The Current Case of Quinolones: Synthetic Approaches and Antibacterial Activity
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A Review on the Current Classification and Regulatory Provisions for Medicines in Drug & Cosmetic Act, in the Light of Present Day Context
Section Pharmaindustry Commentary A Review on the Current Classification and Regulatory Provisions for Medicines in Drug & Cosmetic Act, in the light of Present Day Context Prashant Tandon1, Varun Gupta2, Ashish Ranjan3, Purav Gandhi4, Anand Kotiyal5, 3 Aastha Kapoor 3 1Founder ;2VP & Head Medical Affair; Manager Medical Affair; 5Drug Data Analyst Medical Affair, 1mg Technologies Private Limited, 4th Floor, Motorola Building, MG Road, Sector 14, Gurugram, Haryana, 122001. 4Founder, Remedy Social, C/602, Tulip Citadel, Shreyas Tekra, Ambawadi, Ahmedabad 380015, Gujarat. ABSTRACT______________________________________________________________ Background: Current classification of medicines in Conclusions: We have recommended a revised drug India under Drug and Cosmetic Act into Schedule G, classification system that is more comprehensive in coverage and H, H1, X is outdated, evolved through patchwork over eliminates the overlaps between classes. Moreover, considering the years and needs to be thoroughly updated. The the implementation challenges for such a drug classification primary aim of the scheduling system is to ensure system in the diverse and fragmented ecosystem in India, we appropriate access to medicines while balancing recommend a technology backed platform to help monitor the public health and safety. India is experiencing a rapid implementation. transition with the rising burden of chronic non- communicable diseases where regular access of Key words: Drug Classification System, Drug and Cosmetic Act affordable medicines is critical for chronic disease India, Digitization of Prescriptions, Drug Schedules in India, management to prevent complications. Methods: We Schedule H, Monitoring Drug Schedule System analyzed drugs commonly selling across India, Received: 01.09.17 | Accepted:16.09.17 through multiple information sources including 1mg drug database, PharmaTrac (AIOCD-AWACS), Corresponding Author inventory data from distributors and retailers, Dr. -
(12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2009/0163484 A1 Heep Et Al
US 200901 63484A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2009/0163484 A1 Heep et al. (43) Pub. Date: Jun. 25, 2009 (54) PHARMACEUTICALS CONTAINING (30) Foreign Application Priority Data FLUOROQUINOLONES (75) Inventors: Iris Heep, Köln (DE); Kristine Mar. 8, 2006 (DE) ......................... 102O06O10642.3 Rigi,R. Dormagen Publication Classification (DE); Markus Edingloh, (51) Int. Cl. Leverkusen (DE) A 6LX 3/5.395 (2006.01) Correspondence Address: A63/496 (2006.01) BSER HEALTHCARE LLC A 6LX 3L/24709 (2006.01) P.O.BOX390 A6II 47/20 (2006.01) SHAWNEE MISSION, KS 66201 (US) A6IP3L/04 (2006.01) (73) Assignee: BAYER ANIMAL, HEALTH (52) U.S. Cl. ................. 514/229.2: 514/253.08: 514/300; GMBH, LEVERKUSEN (DE) 514/769; 514/772 (21) Appl. No.: 12/280,996 (57) ABSTRACT (22) PCT Filed: Feb. 23, 2007 The invention relates to pharmaceutical formulations in liq uid form, containing fluoroquinolones and antioxidative Sul (86). PCT No.: PCT/EP2007/001568 phur compounds. The formulations are particularly Suitable S371 (c)(1), for parenteral uses and are distinguished, interalia, by good (2), (4) Date: Oct. 31, 2008 tolerance. US 2009/0163484 A1 Jun. 25, 2009 PHARMACEUTICALS CONTAINING reconstitution, or must be discarded directly as the result of FLUOROQUINOLONES the possibility of particle formation. Accordingly, a ready-to use solution is advantageous as solution for injection. 0006. It is furthermore necessary that a suitable amount of the fluoroquinolone enters the serum after the administration, 0001. The invention relates to pharmaceutical formula as this is also described in WO99/29322. Again, this is not a tions in liquid form comprising fluoroquinolones and antioxi matter of course with injectable fluoroquinolone formula dant Sulphur compounds. -
Nigerian Veterinary Journal 39(3)
