Hiking in america Pathways to Prosperity AmericAn Hiking Society | June 2015 Fifty years ago President Johnson set in motion 1965 the establishment of a national system of trails for TO America. Since LBJ’s famous speech outlining his 2015 vision, america Has accomplisHed mucH . . .

Created a Got More Nurtured National Trails Americans Public/Private System Outdoors Partnership

The National Trails The number of Americans The national system of System was established, who get out on trails trails encourages citizens doubling the mileage of continues to climb. In 2013, to help maintain trails trails on federal lands and here’s how many Americans and their environs in nearly tripling the mileage enjoyed trails: their communities and on state lands. take “ownership” of the experience on local trails.

Trails on Federal lands Hikers 34 million+ 1965 88,000 miles 2015 193,500 miles

backpackers 9 million+ 1 million+ Trails on sTaTe lands volunTeer Hours 1965 15,000 miles for maintenance and management of the National Scenic 2015 42,500 miles and Historic Trails alone mounTain bikers 8 million+

PArtnershIP fOr the nAtIOnAl OutdOOr Industry AssOcIAtIOn dAtA trAIls system dAtA next steps

. . . buT mucH remains To be done.

Close Build More Increase User the Gaps Urban Trails Diversity Congress has authorized While progress has been We must help make more many trails, but most made, much more must be Americans from diverse have yet to be completed. accomplished to provide communities aware of Funding to finish the task sufficient mileage of trails trails, both near and far, must be appropriated in and around urban areas. that are available for and Congress needs For Americans to enjoy public enjoyment. Efforts to ensure that land and benefit from trails, should also be focused on management agencies they must be accessible educational outreach to and their partners have to where they live. This is ensure new trail users feel the resources and tools particularly important for safe and empowered when required to close the youth and others who may making initial visits. existing gaps. not be able to reach a trail because of transportation obstacles. Americans are a people who have always been engaged with and in love with the outdoors. In the mid-19th century, sauntered through the woods surrounding Walden Pond, and in his subsequent writings, provided a thoughtful expression of the natural world and humankind’s place within it. A few years later became perhaps the most famous hiker/naturalist of the era. He walked 1,000 miles from Indiana to Florida by the “wildest, leafiest, and least trodden way I could find” prior to heading west and falling in love with the natural beauty of Yosemite. These men are characteristic of the American spirit—a people who seek adventure, a connection with nature, and the peace of spirit that being in nature brings. This American spirit lives on in the hearts of Americans of all walks of life to this day. Whether it’s a family out exploring along a nearby wooded trail or a rugged individualist thru-hiking the , Americans continue to seek places for outdoor , a connection to nature, and healthy . And thanks to visionaries from decades ago there are now, all across America, hiking trails for these hikers and millions more like them to enjoy.

buT THese Trails didn’T jusT Happen. Photo by Peter Olsen

2 Trails for America

The story of the creation of a na- the Secretary of the Interior work regarding how many Americans tional strategy to create and manage with his colleagues in the Federal used trails each year, it was known trails in modern America begins Government and with State and that the expressed desire for trails with President Lyndon Johnson’s local leaders and recommend to me exceeded existing opportunities. speech on the “Conservation and a cooperative program to encourage In an effort to address this and to Preservation of Natural Beauty” in a national system of trails, building respond to the President’s request February, 1965. In his address to up the more than hundred thou- for suggested improvements, the Congress, the President focused sand miles of trails in our national committee recommended that a Na- attention on many areas affecting forests and parks.” tional Trails System be developed. It the conservation and restoration In response to the President’s was also suggested that the system of natural beauty in America. His request, then Secretary of the have three categories of trails: address focused on clean water, Interior, Stewart Udall, formed a parks in urban areas, the establish- committee led by the Bureau of 1. National Scenic Trails ment of certain national seashore Recreation (then an agency within These were to be long-distance and national recreation areas—and the Department of the Interior) trails with natural, scenic, or of particular note—trails. to study existing trails in the U.S., historic qualities, such as the In his speech, President Johnson how well they served the American . These trails stated, “The forgotten outdoorsmen public, and to recommend federal were envisioned as having shelters of today are those who like to walk, legislation that would bring into along their length for use by long hike, ride horseback, or bicycle. For existence a cohesive national trails distance hikers. them we must have trails as well as system. This committee’s work E It was suggested that these trails highways…Old and young alike can resulted in a report entitled, Trails might be owned, constructed, participate. Our doctors recom- for America, which was published in and managed by various federal, mend and encourage such activity December, 1966. state, and local authorities but for fitness and fun.” He continued, In this report, it was acknowl- that each trail be administered “I am requesting, therefore, that edged that while no metrics existed by either the Secretary of the

“I am requesting, therefore, that the Secretary of the Interior work with his colleagues in the Federal Government and with State and local leaders and recommend to me a cooperative program to encourage a national system of trails, building up the more than hundred thousand miles of trails in our national forests and parks.”

— President Lydon B. Johnson, 1965 speech on the Conservation and Preservation of Natural Beauty EXISTING TRAIL MILEAGE ON FEDERAL LANDS IN 1966 as listed in TRAILS FOR AMERICA, p. 93, 1966 Interior or the Secretary of Ag- right where most people lived—in or StAte or totAl trAil riculture. The report continued, near urban areas. territory mileAge “the entire length of each na- E The Report suggested that the Alabama 2 tional scenic trail, together with federal government could assist Alaska 989 sufficient land area on both sides in the development of Metro- Arizona 5,268 Arkansas 19 to safeguard adequately and politan Trails by using Land california 15,891 preserve its character, should & Water Conservation Fund colorado 11,065 be protected in some form of grants and providing technical connecticut 0 public control.” guidance and assistance in trail delaware 0 florida 98 planning and development. Georgia 54 2. Park and Forest Trails E It was suggested that states hawaii 191 These would be trails on public could encourage the develop- Idaho 10,556 Illinois 80 lands and managed by federal and ment of these trails assisting in Indiana 6 state agencies; the committee acquisition and development Iowa 4 recommended increasing total of lands for trails and enacting Kansas 0 Kentucky 164 mileage from 88,000 miles to legislation, if necessary, to pro- louisiana 1 125,000 miles. tect land owners from liability 285 E Park and Forest Trails would claims. 213 massachusetts 19 include those that lead the day michigan 219 visitor to these lands to perhaps 132 a or overlook. They tHe nAtionAl trAilS mississippi 20 were envisioned as serving a missouri 59 SyStem Act montana 9,274 broad array of users including The Act of nebraska 5 hikers, picnickers, campers, 1968 was the direct result of the nevada 2,086 and sightseers. 943 Trails for America report. While dif- E new Jersey 12 In 1966 when the report was fering slightly from the suggestions new mexico 4,065 published the government main- in the Trails for America report, this new york 21 tained almost 88,000 miles of north carolina 1,377 legislation did follow the Report’s north dakota 17 trails on federal lands, includ- original intent. It established three Ohio 19 ing those of the Forest Service different types of trails: National Oklahoma 11 (73,000 miles) and National Oregon 5,179 Scenic Trails, National Recreation Pennsylvania 188 Park Service (9,000 miles). Trails, and Connecting and Side rhode Island 0 E State-managed trails on state Trails. Later in 1978, President south carolina 20 lands at this time totaled Jimmy Carter signed into law a bill south dakota 34 tennessee 639 15,000 miles. that created an additional category texas 251 of trails: National Historic Trails. 4,434 3. Metropolitan Trails As the Act stands today, as Vermont 145 These trails would be in and around Virginia 1,058 amended, National Scenic Trails Washington 6,814 urban areas; with a suggested ratio are described as extended trails of 589 of 25 miles of foot trail for every more than 100 miles in length that Wisconsin 35 50,000 residents. Since so many Wyoming 5,146 provide for and district of columbia 82 trails, particularly Park and Forest “for the conservation and enjoy- Puerto rico 40 Trails on federal lands were west ment of the nationally significant Virgin Islands 15 of the Mississippi River, it was felt scenic, historic, natural, or cultural totAl 87,834 that the greatest need for trails was qualities of the areas through which

