Panchasakha and Their Cosmological Theory
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Orissa Review July - 2010 Panchasakha and Their Cosmological Theory Sasanka Sekhar Panda The theory of the universe, or in other words Brahma, the God wished to create. He became explanation of the uncaused cause has ever been compassionate and his bliss percolated out as the the first problem in every religion. Like the Sabda´. This idea of compassion reminds us of Puranas and Tantric texts, the Panchasakha the development of Karuna in Mahayana literature also abounds with it. Buddhism. Buddha was then meditated upon as the Lord of Mercy. The Panchasakha starts with the eternal question of ³who was there when all this The Panchasakha and other Vaisnavas of phenomenal universe was not´. The problem of Orissa become one with the Vajrayanists in the Prime Mover is still beyond our reach and maintaining this Sunya as a Supreme Being- the can only be explained negatively-´ He is not this, Sunya Purusa, who appears to be the same as not this-"neti neti´. The Prajnaparamita Vajrasattva. Hrdayagarbha, a later Buddhist scripture Achyutananda Dasa in his ³Sunya describes Sunyata as ³neti neti´. Therefore, it Samhita´ states- ³You have well asked me of seems that there is a lot of similarities between the esoteric mystery. The Sunya Purusa is just a the Panchasakha ideology of Sunyata and that prisoner in Sunya, and creating all illusions. He of the Buddhists. The concept of Sunyata, being remains quite indifferent to them. But at the same the most characterstic ideology behind Jagannath, time, he is very kind to all and he also resides in formulated by the Panchasakhas can be no doubt all the created things. Moreover, he is well versed the continuation of the Vajrayana idea of the void in crafty devices and so is the author of all sorts accepted by Vaisnavism after identifying it with of performances.1 Another member of the the Vedantic idea of Nirguna Brahma. Panchasakha group, Balarama Dasa in his Virata The factor of compassion (the second Gita and Chaitanya Dasa (a contemporary of the factor which necessitates the function of world Panchasakhas) in his Visnugarbha Purana have creation the first factor being the factor of conflict also described about the Sunya Purusa. or imperfection) in which Balarama Dasa and Almost all the writings of many other Achytananda Dasa think that compassion moved Vaisnavas of Orissa are replete with similar brilliant God to creation. ³after crores of years, description of the Sunya Purusa, who is compassion came to me and I wished a creation´ sometimes called Virata Purusa, Nirakara and or ³when all was submerged in the Sunya Adi Brahma. 97 Orissa Review July - 2010 The same ideas may also be traced in the Buddhas- Vairocana, Aksobhya, Ratnasambhava, description of the Vajrayanists. Amitabha and Amogha Siddhi. A Buddhist work, the ³ Jnanasiddhi´ of The tradition about the position of the Sambala king Indrabhuti, for example, states, ³He Panca-Dhyani Buddhas in the Mandalas and (Vajrasattva) is the Being without origin and end similar mystic diagrams, is also to be found in the all good the soul-substance of all, the literature. In the ³Visnugarbha Purana´ the six enlightened one included in him all the static and Visnus including Nirakara Visnu are given similar the dynamic.2 positions in the Sunya Mandala (N.N.Basu, in his ³Archaeological Survey of Mayurbhanj, PP. In the ³Sri Vajra-Mandalankara´ CL.XXXVII has also brought the identification quoted in the Jnanasiddhi, it is said, ³he eternally of five Visnus with the five Dhyani Buddhas). belongs to all the elements, to all the beings. He remains pervading all the bodies in the form of Even the colour scheme found in the the flow of consciousness.´ Buddhist pantheon is not missed, and in the He is immutable, unthinkable, pure, manner of the six Tathagatas these six Visnus are represented in different colours like white, passionless, perfect void like the sky, free from yellow, saffron, red, blue and green.4 Moreover, existence and non-existence.3 Example of this type as the five Tathagatas have their respective are abound in the Vajrayana works like Bodhisattvas, four of these Visnus have four Prajnopaya Viniscaya Siddhi, Advayavajra Brahmas of their own, who are credited with the Samgraha, Hevajra Tantra, Samputika etc. creation of eighty four worlds. The Sunya Purusa of the Jagannath cult as expressed in the Panchasakha literature in It may also be pointed out that the Orissa is an expression of µChidvilas´ embodying conception of the five Tathagatas is present in the Yogic speculation of the Jagannath cult, where thereby the conception of the Vajrasattva of five out of the six plexuses (Satcakra) of the human Tantric Buddhism. It may also be pointed out that body are presided