Nigerian Veterinary Journal 39(3). 2018 Asambe et al. NIGERIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL ISSN 0331-3026 Nig. Vet. J., September 2018 Vol 39 (3): 199 -208. https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/nvj.v39i3.3 ORIGINAL ARTICLE In Vitro Comparative Activity of Ciprofloxacin and Enrofloxacin against Clinical Isolates from Chickens in Benue State, Nigeria Asambe, A.1*; Babashani, M2. and Salisu, U. S.1 ¹.Federal University Dutsinma, Katsina State. 2.Ahmadu Bello University Zaria. *Corresponding author: Email: [email protected]; Tel No:+2348063103254 SUMMARY This study compares the in vitro activities of enrofloxacin and its main metabolite ciprofloxacin against clinical Escherichia coli and non-lactose fermenting enterobacteria isolates from chickens. Ten (10) Escherichia coli and 8 non lactose fermenting enterobacteriaceae species isolated from a pool of clinical cases at the Microbiology Laboratory of the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Agriculture Makurdi were used in this study. Ten-fold serial dilution of 10 varying concentrations (0.1-50μg/mL) of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin were tested against the isolates in vitro by Bauer’s disc-diffusion method to determine and compare their antimicrobial activities against the isolates. The 18 isolates tested were susceptible to both enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin, and their mean values in the susceptibility of Escherichia coli and non-lactose fermenters were significantly different (p < 0.01). The study concluded that the clinical isolates are susceptible to both enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin though ciprofloxacin exhibit higher activity. Comparatively, ciprofloxacin was found to be more potent than enrofloxacin and the difference statistically significant. Ciprofloxacin was recommended as a better choice in the treatment of bacterial infections of chicken in this area compared to enrofloxacin. -
Antimicrobial Resistance in Companion Animal Pathogens in Australia and Assessment of Pradofloxacin on the Gut Microbiota
Antimicrobial resistance in companion animal pathogens in Australia and assessment of pradofloxacin on the gut microbiota Sugiyono Saputra A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences The University of Adelaide February 2018 Table of Contents Thesis Declaration ...................................................................................................................... iii Dedication ................................................................................................................................. iv Acknowledgement ...................................................................................................................... v Preamble .................................................................................................................................... vi List of Publications ..................................................................................................................... vii Abstract .......................................................................................................................................ix Chapter 1 General Introduction ................................................................................................. 1 1.1. Antimicrobials and their consequences ............................................................................ 2 1.2. The emergence and monitoring AMR................................................................................ 2 -
Fluoroquinolones for Treating Tuberculosis (Presumed Drug- Sensitive) (Review)
Fluoroquinolones for treating tuberculosis (presumed drug- sensitive) (Review) Ziganshina LE, Titarenko AF, Davies GR This is a reprint of a Cochrane review, prepared and maintained by The Cochrane Collaboration and published in The Cochrane Library 2013, Issue 6 http://www.thecochranelibrary.com Fluoroquinolones for treating tuberculosis (presumed drug-sensitive) (Review) Copyright © 2013 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. TABLE OF CONTENTS HEADER....................................... 1 ABSTRACT ...................................... 1 PLAINLANGUAGESUMMARY . 2 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS FOR THE MAIN COMPARISON . ..... 3 BACKGROUND .................................... 5 OBJECTIVES ..................................... 6 METHODS ...................................... 6 RESULTS....................................... 9 Figure1. ..................................... 