4 connecting And Side trAilS in tHe nAtionAl trAilS SyStem

• timms trail (connects to Ice Age nst)

• iditarod-Anvik connector trail (connects to Iditarod nht)

• chester river connecting trail (connects to John smith chesapeake nht)

• upper James river connecting trail (connects to John smith chesapeake nht)

• upper nanticoke river connecting trail (connects to John smith chesapeake nht)

• Susquehanna river connecting trail (connects to John smith chesapeake nht)

such trails may pass.” National Just like the National Scenic Trails, tHe nAtionAl trAilS Scenic Trails may only be land- National Historic Trails may also SyStem todAy based, necessarily excluding any only be designated and authorized The National Trails System Act water-based routes. These by an Act of Congress. of 1968 created only two National trails may only be designated and Scenic Trails when it was enacted: authorized by an Act of Congress. National Recreation Trails the Appalachian Trail and the Pacific provide opportunities for outdoor Crest Trail, although others were National Historic Trails, accord- recreation primarily in and around suggested for possible later inclusion ing to the Act, are also extended urban areas and have no minimal among the National Scenic Trails. trails, although they may be less length requirement. These trails Despite the good intent of the than 100 miles in length, and follow may be designated by either the National Trails System Act, ten historic trails or routes of travel as Secretary of the Interior or the years later in 1978 the Appa- closely as possible. The purpose Secretary of Agriculture rather lachian Trail and Pacific Crest of these trails is “the identifica- than by an Act of Congress. These Trail still remained the only two tion and protection of the historic trails may exist entirely on state, Congressionally-designated route and its historic remnants and local, and private property as well as National Scenic Trails. This changed artifacts for public use and enjoy- on federal lands. in 1978 when President Carter ment.” National Historic Trails, The National Trails System signed into law a bill that amended unlike National Scenic Trails, Act also created the category of the National Trails System Act by may include water-based routes. Connecting and Side Trails that, adding the category of National His- The Captain John Smith Chesa- according to the Act, provide “ad- toric Trails and also designated five peake National Historic Trail as ditional points of public access to new trails: an example is largely water-based, national recreation, national scenic E The Mormon Pioneer National tracing Captain Smith’s 1607–1609 or national historic trails or which Historic Trail; exploration of the Chesapeake Bay will provide connections between E The Iditarod National and its tributaries as he created such trails.” To date only six Nation- Historic Trail; of the area and documented al Connecting and Side Trails have E The Oregon National Native American communities. been designated. (See list above) Historic Trail;

5 The Forest Service reports more than 165 million visitors to National Forests and that more than 40% of visitors hike or walk on forest trails. That’s more than 66 million people enjoying the Forest Service trails annually!

Photo by Mark Going

E The Lewis and Clark National miles. All of these are national- vehicle use, , Historic Trail; and ly-designated trails within the snowmobiling, , and fishing. E The Continental Divide National National Trails System. In addition to meeting a demand Scenic Trail. There are, however, thousands for outdoor recreation, many of of additional miles of state trails, these trails—in urban and suburban Today there are 11 National Sce- local trails, and regional trails that settings particularly—are also used nic Trails and 19 National Historic are not a part of the National Trails to meet basic transportation needs Trails. (See chart on page 9.) While System. These trails are just as vital by those traveling on foot or by bi- these account for most of the longer to the communities they serve and cycle. Whether it’s children and perhaps more well-known include unpaved, natural surface to school, adults bicycling to work, trails in America, there are also trails, as well as paved trails and are or teens getting to a ball field for 1,244 National Recreation Trails used for a variety of recreational practice after school, trails in and that total an additional 24,800 activities including hiking, bicy- near population centers are filling cling, horseback riding, off-highway the need foreseen in the Trails for America report many decades ago.

6 open to year Authorized Public & trAil est’d length maintained Appalachian 1968 2,158 2,185 trAilS on FederAl Arizona 2009 761 819 continental divide 1978 3,100 783 lAndS todAy Service florida 1983 1,300 1,036 According to the National Park Ice Age 1980 1,000 643 Service (NPS), more than 273 mil- natchez trace 1983 95 150 lion people visited America’s new england 2009 190 215 national parks in 2013. While north country 1980 3,200 2,723 visiting those parks, the public had Pacific crest 1968 2,638 2,650

National Scenic Trails National the opportunity to enjoy some of 2009 1,200 1,206 the 18,000 miles of trails that Potomac heritage 1983 700 694 the National Park Service man- totAl nAtionAl Scenic trAilS 13,104 ages. In addition to park-specific trails, the NPS also has the respon- miles of sibility of administering 6 National year Authorized Auto tour Scenic Trails and 15 National trAil est’d length route Signed Historic Trails. Ala Kahakai 2000 175 california 1992 5,665 3,274 U.S. Forest Service captain John smith chesapeake 2006 3,000 195 The U.S. Forest Service, an agen- el camino real de los tejas 2004 2,580 80 cy of the U.S. Department of el camino real de tierra Adentro 2000 404 25 Agriculture, has more than Iditarod 1978 2,350 158,000 miles of trails within Juan Bautista de Anza 1990 1,200 900 its 155 National Forests and lewis & clark 1978 3,700 7,000 20 National Grasslands, rep- mormon Pioneer 1978 1,300 1,495 resenting more mileage than any nez Perce 1986 1,170 other federal agency. Approximately National Historic Trails Historic National Old spanish 2002 2,700 32,000 miles of these Forest Service Oregon 1978 2,170 2,130 trails are within designated Wilder- Overmountain Victory 1980 275 ness areas. Pony express 1992 1,966 1,776 The Forest Service reports more santa fe 1987 1,203 1,202 than 165 million visitors to National selma to montgomery 1996 54 54 Forests and that more than 40% of visitors hike or walk on forest star-spangled Banner 2008 290 150 trails. That’s more than 66 million trail of tears 1987 5,045 993 people enjoying the Forest Service Washington-rochambeau 2009 2,020 trails annually!1 totAl nAtionAl HiStoric trAilS 19,274 source: nts Annual report, 2013, p. 14, and www.nps.gov/nts/nts_faq.html Bureau of Land Management The Bureau of Land Management manages more than 16,000 miles of trails on its land.2 Of these thousands of miles of trails, almost 5,000 miles are sections of Nation- al Historic Trails, more than 600 miles along National Scenic Trails,

