xaxk lekpkj | CPCB ENVIS Ganga Bulletin| 2015, Issue 2 (May - Aug) xaxk

CPCB ENVIS Ganga Bulletin

2016

Editorial Micropollutants (Pesticides & trace heavy metals) in water and River Ganga has been a symbol of ’s age old sediments of River Ganga culture and civilization and Phase I: Uttarakhand & stretch considered as the most sacred Environmental contamination river. Ganga rejuvenation is a movement for restoring by micro pollutants (pesticides the wholesomeness of and heavy metals) is a matter river in terms of its water of concern because of their quality. Besides various tendency to accumulate within activities being executed by animal and plant tissues and CPCB, compilation of news subsequent magnification in articles on River Ganga the food chain. Pesticides and may be useful to people at heavy metals reach aquatic large committed for taking ecosystems through surface run initiative in rejuvenation of off, drainage system mixed with Map showing monitoring stretch of Ganga River Ganga. River in Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, industrial and municipal waste. Bihar, and West Bengal

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Hosted by Supported by Published by Central Pollution Control Board Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change ENVIS CENTRE at CPCB MoEF & CC Government of India On Control of Pollution xaxk lekpkj | CPCB ENVIS Ganga Bulletin| 2016

During 2015 – 2016, Trace Organics Laboratory (TOL), CPCB; undertook monitoring of micropollutants (pesticides + trace heavy metals) in water and sediment of River Ganga from Gangotri (origin) to Gangasagar (confluence to sea). The state-wise number of sampling locations is presented in Table 1.

Table 1: State-wise sampling locations for River Ganga at Kachhla Ghat (Badaun) micropollutant monitoring in Ganga river

Nos. of S. State stretch sampling Study period No. locations Uttarakhand October – 1. 11 stretch December, 2015 Uttar Pradesh October – 2. 20 stretch December, 2015 February, 3. Bihar stretch 22 2016* River Ganga at Allahabad (Sangam) West Bengal 4. 17 March, 2016* stretch Total 70 Locations Findings * The analysis of water & sediments sampling for Bihar & West Bengal stretch is in progress. The micro pollutants in river water and sediments, as listed in Table 2, have been Pesticides monitored during the study included analyzed at CPCB laboratories (Trace Organics four groups of pesticides (31 Nos.) and major and Instrumentation Laboratory). heavy metals (14 Nos.) in river water and sediments (Table 2). 1. Organo-chlorine pesticides

Table 2: Micropollutants (pesticides & heavy The analysis data indicate that the organo- metals) monitored in Ganga river during the chlorine pesticides concentration was below study detection limits (< 0.004 µg/l) in all the river water samples. However, p,p’-DDT was

Pesticides Heavy metals Organochlorine Pesticides (13 Nos.) - α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH, δ-HCH, 1. Arsenic (As) 10. Nickel (Ni) Endosulfan-I, Endosulfan-II, Endosulfan sulfate, p,p’-DDE, p,p’-DDD, 2. Mercury (Hg) 11. Selenium (Se) p,p’-DDT, Aldrin, Dieldrin, Heptachlor 3. Cadmium (Cd) 12. Vanadium (V) Organo-phosphorous pesticides (8 Nos.) - Chlorpyriphos, Dimethoate, 4. Lead (Pb) 13. Zinc (Zn) Ethion, Malathion, Methylparathion, Phorate, Quinolphos, Profenophos 5. Chromium (Cr) 14. Antimony (Sb) 6. Copper (Cu) Synthetic Pyrethroids (6 Nos.) -α-Cypermethrin, Deltamethrin, 7. Cobalt (Co) Fenpropethrin, Fenvalerate, λ-Cyhalothrin, β-Cyfluthrin 8. Iron (Fe) Herbicides (4 Nos.) - Pendimethalin, Alachlor, Butachlor, Fluchloralin 9. Manganese (Mn) 2 xaxk lekpkj | CPCB ENVIS Ganga Bulletin| 2016 detected with maximum concentration of chromium, copper, vanadium, and antimony (0.58 µg/l) at downstream of Allahabad. In were found at few locations in Uttar Pradesh sediments, HCH isomers were most frequently stretch. Iron, manganese, and zinc were found detected organochlorine pesticide, followed in river water samples at most of the locations by DDT isomers. Maximum concentration which may be because of natural reasons. of HCH isomers in sediments was at Bithoor (α-HCH, 12.36 µg/kg), followed by Allahabad The study indicated that cadmium, selenium, u/s (α-HCH, 1.94 µg/kg) indicating frequent antimony, and mercury in sediments were use of these pesticides in the region. Presence below detection limit (BDL) from Uttarakhand of DDT isomers in sediments at Allahabad d/s stretch as well as Uttar Pradesh stretch, while and Varanasi d/s suggested input of DDT from arsenic, lead, cobalt, nickel, vanadium have surrounding catchment. The possible sources been found at some locations in the sediments. of HCH and DDT were combined contamination The presence of iron, manganese, and zinc from past and ongoing usage of Lindane and were detected in most of the sediment samples DDT coupled with long-range atmospheric which may be because of natural contribution. transport (LRAT). It is noteworthy that the Presently, Indian environmental standards are use of pesticides - DDT and HCH has been not available for limits of pesticides and trace restricted for agricultural use in the country. heavy metals in surface water and sediments. 2. Other pesticides The detected concentrations of the pesticides in sediment samples were found much lower Organo-phosphate pesticides were below than the International Guideline Values in detection limits (< 0.05 µg/l) in all the river water Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh stretch, and sediment samples in Uttarakhand and Uttar except the organo-chlorine pesticide, α-HCH, Pradesh stretch. Synthetic pyrethroid pesticides suggesting low adverse impact on sediment were detected only at Garhmukteshwar, Uttar dwelling biota. However, the presence of HCH Pradesh (λ-Cyhalothrin, 0.03 µg/l), but found and DDT isomers in sediments at some locations below detection limits (< 0.02 µg/l) at all other in Uttar Pradesh suggest their frequent use locations. Herbicides were below detection limits either locally or in upstream catchment. The (< 0.05 µg/l) in all the river water samples, chromium concentrations in river water have however, their presence were observed in been found exceeding the BIS and WHO drinking sediment samples at few locations with maximum water guidelines at Kanpur downstream. concentration at Rudraprayag (Alachlor, 10.5 µg/ kg) in Uttarakhand and at Bithoor (Butachlor, The studies concluded that present levels 15.38 µg/kg) in Uttar Pradesh. of micropollutants (pesticides + trace heavy metals) in Ganga River at Uttarakhand and 3. Heavy metals Uttar Pradesh stretches found mostly below detection limit except the presence of chromium The concentration of heavy metals such as at Kanpur downstream. The phase-II micro arsenic, cadmium, cobalt, nickel, selenium, pollutants analysis at Bihar and West Bengal and mercury was below detection limits in all stretches is in progress. the river water samples both at Uttarakhand Source: Trace Organics Laboratory, CPCB and Uttar Pradesh stretches. Traces of lead, 3 xaxk lekpkj | CPCB ENVIS Ganga Bulletin| 2016 DIRECTIONS Tannaries • Show-cause notices for closure were Sugar Industry issued to 400 tanneries in Jajmau, 23 tanneries in Banthar, and 14 tanneries • Show-cause notices were issued under in Unnao on 31.03.2016. Section 5 of E(P) Act, 1986 to 602 Sugar units in the country regarding Pulp and Paper Sector installation of Online Continuous • CPCB has revised the standards for pulp Effluent Monitoring System (OCEMS). and paper sector in consultation with IIT, This includes 67 Sugar units lying on CPPRI, SPCBs, and pulp & paper mills. main Ganga stem. Out of 67, except 10 The new standards have been proposed closed units, all 57 have installed OCEMS. for effluent, emission and freshwater • Directions for closure were issued to 176 consumption, and effluent generation. Sugar units all over country regarding The new proposed standards are more non-installation of OCEMS. stringent than the old standards.

