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Early Stages and Larval Host Plants of Some Northeastern Indian Butterflies

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Early stages and larval host plants of buterfiesJournal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 May 2018 | 10(6): 11780–11799Karmakar et al. Early stages and larval host plants of some northeastern Indian butterflies ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) 1* 2* 3 4 5 Short Communication Short Tarun Karmakar , R. Nitn , Vivek Sarkar , Sarika Baidya , Subhajit Mazumder , ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) V.K. Chandrasekharan 6, Rudraprasad Das 7, G.S. Girish Kumar 8, Swapnil Lokhande 9, Joyce Veino 10, Lightson Veino 11, Rakoveine Veino 12, Zeeshan Mirza 13, Rajesh V. Sanap 14, OPEN ACCESS Bimal Sarkar 15 & Krushnamegh Kunte 16 1,2,3,8,13,14,16 Natonal Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Insttute of Fundamental Research, Bellary Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560065, India 1–16 Indian Foundaton for Buterfies, C-703, Alpine Pyramid Apts, Canara Bank Layout, Kodigehalli, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560097, India 4 NatureMates Nature Club, 4/10 A , Bijoygarh, Jadavpur, Kolkata, West Bengal 700032, India 1 [email protected], 2 [email protected], 3 [email protected], 4 [email protected], 5 [email protected], 6 [email protected], 7 [email protected], 8 [email protected], 9 [email protected], 10 [email protected], 11 [email protected], 12 [email protected], 13 [email protected], 14 [email protected], 15 [email protected], 16 [email protected] (* These authors contributed equally to this paper); corresponding authors: 2 [email protected], 16 [email protected] Abstract: Eastern Himalaya and northeastern India are part of two Eastern Himalaya and northeastern India are part global biodiversity hotspots, yet the critcal buterfy-plant associatons of two global biodiversity hotspots—the Himalaya and and early stages of most buterfy species in this region are poorly recorded. We have reported early stages and larval host plants of Indo-Burma (Myers et al. 2000)—that are separated by 78 buterfy species, some of which are rare and endemic, providing the Brahmaputra River with eastern Himalaya falling specifc informaton on spatal and temporal details associated with these records. These records contribute region-specifc informaton north of the river in India. Forests of these regions are on Indian buterfies, which may be useful in basic ecological and rich in endemic, rare and endangered buterfy species conservaton studies in the future. (Evans 1932; Wynter-Blyth 1957; Kunte et al. 2012, 2018; Keywords: Eastern Himalaya, Indo-Burma Biodiversity Hotspot, larval Ghatak & Roy 2013; Sondhi & Kunte 2016). While recent ecology, Lepidoptera. studies highlight the diversity and spatal occurrence of DOI: htp://doi.org/10.11609/jot.3169.10.6.11780-11799 | ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:433A4FC8-0689-415A-A219-D6C6DA9D6191 Editor: Keith V. Wolfe, Antoch, California, USA. Date of publicaton: 26 May 2018 (online & print) Manuscript details: Ms # 3169 | Received 24 May 2017 | Final received 05 May 2018 | Finally accepted 14 May 2018 Citaton: Karmakar, T., R. Nitn, V. Sarkar, S. Baidya, S. Mazumder, V.K. Chandrasekharan, R. Das, G.S.G. Kumar, S. Lokhande, J. Veino, L. Veino, R. Veino, Z. Mirza, R.V. Sanap, B. Sarkar & K. Kunte (2018). Early stages and larval host plants of some northeastern Indian buterfies. Journal of Threatened Taxa 10(6): 11780–11799; htp://doi.org/10.11609/jot.3169.10.6.11780-11799 Copyright: © Karmakar et al. 2018. Creatve Commons Atributon 4.0 Internatonal License. JoTT allows unrestricted use of this artcle in any medium, reproducton and distributon by providing adequate credit to the authors and the source of publicaton. Funding: This work was supported by a Ramanujan Fellowship from the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India, and an NCBS research grant to KK. Competng interests: The authors declare no competng interests. Acknowledgements: We acknowledge Arjan Basu Roy, Alok Chorge and Anuradha Joglekar for identfcaton of host plants. Collecton of specimens was supported by research and voucher specimen collecton permits issued by the Nagaland Forest, Ecology, Environment & Wildlife Department (CWL/GEN/240/522-39, dated 14/08/2012), Meghalaya Forests and Environment Department (FWC/G/173/Pt-II/474-83, dated 27/05/2014), Arunachal Pradesh Environment and Forests Department (CWL/G/13(95)/2011-12/Pt-III/2466-70, dated 16/02/2015), Sikkim Forests, Environment & Wildlife Management Department (dated 21/03/2011), West Bengal Forest Department (2115(9)/WL/4K-1/13/BL41, dated 06/11/2013) for which we thank the ofces of the Principal Chief Conservator of Forest of those states. We also thank Kunal Chakraborty and Kurban Khan for helping us during feld work. 11780 Early stages and larval host plants of buterfies Karmakar et al. buterfies in this region, litle is known about their larval host plant records which had not been recorded before host plants and early stages (Wynter-Blyth 1957; Igarashi for those species, and 11 larval host plants which had & Fukuda 1997, 2000; Robinson et al. 2001; Kunte et al. not been recorded for those species in India before. The 2018), which is critcal informaton for ecological as well results are presented below with the informaton given as conservaton studies. To fll this gap, we here report in the following order: scientfc name and authority, our observatons of larval host plants and early stages of common name, scientfc name of plant and plant type, 78 buterfy species, along with spato-temporal details. locaton, date and other comments. Materials and Methods Family Hesperiidae (Images 1–3) From 2009 to early 2016 we conducted buterfy 1. Ancistroides nigrita diocles (Moore, [1866]) — surveys in the states of West Bengal, Sikkim and Bengal Chocolate Demon: Curcuma sp. (Zingiberaceae): Arunachal Pradesh, which belong to eastern Himalaya, wild ginger. The larvae fed on young leaves. Cooch Behar Meghalaya and Nagaland which belong to the Indo- Sadar, Cooch Behar District, West Bengal. December Burma region, following the research and collecton 2013. Curcuma sp. (Zingiberaceae) has previously permits issued by state forest departments. During been reported as host plant of this buterfy from India these survey we opportunistcally encountered early (Robinson et al. 2001). stages of several buterfy species. We raised the eggs 2. Burara gomata gomata (Moore, [1866]) — and caterpillars to adult stages on fresh parts of the host Bengal Pale Green Awlet: Schefera elliptca (Blume) plants on which we found them, maintaining them in Harms (Araliaceae): epiphytc straggler. The larvae fed plastc jars at campsites. The caterpillars were fed and on young leaves. Rajabhatkhawa, Buxa Tiger Reserve, the frass was cleaned everyday. The records below are Alipurduar District, West Bengal. November 2013. This based on this direct evidence. We photographed and is a new larval host plant for this species, which has not released most buterfies shortly afer eclosion. Some been recorded anywhere before. specimens were preserved as voucher specimens in the 3. Celaenorrhinus leucocera (Kollar, [1844]) — research collectons of the Natonal Centre for Biological Common Spoted Flat: Eranthemum pulchellum Sciences. Buterfy species identfcatons were done Andrews (Acanthaceae): shrub. The larvae fed on young with these images and voucher specimens using leaves. Rajabhatkhawa, Buxa Tiger Reserve, Alipurduar standard identfcaton keys and reference material District, West Bengal. October 2013. This is a new larval from the Natural History Museum, London, and NCBS host plant of this species from India. research collectons. We report larval host plants of 4. Choaspes furcata Evans, 1932 — Hooked Awlking: some common species that are already reported in Sabia limoniacea Wallich ex J.D. Hooker & Thomson literature, but we include them here again because we (Sabiaceae): evergreen tree. The larvae fed on young are providing seasonal and locaton informaton with our leaves. Rajabhatkhawa, Buxa Tiger Reserve, Alipurduar records. Such precise spatal and temporal informaton District, West Bengal. October 2013. This is the frst on host plant use is useful to understand ecological record of early stages and larval host plant of this species requirements of buterfies in their critcal early stages. from India. We identfed plants from publicatons of regional foras 5. Choaspes stgmata Evans, 1932 — Branded (Hooker 1872–1887; Kanjilal et al. 1934–1938; Haridasan Awlking: Meliosma simplicifolia (Roxb.) (Sabiaceae): & Rao 1987), and in consultaton with plant experts on evergreen tree. The larvae fed on young leaves. eFlora groups (Anonymous 2016a,b; The Plant List 2013). Rajabhatkhawa, Buxa Tiger Reserve, Alipurduar District, More informaton on early stages and larval host plants West Bengal. November 2013. This is the frst record reported here is available on the Buterfies of India of early stages and larval host plant of this species from website (htp://www.ifoundbuterfies.org/lifecycles), India. which is contnually updated. 6. Coladenia agnioides Elwes & Edwards, 1897 — Brown-tpped Pied Flat: Rhaphiolepis sp. (Rosaceae): Results shrub. The larvae fed on young leaves. Tura Peak, West We recorded early stages of 78 buterfy species Garo Hills District, Meghalaya. June 2014. This is the feeding on 64 plant species. These records include frst record of early stages and larval host plant of this nine buterfy species for which early stages had never species from India. been known before, 17 buterfy species for which early 7. Erionota apex Semper, 1892 — White-tpped stages had not yet been recorded in India, 14 new larval Palm-redeye: Caryota monostachya Becc. (Arecaceae): Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 May 2018 | 10(6): 11780–11799 11781 Early stages and larval host plants of buterfies Karmakar et al. Image 1. Early stages of Hesperiidae. 11782 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 May 2018 | 10(6): 11780–11799 Early stages and larval host plants of buterfies Karmakar et al. Image 2. Early stages of Hesperiidae. Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 May 2018 | 10(6): 11780–11799 11783 Early stages and larval host plants of buterfies Karmakar et al.
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  • Athyma Perius Card 1 Smaller

