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Universidade Federal De Minas Gerais UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO DE JANEIRO ESCOLA DE COMUNICAÇÃO PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM COMUNICAÇÃO E CULTURA MARCAS DE UM REALISMO SENSÓRIO NO CINEMA CONTEMPORÂNEO ERLY MILTON VIEIRA JUNIOR Rio de Janeiro, Março de 2012 2 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO DE JANEIRO ESCOLA DE COMUNICAÇÃO PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM COMUNICAÇÃO E CULTURA MARCAS DE UM REALISMO SENSÓRIO NO CINEMA CONTEMPORÂNEO Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Comunicação e Cultura da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, como requisito parcial para a obtenção do título de Doutor em Comunicação. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Denilson Lopes. ERLY MILTON VIEIRA JUNIOR Rio de Janeiro, Março de 2012 3 ERLY MILTON VIEIRA JUNIOR MARCAS DE UM REALISMO SENSÓRIO NO CINEMA CONTEMPORÂNEO Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Comunicação e Cultura da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, sob orientação do Professor Doutor Denilson Lopes, como requisito parcial para a obtenção do título de Doutor Na linha de pesquisa Tecnologias da Comunicação e Estética Avaliada em 20 de março de 2012. COMISSÃO EXAMINADORA _________________________ Prof. Dr. Denilson Lopes Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Orientador _________________________ Prof. Dr. Maurício Lissovsky Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro _________________________ Prof. Dra. Andréa França Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro _________________________ Prof. Dr.João Luiz Vieira Universidade Federal Fluminense _________________________ Prof. Dra. Mariana Baltar Universidade Federal Fluminense 4 Ao Edu (in memoriam), por ter me inspirado durante esses anos todos. 5 AGRADECIMENTOS Ao meu orientador, Denilson Lopes, por toda a confiança, atenção e generosidade durante esses quatro anos de pesquisa e, principalmente, pelas importantíssimas contribuições e instigantes questionamentos levantados durante todo o processo. À minha mãe, Heleni Novaes Vieira, pelo apoio dado durante todos estes anos, e principalmente ao Eduardo Freire de Mello (in memoriam), por toda a paciência, por todos os sacrifícios, por toda a força e carinho que recebi em cada etapa deste trabalho, e por ter estado sempre junto comigo, desde o início de tudo. Aos amigos que me apoiaram durante todo esse processo, das mais diversas formas. Em especial ao Rodrigo Parra, Alex Luz, Pablo Cruces, Letícia Braga, Tadeu Capistrano, Robério Silva, Gilmar Monte, Julio Fagundes, aos coletivos Gaiola e Crème de La Crème, e principalmente à Gabriela Alves, grande incentivadora desde a elaboração das primeiras hipóteses do projeto de pesquisa. Aos professores da Eco-UFRJ, que muito contribuíram, com questionamentos e sugestões de leitura, para o desenvolvimento desta tese: Maurício Lissovsky, Consuelo Lins, Suzy dos Santos, André Parente, Kátia Maciel, bem como aos professores-visitantes Andréa Molfetta, Tânia Montoro, Jesús Martin-Barbero e José Luiz Aidar Prado. Aos professores Andréa França, João Luiz Vieira, Mariana Baltar, Maurício Lissovsky, Consuelo Lins e Tadeu Capistrano, por aceitarem participar desta banca de defesa, tanto como titulares quanto como suplentes. Aos colegas de curso da UFRJ: Patrícia Rabello, Juliano Gomes, Ericson Saint-Clair, Simone do Vale e Fernando Cocchiarale, por todas as conversas e sugestões, dentro e fora de sala de aula. Aos pesquisadores Julio Bezerra, Camila Vieira da Silva, André Keiji Kunigami, Luiz Carlos Oliveira Jr e Luísa Marques, por partilharem da árdua tarefa de investigar este universo fílmico em comum, e por me servirem como preciosa referência bibliográfica acerca de um cinema que ainda está se construindo. 6 Aos colegas do GT “Cinema, Transculturalidade, Globalização” da Socine, em especial à Ramayana Lyra, Ludmila Carvalho e Ângela Prysthon, pelos comentários e sugestões recebidos. Aos colegas do Departamento de Comunicação Social da Ufes, por todo o apoio intelectual, afetivo e logístico para que eu pudesse cursar as disciplinas do doutorado, bem como redigir o texto da tese, em especial ao Cleber Carminati, Daniela Zanetti, Fábio Goveia, Alexandre Curtiss, Ismael Thompson, Fábio Malini e Gabriela Alves. Também agradeço à Marilene Mattos (Faesa) e a Manuela Santos Neves (Faculdade Novo Milênio) pelo apoio na etapa inicial do processo. Aos meus orientandos de iniciação científica, TCC e participantes do subgrupo de pesquisa que mantenho dentro do GRAV (Grupo de Estudos Audiovisuais – Ufes), por partilharem de diversas inquietações teóricas em comum: Guilherme Rebêlo, Ronalson Vargas, Daniel Vilela, Larissa Fafá, Sidney Spacini, Lucas Schuina, Honório Filho, Eduardo Madeira, Ítalo Galiza, Caian Viola. Também agradeço aos alunos que frequentaram a optativa “Estéticas do Cinema Contemporâneo”, ministrada no curso de Comunicação Social da Ufes no semestre 2009/2, cujos debates em sala de aula foram essenciais para o redimensionamento das hipóteses desta pesquisa. Ao Rodrigo de Oliveira, pelas proveitosas conversas a respeito de teoria e crítica cinematográfica, bem como à equipe de realização da mostra “Bem-vindos ao cinema contemporâneo” (realizada em 2011 no Centro de Arte da Ufes), evento crucial para a reta final deste trabalho. E também a todos os freqüentadores da mostra, pela riqueza das colocações realizadas durante os debates referentes a vários dos filmes aqui estudados. À Capes, pelo apoio financeiro concedido durante os primeiros meses desta pesquisa. 