10 Figure2. ..................................... 12 ADDITIONALSUMMARYOFFINDINGS . 15 DISCUSSION ..................................... 20 Figure3. ..................................... 20 Figure4. ..................................... 21 AUTHORS’CONCLUSIONS . 23 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . 23 REFERENCES ..................................... 24 CHARACTERISTICSOFSTUDIES . 30 DATAANDANALYSES. 60 Analysis 1.1. Comparison 1 Fluoroquinolones plus standard regimen (HRZE) versus standard regimen alone (HRZE), Outcome1Deathfromanycause. 61 Analysis 1.2. Comparison 1 Fluoroquinolones plus standard regimen (HRZE) versus standard regimen alone (HRZE), Outcome2TB-relateddeath. -
Fluoroquinolones in Children: a Review of Current Literature and Directions for Future Research
Academic Year 2015 - 2016 Fluoroquinolones in children: a review of current literature and directions for future research Laurens GOEMÉ Promotor: Prof. Dr. Johan Vande Walle Co-promotor: Dr. Kevin Meesters, Dr. Pauline De Bruyne Dissertation presented in the 2nd Master year in the programme of Master of Medicine in Medicine 1 Deze pagina is niet beschikbaar omdat ze persoonsgegevens bevat. Universiteitsbibliotheek Gent, 2021. This page is not available because it contains personal information. Ghent Universit , Librar , 2021. Table of contents Title page Permission for loan Introduction Page 4-6 Methodology Page 6-7 Results Page 7-20 1. Evaluation of found articles Page 7-12 2. Fluoroquinolone characteristics in children Page 12-20 Discussion Page 20-23 Conclusion Page 23-24 Future perspectives Page 24-25 References Page 26-27 3 1. Introduction Fluoroquinolones (FQ) are a class of antibiotics, derived from modification of quinolones, that are highly active against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In 1964,naladixic acid was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as first quinolone (1). Chemical modifications of naladixic acid resulted in the first generation of FQ. The antimicrobial spectrum of FQ is broader when compared to quinolones and the tissue penetration of FQ is significantly deeper (1). The main FQ agents are summed up in table 1. FQ owe its antimicrobial effect to inhibition of the enzymes bacterial gyrase and topoisomerase IV which have essential and distinct roles in DNA replication. The antimicrobial spectrum of FQ include Enterobacteriacae, Haemophilus spp., Moraxella catarrhalis, Neiserria spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1). And FQ usually have a weak activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). -
Drug Name Plate Number Well Location % Inhibition, Screen Axitinib 1 1 20 Gefitinib (ZD1839) 1 2 70 Sorafenib Tosylate 1 3 21 Cr
Drug Name Plate Number Well Location % Inhibition, Screen Axitinib 1 1 20 Gefitinib (ZD1839) 1 2 70 Sorafenib Tosylate 1 3 21 Crizotinib (PF-02341066) 1 4 55 Docetaxel 1 5 98 Anastrozole 1 6 25 Cladribine 1 7 23 Methotrexate 1 8 -187 Letrozole 1 9 65 Entecavir Hydrate 1 10 48 Roxadustat (FG-4592) 1 11 19 Imatinib Mesylate (STI571) 1 12 0 Sunitinib Malate 1 13 34 Vismodegib (GDC-0449) 1 14 64 Paclitaxel 1 15 89 Aprepitant 1 16 94 Decitabine 1 17 -79 Bendamustine HCl 1 18 19 Temozolomide 1 19 -111 Nepafenac 1 20 24 Nintedanib (BIBF 1120) 1 21 -43 Lapatinib (GW-572016) Ditosylate 1 22 88 Temsirolimus (CCI-779, NSC 683864) 1 23 96 Belinostat (PXD101) 1 24 46 Capecitabine 1 25 19 Bicalutamide 1 26 83 Dutasteride 1 27 68 Epirubicin HCl 1 28 -59 Tamoxifen 1 29 30 Rufinamide 1 30 96 Afatinib (BIBW2992) 1 31 -54 Lenalidomide (CC-5013) 1 32 19 Vorinostat (SAHA, MK0683) 1 33 38 Rucaparib (AG-014699,PF-01367338) phosphate1 34 14 Lenvatinib (E7080) 1 35 80 Fulvestrant 1 36 76 Melatonin 1 37 15 Etoposide 1 38 -69 Vincristine sulfate 1 39 61 Posaconazole 1 40 97 Bortezomib (PS-341) 1 41 71 Panobinostat (LBH589) 1 42 41 Entinostat (MS-275) 1 43 26 Cabozantinib (XL184, BMS-907351) 1 44 79 Valproic acid sodium salt (Sodium valproate) 1 45 7 Raltitrexed 1 46 39 Bisoprolol fumarate 1 47 -23 Raloxifene HCl 1 48 97 Agomelatine 1 49 35 Prasugrel 1 50 -24 Bosutinib (SKI-606) 1 51 85 Nilotinib (AMN-107) 1 52 99 Enzastaurin (LY317615) 1 53 -12 Everolimus (RAD001) 1 54 94 Regorafenib (BAY 73-4506) 1 55 24 Thalidomide 1 56 40 Tivozanib (AV-951) 1 57 86 Fludarabine -
Original Article Fluoroquinolones Inhibit HCV by Targeting Its Helicase