7 TRAIL MILEAGE ON STATE LANDS IN 1966 AND 2013 trAil trAil and about 500 miles of National mileAge mileAge trAilS on StAte 3 rePorted rePorted Recreation Trails. Additionally, lAndS todAy StAte in 1966* in 2013** the BLM administers the Iditarod In response to the public’s desire to Alabama 40 194 National Historic Trail as well as engage in outdoor recreation, states Alaska 153 550 two National Historic Trails jointly have created numerous parks and Arizona 1 124 with the National Park Service: the Arkansas 1,428 390 set aside natural areas and other california 1,532 5,095 El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro state lands for just this purpose. As colorado 49 719 Trail and the Old Spanish Trail. a part of this effort most states have connecticut 7 95 delaware 0 157 also instituted robust trail programs florida 90 2,406 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service that allow the public to explore Georgia 25 523 The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service’s these special lands and that attract hawaii 264 125 Refuge System protects land, water, Idaho 261 1,003 tourism activity as well. Today’s Illinois 343 262 and wildlife on 150 million acres of state parks and other state lands Indiana 292 land and water. Each year 47 million boast more than 40,000 miles of Iowa 105 6 Americans visit the refuges to enjoy 4 Kansas 2 82 trails. (See chart on the left). Kentucky 93 335 opportunities to hike, hunt, fish, The more than 7,000 State Parks louisiana 13 132 photograph wildlife, and more. And fill a special niche in our country, as maine 291 331 many of these visitors use the refug- maryland 155 789 they tend to be more numerous than massachusetts 195 2,145 es’ more than 1,500 miles of trails to National Parks in most states and michigan 650 687 do just that. These Refuges include are generally more easily accessi- minnesota 204 1,323 National Recreation Trails as well ble to people dispersed throughout mississippi 51 115 as sections of a number of National missouri 187 967 each state. While Americans love to montana 54 Scenic and Historic Trails. travel to iconic national parks such nebraska 11 324 as Acadia, Yellowstone, and Great nevada 2 290 Federal Highway Administration new hampshire 65 3,864 Smoky Mountains National Parks, new Jersey 367 1,007 While the Federal Highway Ad- and do so in large numbers, it is our new mexico 59 135 ministration may not manage any state parks which frequently pro- new york 980 3,436 trails, it does administer the Rec- north carolina 54 806 vide that “close to home” opportuni- north dakota 24 3,250 reational Trails Program—a subset ty to get outdoors. Americans visit Ohio 419 1,498 of the Transportation Alternatives their state parks to enjoy all types Oklahoma 137 402 Program. The Recreational Trails Oregon 367 152 of outdoor activities such as hiking Pennsylvania 4,238 1,470 Program (RTP) provides partial and bicycling, fishing and hunting, rhode Island 7 102 funding to help build and main- picnicking and . south carolina 25 366 tain recreational trails. Funding is According to the National Asso- south dakota 1 1,897 derived from a portion of the federal tennessee 84 998 ciation of State Park Directors, there texas 128 97 taxes on the sale of fuels used for are more than 700 million visits utah 17 302 non-highway recreation such as the to America’s state parks each year. Vermont 0 249 fuel for off-highway vehicles, snow- Virginia 226 508 While that number is sure to include Washington 674 467 mobiles, off-highway motorcycles visitors who return numerous times West Virginia 197 149 and so on, making this a user-pay/ annually, it is evident from those Wisconsin 243 2,000 user-play program, funded by those Wyoming 0 110 numbers that Americans enjoy get- who use trails. ting outside and experiencing these totAl 14,810 42,434 natural landscapes. * Trails for America, p. 93, 1966 ** the national Association of state Park directors’ Annual Information exchange

8 Why Trails? While land conservation and preservation are important in their own right, it is through America’s system of trails that the American people actually get to access and experience these places—whether it’s a scenic National Park or an urban trail that wanders along a riverfront. In a survey conducted by the Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Commission in 1960, walking for pleasure ranked second among Americans’ favorite recreational activities. (Driving for pleasure was the favorite activity.) In 1965, the authors of the Trails for America report reflected that while public use of trails was unmeasured, what they did know was that the demand for trails exceeded what was available. In 2013, more than 43 million Amer- icans over 6 years of age went hiking and —for fun, exercise, to get in touch with nature, spend time with family and friends, or just to enjoy the outdoors on a beautiful day.5 Urban Physical Nature Renewal Health trAilS lead trAilS lead millions trAilS continue millions of families of americans to to put numerous to discover the discover their nearby americans back on the path to good scenic beauty of america’s parks, neighborhood treasures whether it’s health. Hiking and walking are easily forests, and untrammeled landscapes. an ice cream shop on an urban rail done by people of just about all levels Children can discover moose wading trail or a small paddle boat rental of and across the in an alpine lake, eagles soaring in a business at the side of a lakeside trail economic spectrum. Hiking or walking cloudless sky, and the sweet smell of in the heart of downtown. trails such regularly can help with some of a pine forest. For kids growing up in as the trail in , america’s most costly health ailments cities and the suburbs these trail visits Md, invite city kids to get out and including heart disease, diabetes, allow them to explore and experience walk and ride a bike or provide a way obesity, and hypertension. according nature, forming positive, enduring to get to a ballpark or library. in so to the american Heart association memories. these visits can establish many cities all across america, trails walking briskly can even lower the a life-long connection to the natural are helping to revitalize urban centers likelihood of high blood pressure, world and a love of outdoor recreation by providing a place for people who diabetes, and cholesterol as much as whether it’s hiking, fishing, camping, enjoy urban life to get outside and does.6 or biking. Many of the champions of walk, run, connect with friends, and outdoor recreation and conservation exercise. they are attracting new History today first connected to america’s homeowners to areas that were & Culture inspirational natural heritage on a trail suffering with empty housing and blazed in the wild woods. have become a feature of good urban trAilS connect renewal planning. americans to our historic and cultural heritage through Economic our national Historic trails. there are Health Connections currently 19 national Historic trails trAilS foster trAilS help educate designated by Congress. these trails economic prosperity in both rural and young and old alike celebrate great accomplishments such urban areas. Whether it’s lodging, about the connection as the journey of lewis and Clark and dining, bike rentals, gear sales, or between the places we live and the Civil Rights march from selma to guiding, trails provide a basis for the world at large. Whether it’s Montgomery, as well as historic events many facets of tourism throughout increased environmental awareness and places, such as the pony express our nation. according to the Outdoor about watersheds or forest systems and the trail of tears. these trails not industry association, spending for and how they impact our lives or only help to preserve the memory of outdoor recreation in america in 2012 through interaction with neighboring america’s past, but also to preserve totaled $646 billion and supported communities around the trail, trails artifacts associated with them. 6.1 million jobs. For more detailed lead us to a better understanding of information on the economic impact the world around us. of trails see this report’s special section: the economic Benefits of trails on page 13.