• Revised effluent discharge standards • The proposed norms for parameters for sugar sector have been notified on namely, specific fresh water consumption 14.01.2016 including the standard for & effluent generation, BOD, COD, TSS, reduced waste water discharge limit of TDS, colour, and SAR, are about 50- 200 litre/tonne of cane crushed and 80% stringent than the corresponding irrigation protocol. Revised standards present/existing norms notified under the not only prevent pollution but also Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986. ensure water conservation. Source: Environmental Surveillance Squad Division & Pollution Control Implementation (Small Scale Textile Industry Industries) Division, CPCB

• Directions to 63 textile units as per the list of Grossly Polluting Industries (GPIs) SEWAGE prepared by National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) were issued under Section 5 of E(P) Act, 1986 regarding Sewage drainage monitoring in installation of Online Continuous River Ganga Effluent Monitoring Systems (OCEMS). Till date, out of 16 textile units having There are 157 drains inventorized by CPCB discharge >25 KLD, 08 have installed out of which 144 drains are discharging into OCEMS. Remaining 47 are small scale River Ganga directly and 13 drains through units having discharge < 25 KLD. tributaries into the rivers – Kali-east (9) and Ramganga (4). These drains carry domestic • Revised standards for textile units are waste water as well as industrial effluents. under finalization and will be notified The status of assessment of drains is shown in after approval of Expert Committee. Table 3 and 4. 4 xaxk lekpkj | CPCB ENVIS Ganga Bulletin| 2016 Table 3: Drains discharging waste water into have STP in main stem) with the installed main stem of River Ganga capacity of 1231 MLD. Out of 65, 47 STPs were monitored in 2014 – 15. The utilized capacity No. of Flow BOD load State of these (monitored) STPs is about 542 MLD drains (MLD) (tonnes/day) (54%) as against their installed capacity of 995 Uttarakhand 14 444.2 42.8 MLD. The actual sewage being treated i.e. 542 Uttar Pradesh 51 3811.2 188.01 MLD is about 11% of the sewage generation Bihar 25 579.7 99.50 (4974 MLD). A total of 10 STPs were found West Bengal 54 1778.9 95.53 non-functional during monitoring and 7 were Total 144 6614.0 425.84 not meeting the BOD norms (5 in UP and 2 in UK). Table 4: Drains discharging waste water through tributaries The status of STPs in the 5 Ganga states is No. of Flow BOD load shown in Table 5. Tributary drains (MLD) (tonnes/day) Ramganga 4 258.3 53 Performance of Common Effluent Kali - east 9 595 165 Treatment Plants (CETPs) Total 13 853.3 218 NGRBA inspected 4 CETPs in the catchment of Source: National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA), River Ganga (1 in Uttarakhand and 3 in Uttar CPCB Pradesh) in November 2015. During inspection, all the 4 CETPs were in operation. Samples were Performance of Sewage drawn from inlet and outlet of the CETPs. As per Treatment Plants (STPs) the analysis results, all the four CETPs were having BOD and COD levels exceeding the prescribed CETP CPCB under PIAS (NGRBA) has inventorized discharge standards. The detailed performance of 65 STPs operating in the main stem of River CETPs is shown in Table 6. Ganga in the 4 states (Jharkhand does not