Antiviral Therapy 2012; 17:467–476 (doi: 10.3851/IMP1937) Original article Fluoroquinolones inhibit HCV by targeting its helicase Irfan A Khan1,2, Sammer Siddiqui1, Sadiq Rehmani1, Shahana U Kazmi2, Syed H Ali1,3* 1Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan 2Department of Microbiology, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan 3Department of Microbiology, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan *Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected] Background: HCV has infected >170 million individuals of 12 different fluoroquinolones. Afterwards, Huh-7 and worldwide. Effective therapy against HCV is still lacking and Huh-8 cells were lysed and viral RNA was extracted. The there is a need to develop potent drugs against the virus. extracted RNA was reverse transcribed and quantified by In the present study, we have employed two culture models real-time quantitative PCR. Fluoroquinolones were also to test the activity of fluoroquinolone drugs against HCV: a tested on purified NS3 protein in a molecular-beacon- subgenomic replicon that is able to replicate independently based in vitro helicase assay. in the cell line Huh-8 and the Huh-7 cell culture model Results: To varying degrees, all of the tested fluoroqui- that employs cells transfected with synthetic HCV RNA to nolones effectively inhibited HCV replication in both produce the infectious HCV particles. Fluoroquinolones have Huh-7 and Huh-8 culture models. The inhibition of HCV also been shown to have inhibitory activity against certain NS3 helicase activity was also observed with all 12 of the viruses, possibly by targeting the viral helicase. To tease out fluoroquinolones. -
Belgian Veterinary Surveillance of Antibacterial Consumption National
Belgian Veterinary Surveillance of Antibacterial Consumption National consumption report 2020 Publication : 22 June 2021 1 SUMMARY This annual BelVet-SAC report is now published for the 12th time and describes the antimicrobial use (AMU) in animals in Belgium in 2020 and the evolution since 2011. For the third year this report combines sales data (collected at the level of the wholesalers-distributors and the compound feed producers) and usage data (collected at farm level). This allows to dig deeper into AMU at species and farm level in Belgium. With a consumption of 87,6 mg antibacterial compounds/kg biomass an increase of +0.2% is seen in 2020 in comparison to 2019. The increase seen in 2020 is spread over both pharmaceuticals (+0.2%) and antibacterial premixes (+4.0%). This unfortunately marks the end of a successful reduction in antibacterial product sales that was seen over the last 6 years resulting in a cumulative reduction of -40,2% since 2011. The gap seen in the coverage of the sales data with the Sanitel-Med collected usage data increased substantially compared to 2019, meaning continuous efforts need to be taken to ensure completeness of the collected usage data. When looking at the evolution in the number of treatment days (BD100) at the species level, as calculated from the SANITEL- MED use data, use increased in poultry (+5,0%) and veal calves (+1,9%), while it decreased in pigs (-3,1%). However, the numerator data for this indicator remain to be updated for 2020, potentially influencing the reliability of the result. -
Effects of Repeated Oral Administration of Pazufloxacin Mesylate and Meloxicam on the Antioxidant Status in Rabbits
Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science Vol 53, No 4 Copyright 2014 July 2014 by the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science Pages 399–403 Effects of Repeated Oral Administration of Pazufloxacin Mesylate and Meloxicam on the Antioxidant Status in Rabbits Adil Mehraj Khan* and Satyavan Rampal Prolonged antibiotic and antiinflammatory therapy for complicated infections exposes the body to xenobiotics that can produce several adverse effects for which oxidative damage is the proposed underlying mechanism. In this context, we evaluated the effect of pazufloxacin, a fluoroquinolone antimicrobial, and meloxicam, a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug, on antioxidant parameters and lipid peroxidation in rabbits after oral administration for 21 d. Reduced glutathione levels were significantly decreased in rabbits n( = 4 per group) given pazufloxacin, meloxicam, or their combination. In addition, glutathione peroxidase activity was induced in the rabbits treated with pazufloxacin only. Administration of pazufloxacin and meloxicam, as single agents as well as in combination, produced significant lipid peroxidation compared with levels in untreated controls. In conclusion, both pazufloxacin and meloxicam potentially can induce oxidative damage in rabbits. Abbreviations: COX, cyclooxygenase; GPx; glutathione peroxidase; LPO, lipid peroxidation; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SOD, superoxide dismutase. Fluoroquinolones are bactericidal drugs that inhibit the molecular structure.28 Although NSAID, including meloxicam, -