over by five Devas, viz. both Sunya Purusa and Vajrasattva are alike Ganesa, Kamadeva, Brahma, Vishnu and Siva regarded as the non-dual state of Sunyata and and the sixth one by Anadi the analogue of Adi- Karuna and are characterized as the Primal Buddha. The noticeable fact is that the five Devas Enlightened One-Adi Buddha or Adi Brahma. are represented with a number of accessories i.e The theory of five Dhyani Buddhas, the divine Saktis, Vahanas (Mounts), expounded in Tantric Buddhism has found a Bijamantras, colours, Karmas (Actions), striking exposition in ³Visnugarbha Purana´ of Pranas and vital winds almost in the manner of Chaitanya Dasa where it has been given a novel the Five Tathagatas (Dhyani Buddhas). Vaisnavite setting. The minor differences existing between This great philosopher conceives of six the accessorial schemes of the Dhyani Buddhas Visnus one of whom known as Nirakara Visnu and the Devas are very probably due to the is characterized as the shapeless and figureless assimilative nature of the Jagannath cult itself (as Sunya and hence is the same as Vajrasattva, expounded in the Pancasakha literature). while the other five who are emanations of Alekha In this way one can find a lot of similarities Purusa do undoubtedly resemble the five Dhyani between the cult of Jagannath and Buddhism the 98 Orissa Review July - 2010 reasons for which are critically analysed and (page-26) This tooth-relic is worshipped even discussed in the following manner. now-a-days in the shrine at Kandy (Srilanka). The great Jagannath cult of Orissa has Therefore there are ample evidences to belief the story of king Guhasiva and his sacred tooth-relic. become symbol of universal brotherhood where King Guhasiva was ruling Kalinga in the 4th most of the important religious movements century A.D.8 occurred in India have amalgamated. In a long course of time and passing through many changes As the antiquity of Jagannath as a Hindu and religious cross currents of variegated nature god is yet to be traced back to the 4th century the deity has obtained its present form. A.D archaeologically and epigraphically, it can be presumed that the story of the Kalinga invasion Archaeologically as well as epigraphically of Yavana Raktavahu in 323 A.D9 (as narrated in the historical importance of Puri in connection to the Jagannath temple records Madalapanji) has Purusottama cann¶t be established prior to the a striking similarity to the Kalinga invasion of 7th century A.D. For the first time the names of Khiradhara. Both invasions took place in the 4th Purusottama (Jagannath) and his elder brother century A.D.. Therefore, it seems that the story Balabhadra (Balaram) occurred in the Neulpur of Jagannath being taken away to some unknown grant (copper-plate inscription) of the Bhauma place for safety by the the then Kalingan king king Sivakaradeva. The Brahmdeo temple Sobhanadeva due to the invasion of Yavana inscription, dated in the Kalachuri era 840 (1088 Raktavahu is a clever representation of the 5 A.D) can be taken as the first epigraphic Dathavamsa story of Khiradhara¶s invasion of evidence where the earliest mention of the Kalinga and the shiefting of the tooth-relic to Purusottam Ksetra occurs. Srilanka by the son-in-law and daughter of the It has been known from Dathavamsa then Kalingan king Guhasiva. that Khema, one of the disciples of the Buddha It is more probable that Madalapanji took the tooth-relic from his funeral pyre and (which is a much later work) has borrowed the gave it to king Brahmadatta of Kalinga who story from Dathavamsa. constructed a shrine for it in Dantapura, his capital city. The Mahaparinibbana Sutta of Digha Nothing is known with certainty regarding nd Nikaya also refers to this event.6 Scholars like the history of Orissa in between the 2 century th N.L. Dey thinks Puri to be Dantapura, the ancient A.D and the 6 century A.D. This period is known seat of the Kalingan capital.7 In this connection as a dark period in the history of Orissa. the story relating to Guhasiva, another king of Mr.James Fergusson is of the opinion that Kalinga can be taken into account, who was a the Jagannath temple of Puri now occupies the devout worshipper of this tooth-relic. He faced site where there former stood the shrine containing attack from a neighbouring king Khiradhara, fell the tooth-relic.10 The present temple was built by in the battle and as instructed by him before his King Chodagangadeva (12th century A.D). But death, the tooth-relic was taken away to Srilanka Madalapanji attributes the construction of the for safety by his son-in-law Dantakumara and first Purusottama temple to Yayati Kesari (can be daughter Hemamala.. As mentioned by the taken as Yayati II of the 2nd quarter of the 11th scholar D.K.Ganguli in his book ³The Historical century A.D).