Table 5: Status of STPs in the 5 Ganga states

STPs Status STPs Monitored Sewage Installed Installed Utilized STPs STPs Ex- No. of STPs States No. of No. of generation Capacity Capacity Capacity Exceeding ceeding not in oper- STPs STPs (MLD)* (MLD) (MLD) (MLD) BOD Limits COD Limits ation Uttarakhand 7 72 93 6 89 70 2 0 0 Uttar Pradesh 15 1184 464 14 461 376 5 2 1 Bihar 6 667 153 4 109 22 0 0 1 West Bengal 37 3051 521 23 336 74 0 0 8 Total 65 4974 1231 47 995 542 7 2 10 * Sewage generation of 118 Ganga River Front Towns ( 56 Class I, 31 Class II, 19 Class III, 5 Class IV, 3 Class V, and 4 Class VI towns) estimated based on 2011 census. Source: National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA), CPCB

5 xaxk lekpkj | CPCB ENVIS Ganga Bulletin| 2016 Table 6: Performance of CETPs located in the catchment of River Ganga Designed Actual Characteristics Disposal Treatment/ Industries connected capacity/ INLET OUTLET of Location of CETP day with CETPs day (mg/l) (mg/l) Treated (MLD) ( MLD) BOD COD BOD COD Effluent Leather Tech. Park, City Jail Tannery 4.15 2.6 1250 2231 453 1341 Banthar, Unnao, UP Drain Unnao Tanneries Pollution 4.5 Loni Tannery 1.8 1152 1962 438 987 Control Co., Unnao, UP (2.35+2.15) Drain *1644 *2832 CETP Jajmau, Kanpur, Irrigation Tannery and sewage 36 20.2 #206 #410 201 423 Channel UP ^601 ^1203 Pharmaceutical, metal UEM- SIDCUL CETP, surface treatment, electronic 4.5 - Haridwar, UK assembling, plastic goods, packaging etc.

*Inlet Industrial #Inlet Sewage ^Mixed effluent (Sewage + Industrial) Source: National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA), CPCB

Interaction of CPCB with U.P. Paryavaran Bhawan, New Delhi regarding municipality regarding sewage progress made on the sewage and solid waste and solid waste management in the respective towns. Chairman, CPCB expressed that the responses An interactive meeting with the officials from against the directions issued by CPCB under municipal corporations of 31 Ganga front towns Section 5 of E (P) Act, 1986 on 09.10.2015 for of Uttar Pradesh; officers from Department the management of sewage and solid waste of Urban Development, Government of were not proper towards cleaning of River UP; Uttar Pradesh Pollution Control Board Ganga and felt the need to convey the urgency (UPPCB); National Mission on Clean Ganga and importance of the activities. (NMCG); Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change (MoEF&CC), and CPCB was As per the information provided by held under the chairmanship of Shri A. K. representatives from municipal corporations of Mehta, Chairman, CPCB and Joint Secretary Ganga front towns (Varanasi, Ballia, Kanpur, of MoEF&CC on March 16, 2016 at Indira Farrukhabad, Ghazipur, Moradabad, Unnao,

6 xaxk lekpkj | CPCB ENVIS Ganga Bulletin| 2016 Bijnor, Kannauj, Gangaghat, Gajraula, Nagina directions issued by CPCB. The Central Nagar, Chandpur, Dhampur, , Pollution Control Board has also filed cases Anupshahar, Saidpur, Narora, Soron, Babrala, against the CEO of Nagarpalika Parishad and Allahabad), 100% door to door solid waste of Mirzapur, Fatehpur, Bhadohi, Chunar, collection is being carried out in few wards and Hastinapur, and UPPCB before the National dumping is being done in low lying areas and Green Tribunal, Principal Bench, New Delhi. open land. Specific disposal system is yet to Source: National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA), be developed. In some towns like Mughalsarai, CPCB Najibabad, Ramnagar, and Bithoor, sweeping and cleaning is being carried out as well as land BOD contribution of various drains for solid waste management processing unit joining River Ganga from Bijnor to is also identified. But, there is no information about waste management in Mirzapur, Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh Fatehpur, Bhadohi, Chunar, and Hastinapur A comparison was made for BOD contribution as the representatives did not participate in of various drains joining River Ganga in Uttar the meeting. Pradesh. The results indicated that among all the drains monitored, Gudiaghat drain and The status of sewage management was Wazidpur drains in Kanpur are the major informed by the Uttar Pradesh Jal Nigam contributor of BOD (mg/l) to River Ganga in indicating approximately 1,509 MLD of sewage, Kanpur (27% and 25% respectively). is being generated from 31 Ganga front towns. Present treatment Drains joining River Ganga from Bijnor to Varanasi capacity is only 579 MLD (38%); remaining BOD Contribution (%) 62% of sewage goes to STP/CETP final channel 1% Dabka drain, 4% Bhagwan Das drain 2% main stem of Ganga City jail drain 3% Sheetla Shishamau drain 3% directly. Bazar Outlet of Ponghat drain, STP, Allahabad 0% 7%

Messages were Outlet of Korba STP, Allahabad, 0% conveyed for taking Wazidpur drain 25% Mughalaha drain, early actions towards Allahabad 1% sewage and solid Loni drain 4% Varuna drain, Varanasi, 0% waste management Rajpur/Rasulabad activities to avoid drain at Allahabad, 0% legal actions against Gudiyaghat drain 27% defaulter municipal Nagwa drain, Varanasi 1% Sihora drain 11% bodies. 17 Ganga Sihora domestic drain 5% front towns, out of 31 Nohra drain 1% towns of Uttar Pradesh Chhaiya drain 0% have responded for Ghatia ghat drain 1% Mawana drain 1% sewage and solid Hathikhana drain 1% Chhaiya drain 2% waste management