    Athyma Perius Card 1 Smaller

    Common Sergeant Athyma perius Outside Inside Chrysalid Common Sergeant Order: Lepidoptera Athyma perius Family: Nymphalidae Etymology: The origin of Athyma is currently Flights: There are multiple generations of the unknown. In Greek mythology, Perius was one of Common Sergeant making it possible to find the sons of Aegyptus. adults. Wingspan: 2 – 2.5 inches (50 – 60 mm) Fun Facts: As an adult butterfly the Common Habitat: The Common Sergeant is often found Sergeant looks very similar to the Common visiting urban gardens, but their primary habitat is Sailor (Neptis hylas). The major difference open forest and surrounding secondary growth. between the two is the white strip found on the Host Plant: The larvae are known to feed on several leading edge of the forewing. On the different species of plants in the genus Phyllanthus Common Sergeant that white band is a single and Glochidion. long dash with three dots. The Common Sailor on the other hand has a longer dash line Adult Food Source: Adults will feed on a variety of flowers; they especially like the smaller flowers such and a single dot. as Lantana. The adult butterflies have also been Range: observed visiting rotting fruit. Life History: While the females visit flowers for nectar the males patroll those areas looking for a receptive female. After mating, the females look for host plants on which they can lay their eggs. After the eggs hatch the caterpillars feed on the plant until they are ready to form their pupae. .