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United States Civil War Causes, Course and Effects 1840-1877

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United States Civil War Causes, Course and Effects 1840-1877 Access to History for the IB Diploma United States Civil War: causes, course and effects 1840–77 Alan Farmer The material in this title has been developed independently of the International Baccalaureate®, which in no way endorses it. The Publishers would like to thank the following for permission to reproduce copyright material: Photo credits: p21 Getty Images; p37 The Corcoran Gallery of Art/Corbis; p55 Bettmann/Corbis; p58 Corbis; p89 Bettmann/Corbis; p95 Corbis; p112 Corbis; p132 Corbis; p137 Medford Historical Society Collection/Corbis; p148 Bettmann/Corbis; p155 Bettmann/Corbis; p157 Getty Images; p158 Corbis; p168 The Corcoran Gallery of Art/Corbis; p184 Private Collection/The Bridgeman Art Library; p186 Getty Images; p213 Bettmann/Corbis; p228 Getty Images; p239 Bettmann/Corbis; p250 Corbis. Every effort has been made to trace all copyright holders, but if any have been inadvertently overlooked the Publishers will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity. Although every effort has been made to ensure that website addresses are correct at time of going to press, Hodder Education cannot be held responsible for the content of any website mentioned in this book. It is sometimes possible to find a relocated web page by typing in the address of the home page for a website in the URL window of your browser. Hachette Livre UK’s policy is to use papers that are natural, renewable and recyclable products and made from wood grown in sustainable forests. The logging and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. Orders: please contact Bookpoint Ltd, 130 Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4SB. Telephone: (44) 01235 827827. Fax: (44) 01235 400401. Lines are open 9.00–5.00, Monday to Saturday, with a 24-hour message answering service. Visit our website at www.hoddereducation.co.uk © Alan Farmer 2012 First published in 2012 by Hodder Education, An Hachette UK Company 338 Euston Road London NW1 3BH Impression number 5 4 3 2 1 Year 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 All rights reserved. Apart from any use permitted under UK copyright law, no part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or held within any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher or under licence from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited. Further details of such licences (for reprographic reproduction) may be obtained from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Cover photo: Abraham Lincoln at the Gettysburg Address by Jean Gerome Ferris, © Bettmann/Corbis Illustrations by Gray Publishing Typeset in 10/13pt Palatino and produced by Gray Publishing, Tunbridge Wells Printed in Dubai A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library ISBN: 978 1444 156508 Contents Introduction 2 1 What you will study 2 2 How you will be assessed 3 3 About this book 6 Chapter 1 The American Civil War 9 1 The success of the ‘great experiment’ 9 2 Civil war? 10 3 North versus South 11 4 Southern guilt? 11 Chapter 2 The cotton economy and slavery 13 1 The ‘great experiment’ 13 2 The peculiar institution 17 3 Key debate: Was slavery in the USA a system of ruthless exploitation or a paternalistic arrangement? 27 Examination advice and practice 30 Chapter 3 The origins of the Civil War 33 1 The problem of states’ rights 33 2 Sectionalism 40 3 Key debate: Was slavery profitable? 45 Examination advice and practice 48 Chapter 4 The abolitionist debate 51 1 Militant abolitionism 51 2 Missouri, Texas and Mexico 59 3 The impact of the Mexican War 1846–50 65 4 The 1850 Compromise 70 Examination advice and practice 79 Chapter 5 The coming of war 82 1 The Kansas–Nebraska problem 82 2 The rise of the Republican Party 86 3 The presidency of James Buchanan 91 4 The 1860 election and secession 98 5 The outbreak of civil war 106 6 Key debate: Why did civil war break out in 1861? 114 Examination advice and practice 116 Chapter 6 Union versus Confederacy: the war 1861–5 119 1 Union and Confederate strengths 119 2 The nature of the war 123 3 The Confederate war effort 135 4 The Union war effort 145 5 Military leadership 154 Examination advice and practice 160 Chapter 7 The battles 1861–5 163 1 The situation in 1861–2 163 2 The war 1862–3 170 3 Union victory 180 4 Britain and the Civil War 190 5 Key debate: Did the Confederacy defeat itself or was it defeated? 