7 xaxk lekpkj | CPCB ENVIS Ganga Bulletin| 2016

Gudiaghat drain pumping station Wazidpur drain

Source: Bio Lab, CPCB

drain, Khandaw drain in Mirzapur (shown in Bacteriological water quality figures). of drains joining at Allahabad, • A maximum of 69% of Total Coliform Varanasi, and Mirzapur in Uttar and 46% of Faecal Coliform have contributed Pradesh through outlet of Dinapur STP at Varanasi whereas, maximum of 35% of E.coli and • A study was conducted on bacteriological Enterococcus faecalis were contributed through water quality of various drains joining River Nagwa drain in Varanasi. Ganga in Allahabad, Varanasi, and Mirzapur in Uttar Pradesh. The samples were collected • Contribution of Total Coliform to River for bacteriological analysis, from outlet of Ganga through Pong ghat drain, Kodar drain, Pong ghat STP, outlet of Kodra STP, Mughlaha Mughlaha drain and Khandaw drains was drain, outlet of STP Salori and Rajapur drain in negligible compared to other drains. Allahabad, Rajghat drain, Varuna drain, and Nagwa drain in Varanasi and Ghoda Shaheed • Such high numbers of Total Coliforms

Total Coliform (MPN/100ml) Faecal Coliform (MPN/100 mL) Contribution (%) Nagwa at Nagwa at Varanasi, 2% Varanasi, 9% Varuna at Varanasi, 3%

Khandaw drain at Gaibe, Inlet Dinapur STP at Khandaw drain at Mirzapur, 0% Varanasi, 18% Gaibe, Mirzapur, Varuna at 1% Varanasi, 15% Ghoda Shaheed drain at Khirkiya, Inlet Dinapur STP at Varanasi, 46% Mirzapur , 3% Ghoda Shaheed Outlet Dinapur STP, 69% drain at Khirkiya, Mughalaha drain, 0% Mirzapur, 8% Salori drain, 3% Salori drain, 15% Rajapur drain, 2% Kodar drain, 0% Mughalaha drain, 0% Pong ghat drain, 0% Pong ghat drain, 0% Kodar drain, 0% Rajapur drain, 6%

8 xaxk lekpkj | CPCB ENVIS Ganga Bulletin| 2016

Faecal streptococci (MPN/100 mL) Contribution (%) Enterococcus faecalis (MPN/100 mL) Contribution (%) Varuna at Varanasi Varuna at Varanasi, 3% 3% Inlet Dinapur STP at Varanasi Inlet Dinapur STP at Khandaw drain at 15% Outlet Dinapur Khandaw drain at Varanasi, 15% Gaibe, Mirzapur, 1% Gaibe, Mirzapur STP Outlet Dinapur STP, Pong ghat drain 1% 28% 28% Pong ghat drain, 0% 0% Ghoda Shaheed drain at Khirkiya, Mirzapur , 7%

Rajapur drain Kodar drain Ghoda Shaheed Mughalaha drain, Kodar drain, 0% Nagwa at Varanasi 8% 0% drain at Khirkiya, 0% 35% Rajapur drain, 8% Mirzapur Salori drain 7% 3% Nagwa at Varanasi, Mughalaha drain 35% Salori drain, 3% 0% and Faecal Coliforms indicate the presence E. coli (MPN/100 mL) Contribution (%) of pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella, Shigella, and Vibrio cholerae, which ultimately Varuna at Varanasi, Inlet Dinapur STP at contribute to water quality of River Ganga. 3% Varanasi, 15% Khandaw drain at Outlet Dinapur STP, Gaibe, Mirzapur, 1% Source: Bio Lab, CPCB 28% Pong ghat drain, 0% Ghoda Shaheed drain at Khirkiya, Mirzapur , 7% BIO-MONITORING Kodar drain, 0% Mughalaha drain, 0% Nagwa at Varanasi, Rajapur drain, 8% 35% River Ganga in Uttarakhand and Salori drain, 3% Jharkhand colour coding due to deterioration in biological water quality in post-monsoon season (Table 7). A comparative study was made on biological water Bio-monitoring of River Ganga in Jharkhand quality status of River Ganga in Uttarakhand state was carried out for the first time during state in order to understand the impact of dilution January, 2016. The results indicated moderate due to glacial melt, on water quality during pre- pollution in biological water quality indicated by monsoon and lean flow during post-monsoon green (Table 8). season. The results are indicated as variation in

Table 7: Biomonitoring of River Ganga in Uttarakhand

Pre-monsoon Post-monsoon June – July 2014 October – November 2015 Name of location Saprobic Diversity Saprobic Diversity BWQC* BWQC* score score score score d/s confluence of River Mandakini and River Alaknanda at 7.66 0.72 A 6.8 0.754 B Rudraprayag River Ganga at Upstream Laxmanjhula at Rishikesh 5.0 0.75 C 6.28 0.704 B River Ganga at Barrage at Rishikesh 7.363 0.63 A 6.352 0.577 B River Ganga at Haridwar Barrage 6.5 0.79 B 6.285 0.677 B River Ganga at Bridge downstream Har-ki-paori (Dam koti) 8.33 0.25 A 6.3 0.687 B River Ganga at upstream JSTP Haridwar - - - 7.5 0.8 A River Ganga at downstream JSTP Haridwar 3.0 0.030 D 4.86 0.578 C *BWQC = Biological water quality criteria 9 xaxk lekpkj | CPCB ENVIS Ganga Bulletin| 2016