9 Trail Users In 2013, 12% of Americans over six years of age went The trails community is comprised increase from 7 million in 2006 and of numerous and highly varied user an increase of 4% over just the last hiking. Almost 35 million types: rugged outdoors people who three years. people enjoyed day hiking— seek deep-in-the- expe- Hiking tends to be one of the riences as well as people who prefer more inclusive outdoor recreation- about a 2% increase in the a quick excursion on an urban trail al pursuits due to the fact that no for some exercise and fresh air. special training or high-tech gear last three years and up And people experience the trail is required. Despite this, outdoor from 30 million in 2006. using all manner of conveyance: recreation, including the hiking mountain bikes, horses, off-high- community, is not a complete way vehicles, snowmobiles, and on reflection of American diversity—at primarily go on day hikes while the foot. As the leading nature-based least not yet. In 2012, among those balance primarily enjoys - outdoor recreation activity, it is no Americans between the ages of ing trips. surprise that of all the ways Ameri- 25-44, while 60% of Caucasians had One thing this indicates is that cans take to the trail hiking is by far participated in outdoor recreation, for Americans to be able to read- the most common and popular. in that same age group, only 54% ily participate in hiking, the trail each among Asian/Pacific Island- should not be too distant from the tHe Hiking ers and Latinos and 47% of African communities in which they reside. community Americans had.8 Most American Hiking Society In 2013, 12% of Americans over six In a 2015 survey among Amer- members hike on trails that are years of age went hiking.7 Almost 35 ican Hiking Society members, it within 60 miles of home, and of million people enjoyed day hik- is apparent that most hikers are those, more than a third travel less ing—about a 2% increase in the last primarily getting out for short day than 15 miles to go hiking. This in- three years and up from 30 million hikes of less than five hours. The formation reveals how important it in 2006. number of hikers choosing to go is for trails to be located near where There are also many Ameri- on shorter day hikes as opposed to people live so that more of the pub- cans—more than 9 million—who hikes longer than 5 hours or back- lic may access and enjoy them. in 2013 enjoyed the adventure of packing trips, has increased by Why are Americans hiking in backpacking and enjoying a night approximately 10% since 2007. Of such great numbers? American under a canopy of stars. This is an all American Hiking members, 78% Hiking Society members primarily Americans willingly provide millions of dollars’ worth of work to ensure the trails are maintained.

American Hiking Society Volunteer Vacations crew. Photo by Rob Chen. hike to connect with nature and to are organizations whose members state parks and forests, commu- exercise. These two reasons rank lead hikes, build and repair trails, nity parks, and even on privately far above all other reasons mem- and conduct other similar activi- owned lands. Together these trails bers choose to hike. With hiking ties. They help to manage and main- form a network that allow people for exercise being so popular, this tain trails and sections of trails all in cities, suburbs, and rural areas may be part of the reason that around the country. to enjoy some family time togeth- AHS members report hiking more The trails these organizations er while hiking or to reach a local frequently than they did eight years manage and maintain extend fishing spot. ago. In 2015, most members—60%— through a variety of landscapes. reported hiking 20 or more times a Oftentimes, the trail also traverses trAil year, up from 54% in 2007. View- lands owned by more than one, or VolunteeriSm— ing this from the healthy lifestyle even two, types of land owners. For A PuBlic/PriVAte perspective, this makes sense since those Alliance members who man- PArtnerSHiP exercise should be performed regu- age trails owned by a variety of land The National Trails System Act larly to obtain the best outcomes. owners, 57% work on trails, sec- specifically encourages federal The other top reason for hiking— tions of which at least, are on state agencies to utilize volunteers in connecting with nature—is im- land, 54% work on trails that are on the planning, maintenance, and portant to note as well. The hiking federal land, 58% on trails that are management of trails and the public community appears to prefer to under local jurisdiction, and 45% of has fully embraced this concept of hike along trails in a natural envi- them have at least sections of trail giving back to the trails they love. ronment that renews their spirit they manage that are on privately Whether it’s volunteering with and relaxes and refreshes them. owned land. a trail or hiking club on a regu- In addition to individual mem- This is a reflection of America’s lar basis or going on a week-long bers, American Hiking Society also rich trail system today. Americans Volunteer Vacation, Americans has more than 300 Alliance of Hik- aren’t just getting out on trails in willingly provide millions of dollars’ ing Organization members. These remote federal lands, but also in worth of work to ensure the trails

11 “Members of the Back Country Horsemen saddled up for a day of riding and trail maintenance deep in the forest along the Piedra Stock Trail in Colorado. Altogether, the group had an enjoyable and productive National Trails Day® effort as they cleared more than 9 miles of trail and 42 downed trees. The day finished with a wonderful cowboy stew and a crew member’s famous chocolate cherry cake.” —Bev Warton

Photo by Bev Warton

are maintained and to conserve the 15% by paid staff, 11% by gov- Volunteer Vacations. During lands around the trails. According ernment employees, 7% by the these trips college students learn to a 2013 Government Accounting Service Corps, and 4% by other about teamwork, building and Office report, the Forest Service types of workers. Almost 25% of maintaining sustainable trails, and alone benefitted from 1.2 million the Alliance members reported the importance of citizens giving volunteer hours in fiscal year that all the trail work on the trails back to these public lands they’ve 2012—a donation of time that is they managed was conducted by enjoyed much of their lives. In 2014, valued at $26 million.9 volunteers exclusively. American Hiking Society organized In 2014, the Partnership for the American Hiking Society’s 10 Volunteer Vacations just for National Trails System reported individual members are also part college students with more than that trail volunteers for the Na- of the national volunteer effort as 100 students participating. tional Scenic and Historic Trails’ they “Get Out and Give Back” each While the aforementioned ef- associated nonprofit organizations year through American Hiking’s forts reflect a long-term, concerted together contributed more than 1 Volunteer Vacations program. effort, there are also opportunities million hours of volunteer time to Each year American Hiking Society for individuals to pitch in for just the trails. This donation of time organizes more than 50 Volunteer a day or a few hours. Sometimes and sweat equity is valued at nearly Vacations at locations all across these are club work days and some- $24 million! (See page 24 in the America. In 2014, 478 American times part of a national effort such Addenda for more details.) Hiking volunteers participated in as American Hiking Society’s Additionally, the more than 300 48 trips in 23 states and the US National Trails Day®. On American Hiking Society Alli- Virgin Islands. These volunteers National Trails Day®, 2014, 21,800 ance members recently reported contributed more than 19,000 hours volunteers participated in 439 trail that for trails that they help to with a value of more than $431,000. projects, a volunteer effort with a build and maintain, 63% of the Additionally, in an effort to value of $2.3 million. Volunteers in- labor was provided by volunteers, engage the next generation of cluded hikers, mountain bikers, and stewards, American Hiking Soci- equestrians—all joined together and ety organizes Alternative Break giving back to the nation’s trails.

