Early Detection of Labor by Monitoring Antenatal Distinctiveness by PH Device

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 04, APRIL 2020 ISSN 2277-8616 Early Detection Of Labor By Monitoring Antenatal Distinctiveness By PH Device

S.Sathish1, S.Vinurajkumar2, S.Ramkumar3, S.Lakshmi4

ABSTRACT: Technology has many significances but still pregnancy has its own snag for women. There are substantial proposal arises in time to reduce the exertion by monitoring pre-labor changes in women which benefits the pregnancies to a lower risk both for mother and the baby. In India, for every five minutes, at least one Indian woman dies during pregnancy and child birth which includes early delivery complications. At present, clinical investigations are carried out at regular intervals to observe physical obstruction in pregnancy women. In this paper, significant sign parameters are monitored by a health care device regularly in trimesters to detect early labor. This non-invasive device is incorporated with piezoelectric crystal. To measure fetal movement, cervical dilation, progressive uterine contraction of pregnant women Also amniotic sac ruptures can be noted in monitoring and enables to illustrate Fetal heart rate (FHR), Intra uterine Pressure (IUP) which provides a non panic environment to pregnancy women.

INDEX TERMS: Antenatal period, Fetal Heart Rate, Intra Uterine Pressure, piezoelectric crystal, Trimesters. ————————————————————

I. INTRODUCTION the womb carrying female in the antenatal period. This can There are many instances known for ―near misses‖. It’s serve as personal health care device for women and because of no medical assistances during the course of especially in the case of women in work. labor which leads to the complications and proportionate mother or fetal mortality or sometimes both.Momentarily, to II. PHYSIOLOGY OF LABOR lower down the pregnancy difficulties such as Fetal Physiology of pregnancy described in vigorous and hypoxia. Metabolic acidosis, Umbilical cord problems, throbbing uterine contractions. These uterine contractions Premature rupture of membrane , Amniotic cavity problems, happen to progress over a time and time stronger. This potter sequence by oligohydramnios- low in amniotic fluid, induces fetus to down through birth mouth [1-5]. This likelihood of labor inducement and Caesarean by contraction slowly causes a amniotic fluid leakage or monitoring of a pregnant women. Studies have shown that sometimes a damage in amniotic sac. Considerable computerized CTG (cardiotocography) device, NST and the amniotic fluid leak leads into fetal hypoxia i.e low oxygen to Contraction Stress Test by the experts in the scenario of fetus. At Inception, hypoxia causes high Fetal Heart rate pregnancy cautions curtails the morbidity and mortality >160bpm. But as time varies for FHR<120bpm [6-10]. FHR attached to labor and delivery inhibitions. CTG records the interprets deduce the onset of typical labor pain in uterine Fetal Heart Rate and intra uterine contractions. Likely, Non contraction in termed as detecting of I- stage of labor Stress contraction test measures Fetal Heart rate by vibro acoustic stimulation factors, Gynecologist diagnose the A. FHR Interpretation likely abnormalities by evaluation results from the above While evaluating fetal heart rate at the throughout baby said CTG,NST and CST . Experiments are done to evaluate carrying period in the last 3 months there gives two and test the fetal welfare movements by the evaluating possibilities of FHR pattern parameters FHR, IUP and fetal movements. Practically, medical expert’s feasibility plays a vital comfort in I) Acceleration increases rapidly in fetal heart rate evaluating a pregnant women in either of 7-9 month called above the baseline in acquaintances with the fetal as trimester. There requires some self-monitoring devices in motion ,umbilical vein compression or also with like glucometer or BP monitor. This will become boon for peripheral aural stimulus. II) Deceleration in turn decreases FHR lower the ______baseline . In context with fetal cranium gets compresses throughout uterine contraction.  S.Sathish, Assistant ProfessorDepartment of Biomedical Deceleration’s start and reoccurrence concur with Engineering,Vel Tech Multitech Dr Rangrajan Dr Sakunthala both start and end stages of contractions which Engineering College. E-mail: [email protected]. resembles the mirror image of it.  S.Vinurajkumar, Assistant ProfessorDepartment of Biomedical Engineering,Vel Tech Multitech Dr Rangrajan Dr Sakunthala B. IUP and Fetal movement Interpretation Engineering College. Email: [email protected]. Fetal heart rate impacted with key parameters such as fetal  S.Ramkumar, Assistant ProfessorDepartment of Biomedical motion, uterine contraction, fetal hypoxemia and fetal Engineering,Vel Tech Multitech Dr Rangrajan Dr Sakunthala anemia. As stated in earlier context, vital parameters Engineering College. Email: [email protected]. described above elucidate to fetal care and for diagnosing  S.Lakshmi, Assistant ProfessorDepartment of Biomedical the disorder in the commencement of delivery pain Engineering,Vel Tech Multitech Dr Rangrajan Dr Sakunthala Engineering College. Email: [email protected].