Table 8: Biomonitoring of River Ganga in Jharkhand, January 2016 Saprobic Diversity Name of location BWQC* score score Berhampur ghat at 4.952 0.736 C upstream Sahibganj Water intake point at downstream 5.619 0.714 C Sahibganj Biomonitoring of River Ganga showing Mangal haat at improvement in water quality at downstream 3.764 0.899 C upstream Rajmahal Ajitpur village in Uttarakhand. Rajmahal Source: Bio Lab, CPCB Ferry Ghat, at 4.813 0.825 C downstream New Species in River Ganga Rajmahal *BWQC = Biological water quality criteria Eatongenia - A new keystone species of benthic macro- Table 9: Biological Water Quality Criteria (BWQC) invertebrates in River Ganga at Saprobic Diversity Biological Biological Indicator Score Score Water Water Bithoor in Uttar Pradesh colour (0-10) (0 -1) Quality Quality Class ≥ 7 0.2 – 1.0 Clean A Blue The species which has a disproportionately Slight large effect on the environment relative to its 6-7 0.5 – 1.0 B Light Blue Pollution abundance is known as keystone species. Such Moderate 3-6 0.3 – 0.9 C Green species play a critical role in maintaining the pollution structure of an ecological community affecting Heavy 2-5 0.4 – less D Orange pollution many other organisms in an ecosystem, and Severe helping to determine the types and numbers of 0-2 0 – 0.2 E Red Pollution various other species in the community.

This large ephemerid nymph was collected and identified for the first time in River Ganga at Bithoor in Uttar Pradesh during January 2015. Abundance of Eatongenia was a rare occurrence in River Ganga at Bithoor due to moderate pollution in water quality. Although Biomonitoring in River Ganga at Ajitpur at Eatongenia is clean water nymph but it could the confluence of JSTP withstand up to moderate pollution in biological outlet with River Ganga water quality at Bithoor. Its abundance may in Uttarakhand. increase with the improvement in water quality. Its disappearance in water will indicate habitat destruction due to anthropogenic influences.

10 xaxk lekpkj | CPCB ENVIS Ganga Bulletin| 2016 Table 10: Water quality of River Ganga in the Jharkhand stretch during March 2016

pH DO* BOD* COD* TS* TSS* TDS* Turbidity Con- Chro- (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (µΩ) ductivity mium (µm- (Cr+6) hos) (ppm) 7.55 8.65 2.85 23 399 65 334 207 332 0.007 Head region * DO = Dissolved oxygen, BOD = Biochemical oxygen demand, COD = Chemical oxygen demand, TS = Total solids, TSS = Total suspended solids, TDS = Total dissolved solids

In Bihar, the water quality monitoring in River Ganga during the month of March is carried out at 16 different locations. The average values of all the sampling points encompassing Tail region Abdominal region both upstream and downstream locations are summarized in the Table 11. The data analysis Eatongenia– a keystone species of benthic shows that the water quality is satisfactory in macro-invertebrates in River Ganga at Bithoor terms of all the parameters studied. The water temperature at its habitat Table 11: Water quality of River Ganga in the was 19°C and substratum composition Bihar stretch during March 2016 of water body was 5% sand and silt, Total Faecal 80% clay, and 10% detritus. The length DO* BOD* COD* TFS* TSS* TDS* Alkalinity coliform coliform pH (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (MPN/100 (MPN/100 of preserved nymph was 17.05 mm to ml) ml) 28.0 mm and width ranged from 5.9 7.87 8.29 2.45 18 105.63 29.88 254.75 144.63 3537.50 1268.75 Con- mm to 6.0 mm. PO -3 SO -2 F- T-H* Na K Ca ductivity 4 4 Mg (mg/l) Cl¯ (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (µmhos) Source: Bio Lab, CPCB 402.88 0.07 15 0.71 160.38 18.25 1.88 31.12 20.15 16.88

WATER QUALITY * DO = Dissolved oxygen, BOD = Biochemical oxygen demand, COD = Chemical oxygen demand, TFS = Total fixed solids, TSS = Total suspended solids, TDS = Total dissolved solids, Water quality monitoring of River T – H = Total hardness Source: Jharkhand State Pollution Control Board, Ranchi and Ganga in Jharkhand and Bihar Bihar State Pollution Control Board, Patna

Water quality is studied on regular basis and Interstate water quality data for various water quality parameters are given. In Jharkhand, the water quality has been monitoring of River Ganga monitored at two locations, namely, Ferryghat Interstate water quality monitoring of River (Jahajhat) Sahibganj (d/s) and Brahampurghat Ganga was carried out at Narora, Anupshahar, Sahibganj (u/s) during March 2016. The and Rasulpur Bhawer near Bijnor on 4th – 5th avaerage values for both the locations are June, 2016 by a team of officers from CPCB, shown in Table 10. The study shows that all the IIT Roorkee, and UPPCB. parameters are within the acceptable limits.

11 xaxk lekpkj | CPCB ENVIS Ganga Bulletin| 2016

Team inspecting the STP inside Narora Atomic Power Team making observation on River Ganga after conflu- Station township at Narora ence of STP outlet on River Ganga d/s of Anupshahar

Sampling in River Ganga at Anupshahar d/s of STP Effluent discharge into Chhoiya drain near Mohit near Mastram Ghat (Shavdah grah) Paper Mill and Jain distillery

Dark coloured water of Chhoiya drain on Chandpur – Clear demarcation of river water with waste water Bijnor road at confluence of Chhoiya drain with River Ganga at Rasulpur Bhawer near Bijnor • The two STPs visited at Anupshahar Narora Atomic Power Station township outlet have been found to achieve the limit of BOD was found to be achieving the standard for and COD permissible for waste water but the waste water discharge (Table 13). pH and total dissolved solids (TDS) of final outlet of both the STPs were found to be higher • The team observed a coloured effluent than permissible limit (Table 12). containing water at the confluence point of Chhoiya drain with River Ganga which might • The sample from STP installed at