12 The Economic Benefits of Trails

Green infrastructure like trails and industry in America.10 In addition, parks are true economic engines each year outdoor recreation gen- and provide for the economic vital- erates $80 billion in federal, state ity of a community—and a nation. and local tax revenue ($10.6 bil- Well-managed and funded parks lion from trail recreation). And as Selma to Montgomery and trails makes strong, economic recreational dollars change hands National Historic Trail sense and are job-creating enter- and work through the economy, the prises for the economic vitality of ‘multiplier or ripple effect’ grows to In the spring of 2015, America noted the 50th communities and their surrounding $1.6 trillion in total annual econom- Anniversary of the selma to montgomery regions. Trails are an integral part ic activity ($196 billion from trail voting rights march, which took place in of the outdoor recreation expe- recreation) and 12 million jobs in march 1965. this march was intended to bring rience in America and stimulate America from outdoor recreation. attention to the plight of African-Americans business creation, influence cor- And the outdoor recreation sector who were disenfranchised, particularly in the porate location decisions, increase is resilient, growing even during southern states. the first protest march early property values, reduce medical economic downturns. As an exam- that month gained national and worldwide costs by encouraging exercise, and ple, the outdoor recreation industry attention when the peaceful marchers were generate tax dollars. Trails also grew about 5% annually between violently attacked by state troopers and provide low or no-cost recreation 2005 and 2011, with trail recre- private citizens as they crossed the edmund opportunities and transportation ation playing an important part in Pettus Bridge. even as the marchers began options to the public. that growth. to flee they were chased and beaten by In 2012, the annual econom- According to the most recent mounted police. People across America were ic value of outdoor recreation in U.S. Department of the Interior shocked by the violent images that television America was estimated by the Economic Report for 2013, public cameras caught on what became known as Outdoor Industry Association (of lands managed by Interior (20% of “bloody sunday.” which American Hiking Society the nation’s lands) hosted an esti- later that same month, dr. martin luther is a member) to be $646 billion in mated 407 million recreation visits King, Jr., led another march, largely of spending ($81 billion directly from in 2013, which contributed about African-Americans, but joined by people of trail recreation) and supporting 6.1 $41 billion in economic output, all races from all across the country. When million direct jobs (over 768,000 and supported about 355,400 jobs. the peaceful marchers arrived in montgomery jobs from trail recreation), more As Interior Secretary Sally Jewell they numbered 25,000 strong. these marches than double that of the oil and gas noted, “It is important both to our set the stage for the Voting rights Act that was signed into law later that same year. ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF TRAIL RECREATION the selma to montgomery national COMPARED TO TOTAL OUTDOOR RECREATION historic trail follows the marchers’ route, from Brown chapel A.m.e. church to the trAil recreAtion outdoor state capital. the trail preserves the route ActiVitieS recreAtion-totAl the marchers used, allowing people to learn total Annual spending $81 billion $646 billion about this important piece of American direct Job creation 768,000 jobs 6.1 million jobs history and to commemorate the people and tax revenue Generated $10 billion $80 billion events that took place in 1965. multiplier effect: $196 billion $1.6 trillion total economic Activity

Outdoor Industry Association 2012, The Outdoor Recreation Economy11

13 ANNUAL CONSUMER SPENDING, IN BILLIONS12

PHARMACEUTICALS $331 “It is important both to our MOTOR VEHICLES AND PARTS $340 economy and to the promotion OUTDOOR RECREATION $646 of healthy lifestyles to FINANCIAL SERVICES AND INSURANCE $780

OUTPATIENT HEALTH CARE $767 encourage people, especially GASOLINE AND OTHER FUELS $354 young people, to paddle a river, HOUSEHOLD UTILITIES $309 take a bike trip or a hike, cast $0 $100 $200 $300$400 $500 $600 $700 $800 a line in a lake, or connect in DIRECT ECONOMIC BENEFITS PROVIDED other ways with nature and ANNUALLY BY OUTDOOR RECREATION13

Participants Jobs State & the great outdoors.” Spending Supported income Federal taxes local taxes trail Sports $80.6 Billion 768,251 $38.4 Billion $5.1 Billion $5.6 Billion — Interior Secretary Sally Jewell Bicycling $81.3 Billion 172,146 $3.8 Billion $5.2 Billion $5.6 Billion camping $143.4 Billion 1,356,902 $68.5 Billion $9.4 Billion $7.1 Billion All Activites $645.6 Billion 6.1 million $300.3 Billion $39.9 Billion $39.7 Billion economy and to the promotion of healthy lifestyles to encourage people, especially young people, to paddle a river, take a bike trip or a hike, cast a line in a lake, or connect in other ways with nature and the great outdoors.” Trails play a fundamental role in driving this economic engine on Interior lands. The economic importance of hiking was also highlighted in a 2011 USDA Forest Service Recre- ation Trends study, showing that outdoor recreation participation is expected to grow and by 2060, day hiking is projected to be the outdoor recreation activity that will demon- strate the most growth in adults Appalachian trail national scenic trail (70% to 113%).14 In the same study, 2 million recreation/hiking visits annually the total number of days that adults $125—$168 million annual spending will participate annually in differ- $27 million tourist spending locally ent outdoor recreation activities is projected to increase, ranging from $36 million local economic spinoffs the low end of 8% to 24% for hunt- ing to the upper end of 77% to 116% 2010 Appalachian national scenic trail pilot survey Author(s): J.m. Bowker, s.J. Zarnoch, h. Ken cordell—usdA fs; neelam Poudyal, Gary Green—uGA; matt Owens—GA dnr for day hiking.

14 “Trails consistently remain the number one community amenity sought by prospective homeowners.”

