital Book Page 4 and the growth of the settlements founded here in that period. In the introductory pages I shall discuss briefly individual immigration from Norway from its earliest known beginnings down to 1825. Immigration from Norway resulted in the founding of settlements in New York, Illinois, Wisconsin and Iowa successively; I shall try to give a correct narrative of the beginnings and the growth of these settlements. In this part of the work I shall stress the oldest and largest settlements in Southern Wisconsin and Northern Illinois, for the relation of these to the whole movement and later colonization of the Northwestern States by the Norwegians is one of especial importance.
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