12 xaxk lekpkj | CPCB ENVIS Ganga Bulletin| 2016 be because of the industrial effluent being Rasulpur Bhawer was found to be in Class – byepassed into Chhoiya drain (in pictures). C which indicated “Moderate Pollution” in the River Ganga (Table 16). • The team has also observed the byepass of effluent in Chhoiya drain at Bijnor – Nagina • Maximum number of benthic macro- road near Mohit Paper Mill at Bahera village (in invertebrates (228) were collected from River pictures). Ganga at downstream of Anupshahar STP outfall. Minimum numbers of 4 animals • The Chhoiya drain flowing through a were collected from downstream confluence bridge on Chandpur – Bijnor road was found of Chhoiya drain with River Ganga. Only 15 to contain concentrated effluent water with numbers of animals collected in River Ganga considerable smell. The physico – chemical at Rasulpur Bhawer near Bijnor at confluence analysis of the sample drawn from the drain of Chhoiya drain (Table 17). at this point was found to be surpassing the permissible limit of TDS, BOD, COD, and • Faecal contamination was least in the chloride (Table 12). effluents of Anupshahar STP – I outlet, followed by Anupshahar STP – II outlet (Table 13). Table 12: Physico–chemical analysis of waste water sources of River Ganga in Uttar Pradesh Analysis results* - -- S. pH EC TSS TDS COD BOD Cl SO4 PO4-P Sampling location No. BIS: 10500: 2012 Desirable 6.5–8.5 - - 500 250 30 200 200 - 1 Narora STP outlet 7.75 710 BDL 456 16 5 - - - 2 Narora STP inlet 7.14 718 890 428 532 208 29 27 1.64 3 Anupshahar STP – I outlet 9.59 765 51 540 116 20 68 41 0.63 4 Anupshahar STP – II outlet 8.78 987 32 640 76 17 83 42 1.62 5 Anupshahar STP – II inlet 7.60 1260 203 748 245 114 91 49 2.30 6 Bypass at M/s. Mohit Paper Mill, Bijnor 7.95 2250 15 1532 132 15 458 17 1.62 7 Chhoiya drain at Chandpur to Bijnor road 8.11 1850 136 1344 492 67 272 65 1.21 (Hot spot) 8 Chhoiya drain confluence point at Rasulpur 8.02 924 34 612 80 7 124 17 0.59 Bhawer * All values are in mg/l except pH and EC(µS/cm)

• Overall, the River Ganga water Table 13: Bacteriological quality of waste water Faecal Faecal Total quality showed BOD and COD values S. Total Entero- Sampling Coli- strepto- E.coli.* plate Coliform* coccus* within range at all the places visited No. location form* cocci* count* by the team (Table 14). Narora STP 1 1600 920 490 490 350 1010 outlet Anupshahar • The biological water quality 2 3300 180 20 20 180 2950 STP – I outlet of River Ganga at all the locations Anupshahar 3 1700 200 20 20 200 1260 at Narora, Anupshahar, Rasulpur STP – II outlet Bhawer near Bijnor, and 500 meter * All values are in MPN/100 ml except Total plate count (CFU/ml) downstream of Punjabi Dera at 13 xaxk lekpkj | CPCB ENVIS Ganga Bulletin| 2016 Table 14: Physico-chemical water quality of River Ganga Analysis results* - -- S. pH EC TSS TDS COD BOD TA TH Cl F B SO4 PO4-P NO3 Sampling location No. BIS: 10500: 2012 Desirable 6.5–8.5 - - 500 250 30 200 200 250 1 - 200 - 45 1 Narora Barrage d/s 8.0 191 BDL 113 BDL BDL 100 74 5 0.2 BDL 16 BDL 0.3 2 Anupshahar STP d/s 8.6 180 BDL 122 6 1 94 72 6 0.2 BDL 15 BDL 0.2 3 Bijnor Chhoiya drain d/s 7.5 177 BDL 112 6 1 88 76 6 0.2 BDL 17 0.1 0.6 * All values are in mg/l except pH and EC(µS/cm) • The least Total Table 15: Bacteriological water quality of River Ganga coliforms, Faecal coliforms, Sampling Faecal Faecal Total plate S. Total Co- Entero- E. and E.coli were observed location of River Coli- strepto- count No. liform* coccus* coli.* in River Ganga at Narora Ganga at form* cocci* (TPC)* Narora barrage barrage downstream. There 1 33 26 < 1.8 < 1.8 24 420 d/s were no Faecal streptococci Anupshahar 2 780 450 13 13 450 750 and Enterococcus bacteria STP d/s in river water at Narora Bijnor Chhoiya 3 3500 1700 1100 1100 1100 2460 barrage downstream (Table drain d/s 15). * All values are in MPN/100 ml except TPC (CFU/ml)

Table 16: Biological water quality of River Ganga Temp. DO Saprobic Diversity Biological water Water quality Sampling location (°C) (mg/ml) Score Score quality class River Ganga d/s of Narora barrage near bathing ghat 35.5 6.8 4.8 0.81 Moderate pollution C River Ganga at Anupshahar d/s near Mastram ghat 33.0 9.5 5.5 0.77 Moderate pollution C River Ganga at Rasulpur Bhawer near Bijnor at confluence of Chhoiya drain 33.1 5.2 6.0 0.6 Moderatepollution C River Ganga at Rasulpur Bhawer d/s of confluence with Chhoiya drain near Punjabi dera 32.9 6.8 4.54 0.71 Moderate pollution C River Ganga 500 meter d/s of Punjabi dera 33.0 6.8 4.0 0.5 Moderate pollution C