— National Association of Homebuilders

Federal, state, and local agencies E The New York State Trails Coun- San Francisco the estimated gross and partners protect the lands and cil, a trails advisory council com- increase in residential property val- waters, trails and infrastructure to prised of a dozen trail user groups, ue due to proximity to the trails and make these expenditures possible, estimated that trail-related open space of Golden Gate National underscoring the fact that commu- activities account for more than Park is between $500 million and nity and backcountry trail proj- 180 million user days per year. $1 billion. ects are valuable investments and Today, 8 of 10 Americans live productive community and national SuStAinABle in urban environments and we are assets. Some examples include: economic VAlue faced with a new frontier—how E Over the last eight years, the From trAilS can we venture out from our built Bureau of Land Management Parks and trails help move cit- environment and reconnect with partnered with a diverse group ies and counties ‘up the ladder’ nature? The challenge now is the of organizations and agencies in public perception and desire larger built environment—our in Redding, CA to develop more for quality of life. There is a di- neighborhoods, suburbs, cities than 125 miles of hiking and oth- rect and positive impact of parks, and countryside. American Hiking er non-motorized trails. Thanks trails and open space on property Society believes that it makes good to a long-term vision and a cul- values which help contribute to economic sense to act now to con- ture of cooperation, these trails nature-focused, economically serve and restore our nation’s parks now provide an urban-wildlands valuable neighborhoods. A 2008 and trails and create new ones so link and high quality recreation survey by the National Association that ‘nearby nature’ does not disap- opportunities for the local com- of Homebuilders found that “trails pear. Trails can help society rebuild munity, along with economic consistently remain the number the all-important “nature-human benefits and a quality of life that one community amenity sought by connection” that nurtures those draws people and businesses to prospective homeowners.”15 Trails natural experiences and that gen- the area. were cited by 57% of prospective erates the love of nature, of place. E On the 34 mile Virginia Creep- home buyers, ahead of public parks Working together we can revitalize er Trail located in southwest and outdoor pools, and “trail avail- our communities by making trails Virginia, locals and nonlocals ability” outranked 16 other options more accessible and relevant to kids spend more than $2.5 million including security, golf courses, and adults across our nation. The a year on outdoor recreation, parks, and access to shopping. In potential to reap economic, health with $1.2 million of this spent by Dallas, developers report that there and social benefits from individual nonlocal visitors directly into the is a 25% premium for properties action is great. local economies. adjacent to the Katy Trail and in

15 Fifty Years After LBJ’s Speech: The Verdict

In 1965, President Johnson chal- miles of trails—more than double existing opportunities” they were lenged the nation, stating, “We can the trail miles that existed on feder- correct. As we have built more trails and should have an abundance al lands 50 years previously. throughout the nation, the public of trails for walking, , and And the growth has been just as not only came out to enjoy them by horseback riding, in and close to incredible in America’s state parks the millions, but also took an active our cities. In the back country we and forests. While 14,810 miles of role in maintaining them and being need to copy the great Appalachian trails existed on state lands in 1966, their caretakers and guardians. Trail in all parts of America, and to that figure nearly tripled by 2013, make full use of rights-of-way and with more than 8,000 trails with a tHe trAil AHeAd: other public paths.” With this goal cumulative distance of 42,434 miles. looking to tHe in mind the President called for the This abundance of trails has Future development of a national system of demonstrated new ways to connect As much as Americans have adopt- trails in America. communities with each other as ed their local trails as their own and Fifty years later, have we as a well as with surrounding land- seek adventure on far away trails, nation fulfilled that vision? In many scapes and businesses, even while there remains much to be done. As ways the answer is a resounding, improving the home values in the a nation, we need to finish the work “Yes!” but there remain areas where neighborhoods through which they that was started all those years we have yet to finish the work that travel.16 They have helped numer- ago, fulfilling the vision of a nation was begun. ous Americans improve their health where trails are readily available by walking and bicycling and for near where people live, particularly AccomPliSHmentS many children they are one of the in urban areas, as well as ensure Since 1965 few opportunities for them to ex- that all people are encouraged to One of the clearest achievements perience nature first hand: viewing enjoy them and gain the many that resulted from President John- wildlife and witnessing the chang- health and recreation benefits that son’s Natural Beauty speech was ing landscapes through the seasons. trails offer. the passage of the National Trails But more than just federal leg- Over the of the next 20 System Act of 1968. This Act not islation and miles on the ground, years we must continue to work on only created the very foundation for the changes since 1965 reflect the the following: future long distance trails, it provid- changes in society between peo- ed mechanisms to ensure they were ple and public resources such as Complete the trails on the ground well-managed and had a vision for trails. Today, nearly every trail has Of the 11 National Scenic Trails, the future. a group of volunteers or a nonprofit there remain significant gaps in The Trails Act wasn’t just words, organization dedicated to caring more than half of them.17 The gaps but was supported by both Con- for it. This civic engagement— in long distance trails prevent peo- gress and the American people. In especially at a time when civic ple from enjoying the long distance the 1966 report, Trails for America, engagement is decreasing in many recreational opportunities the trails it listed 87,834 miles of trails on other sectors—provides evidence were designed to provide. These federal lands. In 2014 America’s of the fact that when the Trails gaps also prevent local citizens from federal landscapes boasted 193,500 in America report in 1966 stated enjoying that “near-to-home” rec- that “expressed desire surpasses reational opportunity which would

16 benefit them and their community. Provide more near-to-home Create opportunities for a diver- Congress must ensure funding is opportunities As the Trails for sity of users The Outdoor Industry available to close these gaps when America report published in 1966 Association’s 2013 Participation willing sellers opt to sell privately recognized as well, there continues Study revealed that African-Amer- owned land with the hope that it to be a need for more trails in urban icans, Latinos, and other minority will continue to be used to benefit areas and places where outdoor rec- populations are underrepresented the trail. One important fund for reational opportunities are lacking. in outdoor recreation. Hiking, as some of these land purchases is The creation of new trails in and one of the gateway activities for the Land and Water Conservation near these communities, particular- outdoor recreation, has relative- Fund, due to be reauthorized by ly trails that connect to other trails, ly few hurdles to engagement for Congress in 2015. would provide healthy recreational most Americans, and should be opportunities to communities that fairly representative of our na- ACTIONS: are currently underserved. tion’s diversity. Outreach to all E Fund the purchase of land by underrepresented communities willing sellers to complete the ACTIONS: should encourage all people to enjoy National Scenic Trails. E Work with state governments America’s trails and to partake of E Pass the Complete America’s to fully utilize available Recre- the opportunities for fun and fitness Great Trails Act that would ational Trails Program funds. that they allow. provide a tax credit for conser- E Encourage citizens groups, vation easements along National parks personnel, metropolitan ACTIONS: Scenic Trails. planning organizations, and E Working with underrepresent- E Reauthorize the Land & Water state bicycle/ coor- ed communities, establish a Conservation Fund. dinators to work collaboratively strategy to engage, educate, E Pass the to capitalize on opportunities to and encourage members of Re-Route bill. create new trails in urban and those communities to enjoy the densely suburban areas. benefits that trails offer. E Facilitate urban trail events ACTIONS: (funded from the sales tax on fuel and activities that will provide E Pass introduced legislation that for recreational fuels) help to build an introduction to the trail, its would make the , and maintain trails and funds from facilities, and the local trail North Country Trail, and New the Land and Water Conservation community. England Trail units of the Na- Fund (funded from royalties on tional Park Service. off-shore energy exploration) fund Increase public awareness of E Encourage trail administrators some willing seller land purchas- trails—When many citizens are and managers as well as federal es. Additionally, general funding considering where they can go to and state highway officials to to the land management agencies enjoy the outdoors they think of increase road signage near trails. through the normal Congressional traditional parks but fail to make E Encourage trail managers, appropriations process should also the connection to trails which are hiking clubs, and others to be thoughtfully funded to ensure essentially linear parks. Because host National Trails Day® and that these public resources reach of their linear and long-distance similar events that will intro- maximum public benefit. nature, trails are frequently the duce the trail and its facilities to nearest and best-suited opportunity new users. ACTIONS: for recreation for many communi- E Adequately fund through the ties, however these same commu- Maintain funding that supports regular appropriations process nities are unaware that the trails trails—Trails don’t require inten- America’s land management are nearby and available. Increased sive support or infrastructure; they agencies through the US Depart- knowledge of trailhead amenities are actually quite low cost facilities ment of the Interior and the US such as parking, maps, and re- to operate and maintain, but they Department of Agriculture. stroom facilities would also serve do require on-going upkeep and, for E Fund the Land & Water to encourage those unfamiliar with new trail segments, construction Conservation Fund at its full these opportunities to experience costs. While volunteers and public funding level of $900 million. these trails for the first time. donations do much to help offset E Ensure the Recreational Trails this, the government has an import- Program is included in future ant role to play as well. Funds from transportation bills. the Recreational Trails Program

