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Use Style: Paper Title Volume 5, Issue 12, December – 2020 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology ISSN No:-2456-2165 Language Shift and the Linguistic Maintainance: A Study of Tolaki Language in Kendari City Southeast Sulawesi Yuliyanah Sain Lukman Faculty of Cultural Sciences Faculty of Cultural Sciences Hasanuddin University Hasanuddin University Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia Muhammad Darwis Fathu Rahman Faculty of Cultural Sciences Faculty of Cultural Sciences Hasanuddin University Hasanuddin University Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia Abstract:- This study aims to reveal (1) the use of Tolaki I. INTRODUCTION community language in Kendari City, Southeast Sulawesi Province-Indonesia, (2) the attitude of language The threat of extinction of small languages has become speakers of the Tolaki community towards Tolaki an international problem. UNESCO predicts that within the language and foreign languages, (3) the language choice next century, about 50% of the approximately 6700 for the Tolaki community in Kendari City, and (4) the languages on this earth will become extinct[1]. It needs to be influence of the language contact of the Tolaki realized that the local languages or regional languages in community with immigrant communities on the shift in Indonesia, which are the mother tongue, are on the same the Tolaki language in Kendari City. The population in terms with thousands of other minority languages in various this study were all native speakers of Tolaki Language. parts of the world and languages of Austronesian and non- Data were obtained from 6 districts in Kendari City that Austronesian derivatives in the Southeast Asia-Pacific were considered representative: Abeli District, Kendari region. District, Poasia District, Puwatu District, Kambu District, and Wua-wua District. This study involved 322 Each country has its own culture and uniqueness, respondents from the six districts. Methods of data including Indonesia[2]. In connection with the shift and collection are carried out using questionnaires, maintenance of local languages (shift and strategy of local interviews, and direct observation. The data obtained language), it should be realized that in fact, all local were analyzed using quantitative and qualitative languages are in a state of endangerment. The existence of techniques. The quantitative data were processed using local languages, both major languages with the pride of the SPSS computer software. The results showed that (1) written tradition (written language) the past and the support The language usage of Tolaki community in Kendari of a large number of speakers, as well as minor languages City on the sector of family, neighbor, school, which do not have a written tradition (oral tradition) and are telecommunication, government office, public only supported by a small number of speakers, generally are transportation, and market is dominated by Indonesian in almost the same threatened condition, even though the Language. Therefore, Tolaki language is no longer used quality of the threat is different. The threat of extinction of as a local language to communicate in everyday life (2) regional languages in Indonesia is because the speakers of The language attitude of the Tolaki community in the the minority groups are now gradually starting to leave their Kendari City especially pride, loyalty and awareness is regional languages and switch to use Indonesian. Local very low. The lack of concern for their local languages so languages are no longer spoken at home. The transmission of that the Tolaki language is decreasing on its usage, (3) regional languages to the next generation begins to break There is a significant influence between the language down. Children begin to become passive speakers of regional contact of the Tolaki community and the immigrant languages, even at a more extreme level, they no longer community on the shift-language in Tolaki language, the understand the local language. Slowly but surely, if its value of Sig (0.00) <α (0.05) is obtained with an influence speakers abandon a language, the language is threatened with level value of 56.81%. extinction. The extinction of language was initially closely related to language choice and language attitude. Keywords:- Language Shift, Tolaki Language, Language Attitudes, Language Choice. IJISRT20DEC414 www.ijisrt.com 661 Volume 5, Issue 12, December – 2020 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology ISSN No:-2456-2165 Attitudes of language, Garvin and Mathiot[3] state that II. LITERATURE REVIEW language attitudes contain at least three main characteristics, namely language loyalty, language pride and awareness of A. Previous Studies language norms. Linguistic allegiance is the desire of the Several previous studies have been conducted by language support community to maintain and maintain that several researchers related to Language Shift and Language language. Language pride is a marker of identity or identity maintenance, among others by Surya Darma[4] in 2017. His as a language user. Meanwhile, awareness of language norms research entitled "Balinese Language Maintenance and Shift is the use of language in accordance with applicable rules, is among the Third Generation of Balinese Immigrant's Parents polite, good and correct. This language's attitude will in Kampung Bali Langkat North Sumatra". This study ultimately determine whether a community will maintain discusses the shift and maintenance of language between their local language, or they will choose a second language generations of two different age groups. A qualitative for them to use in communicating. The attitude of the approach is used to explore language retention or a gradual language all depends on the community. Suppose they have shift towards Indonesian in multilingual and multicultural high loyalty to their local language. In that case, they will situations. To encourage the use of minority languages maintain and maintain their local language which also shows among Balinese youth. Data were collected through their identity as language speakers. participant observation and in-depth interviews with 2 cultural and religious leaders from adults and 25 Based on the conditions mentioned above regarding adolescents, both age groups are parents of third generation language attitudes, it is not in line with the conditions that Balinese immigrants who were selected using a purposive occur in Kendari, Southeast Sulawesi. Most of the people sampling strategy. The findings of this study indicate that who speak Tolaki, especially teenagers and children, do not the Balinese language survives well among adults because have the characteristics of language attitudes such as they are leaders in cultural and religious associations in this language loyalty, language pride and awareness of language community. norms. This can be proven in some local communities that they are prouder to use the language of immigrants, Darwis[5] conducted a research in 1985 entitled Indonesian and foreign languages rather than their own "Indonesian Language Growth Patterns in the Village of PT language. They are proud of using their language. In other Arun Aceh Utara". The results showed the attitudes towards words, the use of Tolaki in Kendari is decreasing because Indonesian in relation to the use of regional languages and native speakers of Tolaki speak less of their own local attitudes towards Indonesian in relation to the use of foreign language, they prefer to use Indonesian, even when talking or languages. The attitude towards Indonesian in relation to the discussing with fellow Tolaki people in Kendari City. use of regional languages is positive. The reason for their mastery of their mother tongue, namely the mother tongue is Migration of population can result in language shift. necessary for the family, for identity, the mother tongue is Language shift concerns the problem of using language by a necessary, but difficult to inherit, and the mother tongue is speaker or a group of speakers that can occur as a result of a not necessary because it rarely goes to the village and can shift from one community to another. Language shift damage mastery of Indonesian / foreign languages. most of generally occurs in countries, regions, or regions that provide the respondents have a positive attitude towards Indonesian. new hope for a better socio-economic life, thus inviting immigrants/transmigrants to come. Suppose a person or A similar study in 2000 was conducted by Lukman[6] group of speakers moves to another place that uses another with the title "Language Defense of Javanese Transmigrants language, and mixes with other speakers. In that case, there in Wonomulyo Polmas Regecy". In this study it was found will be a language shift. Furthermore, a newcomer or group that in the Javanese transmigrant community in of migrants for communication purposes, consciously or not Wonomulyo-Polmas regency, even though they had they adjust themselves by leaving their own language and occupied the area of using other languages for about 70 then using the local language. years or had arrived at the fourth generation, they still maintained their B1. And language maintenance in this area Based on the description above, the researchers assume is very much influenced by age and place of residence. that the Tolaki language is now experiencing a shift either due to language loyalty or the entry of other tribes that make Further
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