finger is associated with transmittance PPG finger sensor with LED. This transmits the light through maternal extremities and on the other side there attached with a photo resistor. When LED light illuminates the IR at a peak wavelength passes through the maternal extremities and received. PPG signal is feeble it has to be amplified with gain of 100. Subsequently band pass filter is employed to remove the noise and artifacts. Next stage, amplified and noise free signal is passed to DSO & same has been recorded.

Adaptive Noise Canceller (ANC) Adaptive noise canceller estimates the FHR signal also eliminates the additive noise and maternal heart rate PPG say, MHRP. Both FHR and MHR are uncorrelated but in aspects the MHRP may relate with some noise MHRP.

MHRP Fig. 1 Assessment of labor FHRP= FHR+MHRP err III. METHODOLOGY FHR + + Pregnancy or child labor being sensitive in diagnosing for safe delivery many significant methods are employed to + + evaluate FHR, IUP, Fetal movement to initiate the pain + MHR Adaptive noise + without any hassle. cancellation A. FHR detection

FHR picked up an optical technique which is non-invasive method works on the principle of photo plethysmograph.

Transmittance and reflectance method are the modes of Fig 4 Adaptive noise canceller system PPG. In this reflectance method it measures the FHR from the belly region. As Transmittance signals are feeble than The below equation represents the output, which is Filtered the reflected signal, PPG comprises the below. 1) Abdominal PPG circuit comprises LED which is of low e= MHRP + FHR – MHR------(1) power Infra-red with maximum wavelength at 850 nm. To MHR-Adaptive filter output detect the fetal and maternal PPG signal in the abdominal Equation (1) becomes region a photo detector is attached. Astable multivibrator is e2 = FHR2 + (MHR - MHR)2+2FHR (MHR - MHR)----(2) employed to direct the LED generated pulsed light which is P P To find the statically, applying the expectation (2), 52% duty cycle to reach fetal heart and it can reflected to a 4 cm distant detector mounted on the mother’s abdomen. I It becomes E[e2] = E[FHR2]+E[(MHR -MHR)2]------(3) to V converter is used to convert the output (current) P FHR is Constant as it is uncorrelated with any of the terms, produced by a detector which is proportional to the light the equation is given by absorbed by it. Band pass filter is used to acquire a desired Then 2E [FHR (MHR − MHR)] = 0. signal. This signal is processed in MATLAB using P Recursive least squares adaptive algorithm to remove fetal To minimize the mean square error (MSE) of heart rate.

E[MHRP − MHR] = 0 To obtain the optimal solution when MHRP = MHR.

C. Fetal movement There is possibility of minimum 10 fetal movements in mother with the duration of 60 minutes. This ensures the fetal in safe movements known with comfort sign. This is conformed when maternal abdomen is attached to piezo sensor. Abdominal deflections are detected in the mother’s abdomen by a monitoring apparatus which gives a low frequency component signal by piezo electric discs

Fig. 2. Maternal PPG Circuit

2) Maternal PPG is used to sense the reference Photo Plethysmograph from mother’s extremities [11]. Maternal 2926 IJSTR©2020 www.ijstr.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 04, APRIL 2020 ISSN 2277-8616

heart rate which correlates the fetal movement delivery pain symptoms are done. Predominantly the intra uterine pressure and fetal movement are at damping phenomenon.

Fig. 5 Piezoelectric sensors

B. Intra uterine pressure measurement Tocodynamometer is used to record the uterine contractions. This device is a transducer to detect the sensitive changes appeared in the abdominal wall tension as like the principle of strain gauge. This simple gadget is belted to the maternal abdomen, apex part of the uterus. The disk attached with spring under the disk projects exterior from the middle of the maternal surface. When Fig.8 Antenatal parameters there exists condition of uterus contracts, it inclines to forward and suppress the spring beneath it. As it is the transducer the electrical energy is converted from a V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION mechanical signal [12-15] Figure 8 shows detection of labor when signals get acquired from the system. The implemented system validated with normal physiological signal detected from normal women without pregnancy conditions. Fetal Heart Rate System Validation Physiological signals: Reference signal- MHR, AHR- Abdominal PPG. These two signals are detected by the earlier context. This real time signals were shown in DSO. Subsequently it gets processed using MATLAB.