18 Conclusion

Hiking trails in America have prov- begun must be completed, a new establish a closer connection to the en to be tremendously popular and generation of trail stewards must natural world. beneficial to individuals and to the be fostered, and we must continue nation as a whole. This intentional to invest in the same trails that put system of trails forged decades ago new muscle into our economy. If we build the trail, the brings not just health benefits, a At the end of the day, we know American people will come. connection to nature, and oppor- this is true: Americans do and will tunities for recreation, but real, continue to follow in the footsteps And they will thrive. And measurable financial benefits— of Lewis & Clark, Henry David building stronger communities and Thoreau, and John Muir. They will they will prosper. And they a stronger America. continue to seek outdoor adventure, will pass on a legacy worthy However, we cannot rest on our literally blazing new trails both accomplishments as much re- nearby and far from home. They of posterity. mains to be done: trails that were will seek to live a healthier life and American Hiking Society’s National Trails Day®

American Hiking Society’s Na- States; activities such as: hiking, for expanding their volunteer- and tional Trails Day® (NTD) is the biking, paddling, horseback riding, member-bases. nation’s largest celebration of , and bird watching. In 2014, 144,000 Americans par- America’s trails and all that trails Growth in participation among ticipated in over 2,100 trail events

AddendA offer. This annual celebration gets event organizers and participants across all 50 states, Washington, thousands of Americans out onto can be traced to a number of factors, DC, and Puerto Rico. Thousands of nearby trails, engaged in outdoor including the inclusivity of events, hosts offered activities for partic- recreation, and pitching in on vol- few barriers to participation, and ipants to enjoy, including guided unteer efforts that benefit our trails the uniqueness of each event. Trail backcountry hikes, interpretive and parks. clubs, outdoors groups, and land urban hikes, mountain bike rides, Since 1993, National Trails Day management agencies have capi- and volunteer stewardship projects. has been celebrated every year on talized on National Trails Day as a Some people discovered trails near the first Saturday of June and has platform to introduce new users to their homes that they didn’t know grown into one of America’s largest, their trails as well as introduce the were there. Others learned about community-based, outdoor initia- public to outdoor activities such as how to hike safely or about orien- tives. Each year NTD features a rock and hiking. Conser- teering from local experts, while variety of outdoor activities de- vancies and service-oriented orga- still others used the day to volunteer signed to promote and celebrate the nizations find National Trails Day and give back to the trails and parks importance of trails in the United to be an excellent recruitment tool they’ve been enjoying all along. AddendA

Photo by Mark Going

American Hiking Society’s National Trails Fund American Hiking Society’s National Trails Fund is the only privately funded, national grants program dedicated solely to building and protecting hiking trails. Created in response to the growing backlog of trail maintenance projects, the National Trails Fund has helped hundreds of grassroots organizations acquire the resources needed to protect America’s cherished hiking trails. To date, American Hiking Society has funded 192 trail projects by awarding over $588,000 in National Trails Fund grants.

2015 naTional Trails Fund GrAnt WInners

Volunteers for Outdoor offer more recreational access to boardwalk through a wet area in Colorado, Colorado the park and will heighten aware- Chequamegon National Forest. NTF Award: $2,500 ness and use of the historic Beaver This project creates a new hiking Beaver Brook Trail is a historic Brook Trail. opportunity by constructing and 8.65-mile hiking trail that begins opening a new section of the Ice just north of Genesee, west of Den- Ice Age Trail Alliance, Wisconsin Age National Scenic Trail for public ver. VOC will undertake a one day NTF AWARD: $3,600 use near Rib Lake. The trail reroute 100-120 volunteer project to build The Ice Age Trail Alliance will design minimizes wetland impacts 3,000 feet of new hiking trail from conduct three large-scale volunteer by eliminating trampled vegetation a new Beaver Brook Trailhead/ events at two separate locations and preventing soil erosion. parking area to the existing trail resulting in the construction of system. This project will signifi- over a mile of sustainable side- Wilmington Trail Club, Delaware cantly improve regional hiking trail hill trail through glacial terrain NTF AWARD: $2,000 connections in the Front Range and build 200 feet of elevated This project is a continuation of an area directly west of the Denver Metro area. The new trailhead will

21 effort initiated in 2013 to construct existing trails need repairs. This of the trails at Van Hook Falls (near a 4 mile loop trail from the Dela- grant will help provide volunteers London, KY) and at Mill Branch. ware White Clay Creek State Park with tools and equipment to use STA will also install directional (WCCSP) Nature Center to the Ma- on 14 trail projects to improve trail signs at pivotal trail crossings as son-Dixon Tri-State Marker and re- sections of particular need. well as an observation platform turn to Arc Corner Road to connect overlooking the waterfall. Enhance-

AddendA to existing trails in the WCCSP. Tahoe Rim Trail ments to the will minimize There are a myriad of social trails Association, Nevada the steepness of the exposed grade, that have been established in this NTF AWARD: $4,000 stabilizing its sloped ascent and area as people wander through the The Backcountry Trail Restoration improving its safety while restrict- area without a well-defined trail. Project aims to address critical ing to a set route, thereby The new trail will be routed around maintenance needs on remote sec- preserving the natural contour and portions of the existing social trail tions of the Tahoe Rim Trail. The reducing erosion by disturbing the that drain poorly, cross streams at two destinations for these projects land as little as possible. oxbow bends, or are built on fall are some of the most highly impact- lines and will focus traffic onto a ed areas on the Tahoe Rim Trail: Roaring Fork Outdoor single sustainable trail. Armstrong Pass and in the Desola- Volunteers, Colorado tion Wilderness, the most visited NTF AWARD: $2,755 Montana Wilderness wilderness area in the country. The Cathedral Lake/Electric Pass, Association, Montana Work projects will address stream in the Maroon-Snowmass Wilder- NTF AWARD: $2,785 crossings and failing rock retaining ness, is a popular and heavily used GALEN ROWELL AWARD structures. It will also reduce run trail, affording hikers spectacular Montana Wilderness Association’s off from the trail, which is vitally scenery as it traverses the fragile Montana important in the Lake Tahoe Basin alpine environment. This three- program is the lead steward of the Watershed where lake clarity and day project will utilize volunteers Continental Divide National Scenic sediment run off are critical issues. to reconstruct, repair, and restore Trail’s northernmost 980 miles. damaged sections of this trail 4 to This section from Yellowstone to Sheltowee Trace Association, 5 miles in from the trailhead. Long boasts some of the most Kentucky term preservation of the resources, scenic hiking and the best-pre- NTF AWARD: $3,600 sustainability of the trail, and main- served ecosystems along the Sheltowee Trace Association (STA) taining public access to this land- CDNST. However, only 60% of this will construct two sets of pres- scape are the top goals of the project. section is complete and many of the sure-treated wooden stairs as part