NVA237 / Glycopyrronium Bromide Multinational, Multi-Database Drug
Quantitative Safety & Epidemiology NVA237 / Glycopyrronium bromide Non-interventional Final Study Report NVA237A2401T Multinational, multi-database drug utilization study of inhaled NVA237 in Europe Author Document Status Final Date of final version 28 April 2016 of the study report EU PAS register ENCEPP/SDPP/4845 number Property of Novartis Confidential May not be used, divulged, published or otherwise disclosed without the consent of Novartis NIS Report Template Version 2.0 August-13-2014 Novartis Confidential Page 2 Non-interventional study report NVA237A/Seebri® Breezhaler®/CNVA237A2401T PASS information Title Multinational, multi-database drug utilization study of inhaled NVA237 in Europe –Final Study Report Version identifier of the Version 1.0 final study report Date of last version of 28 April 2016 the final study report EU PAS register number ENCEPP/SDPP/4845 Active substance Glycopyrronium bromide (R03BB06) Medicinal product Seebri®Breezhaler® / Tovanor®Breezhaler® / Enurev®Breezhaler® Product reference NVA237 Procedure number SeebriBreezhaler: EMEA/H/C/0002430 TovanorBreezhaler: EMEA/H/C/0002690 EnurevBreezhaler: EMEA/H/C0002691 Marketing authorization Novartis Europharm Ltd holder Frimley Business Park Camberley GU16 7SR United Kingdom Joint PASS No Research question and In the context of the NVA237 marketing authorization objectives application, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) recommended conditions for marketing authorization and product information and suggested to conduct a post-authorization -
EMA/CVMP/158366/2019 Committee for Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use
Ref. Ares(2019)6843167 - 05/11/2019 31 October 2019 EMA/CVMP/158366/2019 Committee for Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use Advice on implementing measures under Article 37(4) of Regulation (EU) 2019/6 on veterinary medicinal products – Criteria for the designation of antimicrobials to be reserved for treatment of certain infections in humans Official address Domenico Scarlattilaan 6 ● 1083 HS Amsterdam ● The Netherlands Address for visits and deliveries Refer to www.ema.europa.eu/how-to-find-us Send us a question Go to www.ema.europa.eu/contact Telephone +31 (0)88 781 6000 An agency of the European Union © European Medicines Agency, 2019. Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Introduction On 6 February 2019, the European Commission sent a request to the European Medicines Agency (EMA) for a report on the criteria for the designation of antimicrobials to be reserved for the treatment of certain infections in humans in order to preserve the efficacy of those antimicrobials. The Agency was requested to provide a report by 31 October 2019 containing recommendations to the Commission as to which criteria should be used to determine those antimicrobials to be reserved for treatment of certain infections in humans (this is also referred to as ‘criteria for designating antimicrobials for human use’, ‘restricting antimicrobials to human use’, or ‘reserved for human use only’). The Committee for Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use (CVMP) formed an expert group to prepare the scientific report. The group was composed of seven experts selected from the European network of experts, on the basis of recommendations from the national competent authorities, one expert nominated from European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), one expert nominated by European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), one expert with expertise on human infectious diseases, and two Agency staff members with expertise on development of antimicrobial resistance .