Fig. 6 Tocodynamometer

Optimally, tocodynamometer helps in identifying the duration and the force of uterine contractions. As the spring beneath the disk compression and relaxation of its gives the knowledge of the above described.

IV. IMPLEMENTATION Hypoxia and distress to the fetus are the hazards which have to identify predominantly in the child labor early detection. Implementing FHR detection is enables fetal care and identifies the above damages syndrome.

Fig. 9 MHR Output

Abdominal PPG signal were detected and represented by a conventional noninvasive procedure from the heart. Else, from the extremities it detects the heart rate. Plethysmograph technique of IR transmitter and detector circuits is employed. As a need of ethical clearance required the systems was implemented with the non- pregnant woman is concurred. The following are the code proposed:

MHR: Reference signal, Left index finger Fig. 7 Work implementation FHR: Fetal PPG signal is recorded in the right point out

When a personal health care device is mounted on the finger with double frequency also 20% decreased amplitude. A PPG signal peak represents the no of abdomen region of pregnancy women Fetal movement, intrauterine pressure and abdominal heart rate & maternal beats/min. 2927 IJSTR©2020 www.ijstr.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 04, APRIL 2020 ISSN 2277-8616

The above figure represents the MHR and AHR is recorded left and right index fingers which has similar frequency and amplitudes. The peak value in the above signal represents cardiac cycle systole. Onset of the labor is detected by the device which is not expensive, simple, and reliable. But this fetal heart rate is detected safely. This diagnostic method provides harmless and child labor is safe for the pregnant

Fetal Movement System Validation Piezoelectric disc were tested by giving a strain in the disc by a soft finger tapping. Corresponding potential is generated and it is displayed in a multitmeter. By taping sensor it generates the corresponding

B. SOFTWARE VALIDATION Fig. 12 Prototype Data is processed by using MATLAB. RLS filter algorithm suits better in noise cancellations than the LMS filter. VI. CONCLUSION. Adaptive noise cancellations provide better signals to noise In many of the situations pregnancy women need a special ratio. As the coefficients plotted has better magnitude. attention as it involves the life of two. This work serves better monitoring device in the trimester period and provide better health care to the women. Also it is related with physiological and emotional connection is required. The system also needs further improvement and better Results can be achieved and gets improvised when probe pointed is placed near the fetal tissues. In the future, GUI can be next evolution to context this detecting systems to the next level which gradually gives and receives the output for the user

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International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation [15] J. Guyomard and R. Stortelder, “Heart Vinurajkumar S pursuing Ph.d in RateMeasurement through PPG Heartbeat Biomedical engineering with significant Measurement in a Wireless Headset‖,B. Eng, the Delft number of publications. He is an IAENG University of Technology, July, 2015. member. My field of interest is signal [16] T.V. HimajaSree, .MridulaGarimella, AnushaBandari, processing and sensors domain and Ibrahim Patel, ―Microcontroller Based Fetal Heart Rate Monitoring using Intelligent Biosystem‖, 3rd International Conference on Electronics, Biomedical S. Ramkumar working as Asst. Professor Engineering and its Applications in the department of (ICEBEA'2013),Singapore,April 29-30, 2013. biomedical engineering, My area of Engineering,ISSN Online(2278-8875) Print (2320- research is Bio-engg and I have good 3765). number of research papers in the same [17] Malek M. A. Harbawi, Othman O. Khalifaand M. A. field. To be very specific, I am working on Mohd All, ―Independent Component Analysis for Fetal detection of various bone disorders and Heart Rate Detection Using parameters of bone which are affected during the bone Photoplethysmography‖,International Joumal of disorder conditions Information Analysis and Processing, Vol. 2, No.1, pp. 1-6, April 2009. S.Lakshmi is currently working in the [18] M. Sheikh M. Algunaidi, M. A. Mohd Ali,K. B. Gan and department of Biomedical Engineering E. Zahedi, ―Fetal Heart Rate Monitoring Based on My field of expertise is microcontrollers, Adaptive Noise Cancellation and Maternal QRS signals and systems, and analog and Removal Window‖, European Journal of Scientific digital electronics. And having research Research,ISSN 1450-216X Vol.27 No.4 (2009), publication in Bio Image processing pp.565-575, 2009. and signal processing. [19] Sanhita Manna, ―Feature Extraction of Foetal Heart Rate Variability Using MATLAB‖, International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT), Volume 28, Number 8, October 2015 [20] S. Datta et al., Obstetric Anesthesia Handbook, DOI 10.1007/978-0-387-88602-2_11,Springer, LLC 2006, 2010