Table 17: Number of animals and taxonomic families of macro-invertebrates found at different locations on River Ganga Total number of Sampling location Taxonomic families of benthic macro-invertebrates animals collected River Ganga d/s of Narora barrage near bath- Viviparidae, Bithinidae, Atydae, Plaeamonidae, Corixidae, Hy- 32 ing ghat dropsychidae, Lymniadae, Physidae, Lumbriculidae Apheloceridae, Protoneuridae, Gomphidae, Libellulidae, Thia- River Ganga at Anupshahar d/s near Mastram ridae, Bithynidae, Unionidae, Atydae, Plaeamonidae, Ranatrin- 228 ghat idae, Pleidae, Dytiscidae, Lymnaidae, Physidae, Planorbidae, Corbiculidae, Chironomidae River Ganga at Rasulpur Bhawer near Bijnor 15 Gomphidae, Palaemonidae, Dytiscidae, Hydrophilidae at confluence of Chhoiya drain River Ganga at Rasulpur Bhawer d/s of con- Coenagrionidae, Nepidae, Ranatrinidae, Belastomatidae, Corix- 53 fluence with Chhoiya drain near Punjabi dera idae, Dytiscidae, Histeridae, Lymnidae, Physidae, Planorbidae River Ganga 500 meter d/s of Punjabi dera 04 Dytiscidae, Physidae Source: Bio Lab, CPCB

14 xaxk lekpkj | CPCB ENVIS Ganga Bulletin| 2016 c) CPCB also published a newspaper notice ONLINE MONITORING in January, 2015 to the 178 GPIs for not responding to the show cause notice. Online effluent monitoring system d) CPCB issued closure direction to 150 GPIs for in Ganga basin not responding to the show cause notices. a) CPCB has issued the directions under e) As on 01.06.2016, 553 GPIs have installed section 18 (1) (b) of Water Act, 1974 to the OCEMS as shown in Table 18. SPCBs/PCCs of 11 Ganga basin states f) In case of exceedance to any parameter, (Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, auto-generated SMS alert is sent to Jharkhand, West Bengal, Himachal concerned division as well as to the Pradesh, Haryana, Delhi, Chattisgarh, concerned industry for information. Rajasthan, and Madhya Pradesh) to submit the updated inventory of grossly polluting The average SMS alert per unit with OCEMS industries (GPIs) located in Ganga basin connected with CPCB server was maximum and for the installation of online continuous for cement during February (82), aluminium effluent monitoring system (OCEMS) by for March, (306), petrochemical for April, 2016 the GPIs operating in Ganga basin for (63) & May (542). self-regulatory Table 18: OCEMS installation status by 764 GPIs as on 01.06.2016 purpose before S. Category No. of directions Installed Data 31.03.2015 No. issued connectivity and later Directions issued by NGRBA cell extended upto 1. Chemical (inorganic) 5 2 2 30.06.2015. 2. Chemical (organic) 8 8 8 3. Textile, dying, & bleach 63 5 5 b) However, 4. Food, dairy, beverage 21 11 9 emphasis was 5. Slaughter house 12 5 5 given for main 6. Locomotive, Automobile, 22 0 0 stem of Ganga Electroplating, Water recyclers etc. and show cause 7. Tannery 415 354 47 notices were Subtotal 546 385 76 issued under Directions issued by concerned divisions Section 5 of E 8. Chemical 15 11 8 (P) Act, 1986 on 9. Cement 3 NA NA 30.06.2015 to 10. Thermal power 4 2 0 764 GPIs in 5 11. Distillery 35 27 26 states operating 12. Pulp & Paper 67 59 56 in the main 13. Sugar 67 48 48 14. Tannery 27 21 0 stem of Ganga Subtotal 218 168 138 discharging TOTAL 764 553 214 through drain or tributaries in Ramganga and Kali-east. Source: National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA), CPCB

15 xaxk lekpkj | CPCB ENVIS Ganga Bulletin| 2016 (as per CPCB water quality criteria) available NEW INITIATIVES at particular location based on the CPCB data and data is provided by public. Ganga Shravan Abhiyan Source: National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA), CPCB Water quality of River Ganga is threatened due to the disposal of domestic sewage and Android App for biomonitoring of industrial effluents. A number of action plans surface water have been launched by the government for cleaning Ganga to maintain its sanctity. In The Android mobile phone application is this direction, CPCB has launched an Android a tool for the biological assessment of based Mobile Application, named as ‘Ganga surface water bodies and training purposes Shravan Abhiyaan’. The App is available at for the people who monitor the biological Google Play Store and at CPCB website. The aspects of surface waters using benthic App seeks massive participation of public at macro-invertebrates communities present in the various substratum types of water bodies. Once the sample of benthic macro- invertebrates is collected, the App provides a self-sufficient solution for the bio- monitoring which has all the instructions and information regarding the procedure. The step by step processes enable the user to go through several aspects of the procedure. All the sampling site specific information is updated automatically. The date, time, and all the details relating to water body can be selected through simple drop down menus and text boxes. Pictures of the site conditions and sample can be taken through the App itself and it will be saved automatically. The users just have to follow the procedure and type the number of families/ species in a simple text large to upload their pictures/complaints box. After all the numbers are entered, the for further action. The user can also submit saprobic score can be seen on the screen at the water quality by simple visualization, or end. Similarly, a diversity score grid has also by measurement through Water Quality been provided which automatically calculates Testing Kits (WQTK) along with pictures and the Diversity score of sample collected. A complaints/suggestions etc. The information simple column and row table is present which provided by a user on this App is made availavle provides Diversity score after entering 0 and to other users by geotagging the exact location 1 for morphologically similar and different of monitoring done. The public is informed animals, respectively. about the designated best-use of water quality 16 xaxk lekpkj | CPCB ENVIS Ganga Bulletin| 2016 The final results are expressed in terms of biological water quality class of the sample with colour indication. The App is also having provision for changing the values and submitting the report in the name of users. Thus, the App is user friendly especially for the researchers, students, and pollution control authorities.