195 Examination advice and practice 199 Chapter 8 Reconstruction 202 1 Emancipation 202 2 Lincoln and Reconstruction 1861–5 208 3 Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction 212 4 Congressional Reconstruction 1866–8 216 5 Reconstruction in the South 1867–77 220 6 The impact of the Civil War 231 Examination advice and practice 235 Chapter 9 African Americans in the Civil War and the New South 238 1 The African American war effort 238 2 Reconstruction 1865–77 243 3 The South redeemed 247 4 Key debate: Was Reconstruction a tragic failure? 252 Examination advice and practice 254 Timeline 257 Glossary 258 Further reading 261 Internal assessment 265 Index 266 Dedication: Dedication Keith Randell (1943–2002) The original Access to History series was conceived and developed by Keith, who created a series to ‘cater for students as they are, not as we might wish them to be’. He leaves a living legacy of a series that for over 20 years has provided a trusted, stimulating and well-loved accompaniment to post-16 study. Our aim with these new editions for the IB is to continue to offer students the best possible support for their studies. 1 Introduction This book has been written to support your study of HL option 3: Aspects of the history of the Americas: United States Civil War: causes, course and effects 1840–77 of the IB History Diploma Route 2. This first chapter gives you an overview of: � the content you will study for United States Civil War: causes, course and effects 1840–77 � how you will be assessed for Paper 3 � the different features of this book and how these will aid your learning. 1 What you will study The United States Civil War altered the course of American history. The difficult question of slavery was settled once and for all, the country turned towards developing the vast interior, and the economy became increasingly industrial. The Civil War also marked the bloodiest conflict in the history of the country, often pitting brother against brother, and state against state. What led to this war, its course, and what followed remain contentious issues even today so it is no wonder that more books have been written about the war than any other event in the history of the nation. This book covers the history of the United States in the period during the lead up to the Civil War, its course and Reconstruction after the war. It will: l begin by examining the nature of the Civil War (Chapter 1) l look at the significance of the cotton economy and slavery and how this caused the North and South to grow apart (Chapter 2) l explore the origins of the Civil War by looking at differences between the North and South (Chapter 3) l examine the abolitionist debate and explain why it became such a powerful force (Chapter 4) l consider the factors that led to succession and the outbreak of war (Chapter 5) l explain the course of the war and consider the effectiveness of the leadership of both sides (Chapter 6) l look at the key battles and explore why the war lasted so long (Chapter 7) l examine the process and impact of reconstruction (Chapter 8) l conclude by looking at the position of African Americans during and after Reconstruction (Chapter 9). 2 Introduction 2 How you will be assessed The IB History Diploma Higher Level has three papers in total: Papers 1 and 2 for Standard Level and a further Paper 3 for Higher Level. It also has an internal assessment which all students must do. l For Paper 1 you need to answer four source-based questions on a prescribed subject. This counts for 20 per cent of your overall marks. l For Paper 2 you need to answer two essay questions on two different topics. This counts for 25 per cent of your overall marks. l For Paper 3 you need to answer three essay questions on two or three sections. This counts for 35 per cent of your overall marks. For the internal assessment you need to carry out a historical investigation. This counts for 20 per cent of your overall marks HL option 3: Aspects of the history of the Americas is assessed through Paper 3. You must study three sections out of a choice of twelve, one of which could be United States Civil War: causes, course and effects 1840–77. These sections are assessed through Paper 3 of the IB History diploma which has 24 essay questions – two for each of the twelve sections. In other words, there will be two specific questions that you can answer based on the Civil War. Examination questions For Paper 3 you need to answer three of the 24 questions. You could either answer two on one of the sections you have studied and one on another section, or one from each of the three sections you have studied.
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