7 RESUMO O que aproxima filmes realizados por realizadores tão diversos entre si, como Lucrecia Martel, Apichatpong Weerasethakul, Claire Denis e Hou Hsiao-Hsien, entre outros? Em comum, tais obras possuem essa predileção por uma forma de narrar marcada pela sobrevalorização de uma certa sensorialidade múltipla e centrífuga, promovendo uma reinserção corporal no espaço e tempo do cotidiano, observado por esses filmes de forma microscópica, sob um fio narrativo esgarçado e propositalmente diluído. Aqui, a elipse temporal, a composição de ambiências e a ambigüidade visual convidam o espectador a imergir na narrativa fílmica através de uma nova relação do olhar que convida a primeiramente sentir, para apenas depois racionalizar. Acredito que essas sejam as características de um novo realismo, de caráter sensório, que vem emergindo transnacionalmente desde o final da década de 90, no panorama do cinema contemporâno. Este trabalho propõe investigar as principais características desse realismo, em especial o papel do corpo como mediador da experiência espectatorial aqui proposta, em termos espaciais, temporais e sonoros. Para isso, analisamos 24 filmes, realizados entre 1999 e 2009, por dez diretores representativos dessa vertente cinematográfica: Apichatpong Weerasethakul, Claire Denis, Gus Van Sant, Hou Hsiao-Hsien, Jia Zhang-Ke, Karim Aïnouz, Lucrecia Martel, Naomi Kawase, Pedro Costa e Tsai Ming-Liang. 8 ABSTRACT What do movies by the likes of Lucrecia Martel, Apichatpong Weerasethakul, Claire Denis and Hou Hsiao Hsien have in common, considering those movie makers have so little or nothing in common? They all seem to have a predilection for a narrative style marked by the overvaluationof a certain kind of multiple sensoriality, promoting a body reintegration in the space & time of the everyday life, looked into microscopically by these movies in a frayed narrative approach. The temporal ellipsis, environmental composition and visual ambiguity invite the spectator to immerse in the film narrative in a different perspective, meant to be, firstly, felt and then rationalized. I believe those are the characteristics of a new sensorial realism that has been transnationally emerging in the contemporary cinema scenario since the end of the 90’s. This work proposes an investigation of the the main characteristics of this “realism”, especially the role of the body as a mediator of the spectator experience hereby proposed, in spatial, temporal and sound terms. 24 movies by 10 important directors of this scene, made between 1999 and 2009, have been analyzed: Apichatpong Weerasethakul, Claire Denis, Gus Van Sant, Hou Hsiao-Hsien, Jia Zhang-Ke, Karim Aïnouz, Lucrecia Martel, Naomi Kawase, Pedro Costa and Tsai Ming-Liang. 9 SUMÁRIO 1. INTRODUÇÃO ..........................................................................................................11 1.1 Um outro cinema? ................................................................................................11 1.2 Por uma experimentação estética do real ..........................................................17 1.3 Dos objetivos e da proposta metodológica .........................................................22 1.4 Da divisão de capítulos ........................................................................................27 2. A ESTÉTICA DO FLUXO E A EMERGÊNCIA DO REALISMO SENSÓRIO ......................................................................................................................................32 2.1 Primeiros esboços ................................................................................................32 2.2 Um cinema da realidade? ....................................................................................38 2.3 Corpos e afetos de um realismo sensório ...........................................................40 2.4 Os fluxos da paisagem .........................................................................................49 2.5 Um cinema do tempo presente? ..........................................................................51 3. AS INSERÇÕES DO CORPO NA ESFERA COTIDIANA .................................57 3.1 Uma breve
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