National Trails Fund has helped hundreds of grassroots organizations acquire the resources needed to protect America’s cherished hiking trails.

22 While land conservation and preservation are important in their own right, it is through America’s system of trails that the American people actually get to access and experience these places— whether it’s a scenic National Park or an urban trail that wanders along a riverfront. CONTRIBUTIONS SUSTAINING THE NATIONAL & HISTORIC TRAILS MADE BY PARTNER TRAIL ORGANIZATIONS

Volunteer est. Value of Financial Hours Volunteer labor contributions total $ Value 1995 369,941 $4,262,093 $2,754,934 $7,017,027 1996 473,066 $4,467,794 $4,071,409 $8,539,203 1997 439,299 $5,686,028 $4,243,943 $9,929,971

AddendA 1998 498,702 $6,909,157 $4,403,802 $11,312,959 1999 553,905 $7,422,326 $5,780,340 $13,202,666 2000 593,392 $8,799,993 $6,638,313 $15,438,306 2001 621,615 $9,566,652 $6,652,079 $16,218,731 2002 662,429 $10,631,985 $6,850,214 $17,482,199 2003 648,548 $10,726,994 $6,997,803 $17,724,797 2004 668,996 $11,801,091 $6,449,719 $18,250,810 2005 723,191 $13,046,366 $7,275,556 $20,321,922 2006 687,904 $12,409,472 $7,934,074 $20,343,546 2007 720,935 $13,540,396 $8,064,293 $21,604,689 2008 771,993 $15,631,643 $9,108,338 $24,739,981 2009 907,380 $18,601,296 $8,823,248 $27,424,544 2010 1,115,559 $24,366,484 $12,486,240 $36,852,724 2011 1,141,866 $24,390,258 $8,714,610 $33,104,868 2012 1,185,375 $26,244,202 $7,509,777 $33,753,979 2013 1,144,407 $25,337,171 $10,685,751 $36,022,922 2014 1,053,896 $23,765,355 $12,116,029 $35,881,384

Photo by Mark Going dollar values not adjusted for inflation. courtesy of the Partnership for the national trails system

endnoteS

1. Government Accountability Office. (2013). 5. 2013 Outdoor Recreation Participation. 12. The Outdoor Recreation Economy, 4-4. Long- and Short-Term Improvements (2014). Outdoor Participation Report 2013. (2012). Could Reduce Maintenance Backlog and 6. Walk, Don’t Run, Your Way to a Healthy 13. The Outdoor Recreation Economy, 18-18. Enhance System Sustainability. (GAO Heart. (n.d.). Retrieved March 31, 2015, (2012). Publication No. 13-618) Washington, D.C.: from http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/ 14. Bowker, J.M.; Askew, Ashley E.; Cordell, H. U.S. Government Printing Office. GettingHealthy/PhysicalActivity/Walking/ Ken; Betz, Carter J.; Zarnoch, Stanley J.; 2. BLM Trails System. (n.d.). Retrieved March Walk-Dont-Run-Your-Way-to-a-Healthy- Seymour, Lynne 2012. Outdoor recreation 31, 2015, from http://www.blm.gov/wo/st/ Heart_UCM_452926_Article.jsp participation in the United States—pro- en/prog/Recreation/recreation_national/ 7. 2013 Outdoor Recreation Participation. jections to 2060: a technical document blm_trails_system.html. (2014). Outdoor Participation Report 2013. supporting the Forest Service 2010 RPA 3. Resources and Statistics. (n.d.). Retrieved 8. 2013 Outdoor Recreation Participation. Assessment. Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS-160. March 31, 2015, from http://www.blm.gov/ (2014). Outdoor Participation Report 2013, Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agri- wo/st/en/prog/blm_special_areas/NLCS/ 47-47.) culture Forest Service, Southern Research nlcs_resources_.html 9. Government Accountability Office. (2013). Station. 34 p. 4. Annual Information Exchange for the Long- and Short-Term Improvements 15. Macdonald, S. (2011, August 31). Economic Period July 1, 2012 through June 30, 2013. Could Reduce Maintenance Backlog and Benefits of Trails. American Trails, 6–10. (2014). Statistical Report of State Park Enhance System Sustainability. (GAO 16. New Research Finds that Homeowners Operations: 2012-2013, 35. Publication No. 13-618) Washington, D.C.: and City Planners Should ‘Hit the Trail’ U.S. Government Printing Office. When Considering Property Values. (n.d.). 10. The Outdoor Recreation Economy, 18-18. Retrieved March 31, 2015, from http://www. (2012). uc.edu/news/nr.aspx?id=14300 11. The Outdoor Recreation Economy, 18-18. 17. 2013 National Trails System Annual (2012). Report. (February 2013). 14-14.

24 american Hiking socieTY is grateful to the following organizations that offered their assistance and information for this report:

• national Association of state Park directors • national Park service • Outdoor foundation • Outdoor Industry Association • Partnership for the national trails system • u.s. fish and Wildlife service

american Hiking socieTY also thanks its Board of directors, especially:

• larry luxenberg • ders Anderson • laura Belleville • Jennifer chambers • tom Johnson • dennis lewon Founded in 1976, american Hiking socieTY is the only national organization that promotes and protects foot trails, their surrounding natural areas, and the hiking experience. As the national voice for hikers, American hiking society recognizes that foot trails and hiking are essential to connect people with nature, offer access to public lands, conserve open space, provide biological corridors for diverse plants and wildlife, and for the health of Americans and our . We represent millions of hikers who are committed to beautiful places to hike and believe that the preservation of hiking trails and their environments is important and a worthwhile legacy to leave future generations.

American hiking society champions conservation issues, builds public and private partnerships, supports volunteer stewardship, and provides critical resources to help plan, fund, and develop trails. We also provide resources to the public about how and where to hike and are committed to increasing the participation and enjoyment of hiking by everyone.

american Hiking socieTY 1424 fenwick lane silver spring, md 20910 www.AmericanHiking.org

this publication is