Source: Bio Lab / IT Division, CPCB

NGT

Water quality analysis of River Ganga at Singtali, Uttarakhand

In pursuant to the judgement of the Hon’ble National Green Tribunal (NGT) in the matter of Original Application No. 315 of 2015 (M.A. No. 821/2015) Rajiv Savara vs. Darrameks Hotels & Developers Pvt. Ltd. & Others, dated 21.03.2016, a five member committee was constituted to inspect the construction site at Darrameks Hotel & Resorts Ltd. at Singtali/ Byasi, Uttarakhand. The site was visited by the 5 member committee on 20.04.2016 and biomonitoring of River Ganga was undertaken along with sample collection for chemical and bacteriological analysis, in view of the assessment of river ecology at Singtali.

17 xaxk lekpkj | CPCB ENVIS Ganga Bulletin| 2016

View of River Ganga at Singtali Construction site and River Ganga

CPCB members visiting construction site Habitat degradation on the bank of River Ganga

Table 19: Water quality analysis of River Ganga at Singtali, Uttarakhand

Chemical* analysis of River Ganga at Singtali

pH DO (mg/l) COD (mg/l) BOD (mg/l) TSS (mg/l) TDS (mg/l) NH3 – N (mg/l) 7.0 9.9 17 01 06 100 BDL * DO = Dissolved oxygen, COD = Chemical oxygen demand, BOD = Biochemical oxygen demand, TSS = Total suspended solids, TDS = Total dissolved solids

Biological analysis of River Ganga at Singtali Saprobic score Diversity score Biological water quality Biological water quality criteria 6.76 0.84 Slight pollution B

Bacteriological analysis of River Ganga at Singtali Date Total coli- Faecal coliforms Faecal streptococci Enterococcus E.coli Total plate count forms (CFU/ml) 20.04.2016 (MPN/100 ml) (MPN/100 ml) (MPN/100 ml) (MPN/100 ml) (MPN/100 ml) 1700 25.04.2016 790 490 20 20 220 1570 18 xaxk lekpkj | CPCB ENVIS Ganga Bulletin| 2016

Pollution tolerant fauna of benthic macro-invertebrates in River Ganga at Singtali The study indicated that the water quality Nevertheless, the bacteriological analysis also was unpolluted in terms of chemical analysis. found that the water is contaminated from the However, it was slightly polluted as far as bacteria of soil, human, and animal origin, biological quality is concerned. The reason thus making the water unfit for drinking and of this is the habitat degradation resulting to bathing purposes. dominance of pollution tolerant benthic macro- invertebrates over a few sensitive species. Source: Bio Lab, CPCB

Pollution sensitive fauna of benthic macro-invertebrates in River Ganga at Singtali

19 xaxk lekpkj | CPCB ENVIS Ganga Bulletin| 2016

RIVER GANGA IN NEWS

Union Government launches Ganga Gram Yojana The Union Government has launched Ganga Gram Yojana to develop 1600 villages in Uttar Pradesh (UP) situated along the banks of Ganga River. The scheme was launched by the Union Minister of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation Uma Bharti at Puth village in of UP. About Ganga Gram Yojana In the first phase of the Ganga Gram Yojana, 200 villages in UP have been selected. In these selected villages open drains discharging waste directly into river Ganga will be diverted to sewage treatment facility. Government will spend one crore rupees on every village under this programme. It would be mandatory for every household in selected villages to have functional toilets. Under this programme, these selected villages will be developed under the Sichewal model (Village in Punjab) which is based on cooperation of the villagers for water management and waste disposal. Union Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation also deployed the first company of Ganga Task force Battalion to fast track implementation of Namami Gange Programme. It was deployed at Garhmukteshwar town in Hapur district of UP.

Namami Gange projects for cleaning river Ganga launched Union Government has launched various projects under Namami Gange programme for cleaning of river Ganga and its tributaries from Haridwar, Uttarakand. It was launched by Union Water Resources Minister Uma Bharti. Besides, simultaneous projects were also launched at over 103 locations in seven states for cleaning of river Ganga and its tributaries from Gangotri to Howrah. Key Facts The Namami Gange Programme aims at cleaning the holy river and ensuring its unfettered flow. Union government has allocated Rs. 20,000 crore budget for it. Under it, projects such as modernization and redevelopment of Ghats, crematoriums and other development activities will be undertaken. Besides it will also undertake project for development of sewage infrastructure and treatment, tree plantation, afforestation, pilot drain project, interceptor drain project, trash skimmers and conservation of biodiversity. The projects were launched simultaneously in five basin states of the river Ganga viz. Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal. Besides, projects were also launched in Delhi and Haryana through which Ganga’s largest tributary Yamuna passes. In Uttar Pradesh alone total 112 projects were launched through this ambitious scheme. 47 projects were inaugurated at various locations in Uttrakhand. 20 projects were inaugurated at various locations in West Bengal. 26 projects were inaugurated in Bihar.

Acknowledgements NGRBA Cell, Bio Lab, other divisions of CPCB and Bihar & Jharkhand SPCBs are duly acknowledged for their contribution in the preparation of Ganga Samachar.

ENVIS Centre ENVIS Co-ordinator, Central Pollution Control Board ‘Parivesh Bhawan’, East Arjun Nagar, Shahdara, Delhi 110032 Phone : 011-43102258, 43102265; email : [email protected]; www.cpcbenvis.nic.in

Prepared, Compiled & Designed by : ENVIS Team 2016 June, e-copy,