DOCSLIB.ORG

Federal Register/Vol. 86, No. 5/Friday, January 8, 2021/Rules

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Federal Register/Vol. 86, No. 5/Friday, January 8, 2021/Rules 1636 Federal Register / Vol. 86, No. 5 / Friday, January 8, 2021 / Rules and Regulations FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS at: https://docs.fcc.gov/public/ and resale requirements where they COMMISSION attachments/FCC-20-152A1.pdf. stifle technology transitions and broadband deployment, but preserve I. Introduction 47 CFR Part 51 unbundling requirements where they 1. The Telecommunications Act of are still necessary to realize the 1996 [WC Docket No. 19–308; FCC 20–152; FRS 1996 (the 1996 Act) changed the focus Act’s goal of robust intermodal 17221] of telecommunications law and policy competition benefiting all Americans. from the regulation of monopolies to the Modernizing Unbundling and Resale encouragement of robust intermodal II. Background Requirements in an Era of Next- competition. Few of its effects were as 4. The 1996 Act and implementing Generation Networks and Services consequential as ending the local Commission regulations imposed a exchange monopolies held by number of obligations on incumbent AGENCY: Federal Communications incumbent local exchange carriers LECs to promote competitive entry into Commission. (LECs) and opening local markets to the telecommunications marketplace, ACTION: Final rule. competition. To facilitate new entry into including obligations to unbundle the local exchange market, the 1996 Act network elements to other carriers on a SUMMARY: In this document, the imposed special obligations on rate-regulated basis and to offer Commission eliminates unbundling incumbent LECs, including telecommunications services for resale requirements, subject to reasonable requirements to offer these new on a rate-regulated basis. In the 24 years transition periods, for enterprise-grade competitive carriers unbundled network since the passage of the 1996 Act, the DS1 and DS3 loops here there is elements and retail telecommunications Commission has continually reviewed evidence of actual and potential services for resale, both on a rate- and, when warranted, reduced competition, for broadband-capable DS0 regulated basis. incumbent LEC unbundling and resale loops and subloops in the most densely 2. In the nearly quarter-century since obligations to encourage competition populated areas, for operations support the passage of the 1996 Act, the and development of advanced systems nationwide except for the telecommunications marketplace has telecommunications capability within purposes of managing remaining UNEs, transformed from a marketplace the changing communications number portability, and dominated by monopolies to a marketplace. The Commission has interconnection, and for voice-grade marketplace characterized by consistently aimed to promote narrowband loops, multiunit premises competition and technological sustainable facilities-based competition, subloops, and network interface devices innovation. Former monopolist recognizing that permanent unbundling nationwide. The Commission preserves incumbent LECs are now one of many obligations can reduce incentives for unbundling requirements for DS0 loops intermodal competitors, facing fierce both incumbent and competitive LECs in less densely populated areas and DS1 competition from competitive LECs, to deploy next-generation networks. and DS3 loops in areas without cable providers, and wireless providers, sufficient evidence of competition. The among others. And that competition has A. The 1996 Act’s Market-Opening Commission further eliminates itself shifted from siloed markets to the Provisions unbundled dark fiber transport internet, as increasingly local and long 5. Before the enactment of the 1996 provisioned from wire centers within a distance voice, data, video, and nearly Act, incumbent LECs controlled more half-mile of competitive fiber networks, all communications technologies are than 99% of the local voice marketplace but provides an eight-year transition delivered via broadband connections. because of their ‘‘virtually ubiquitous’’ period for existing circuits so as to avoid The Commission has repeatedly networks and subsequently low relative stranding investment and last-mile adjusted the incumbent LEC-specific incremental costs. To open this deployment by competitive LECs that obligations in the 1996 Act to account monopolized market, Congress required, may harm consumers. The Report and for changed circumstances. among other things, incumbent LECs to Order also forbears from remaining 3. In this document, we continue on offer their competitors unbundled Avoided-Cost Resale obligations. In all, that path of modernizing our network elements and the Commission ends unbundling and unbundling and resale regulations. We telecommunications services for resale resale requirements where they stifle eliminate unbundling requirements, on a discounted basis. technology transitions and broadband subject to a reasonable transition period, 6. Unbundled Network Elements. deployment, but preserves unbundling for enterprise-grade DS1 and DS3 loops Section 251(c)(3) of the requirements where they are still where there is evidence of actual and Communications Act of 1934, as necessary to realize the 1996 Act’s goal potential competition, for broadband- amended (the Act) sets forth incumbent of robust intermodal competition capable DS0 loops in the most densely LECs’ unbundling obligations. benefiting all Americans. populated areas, and for voice-grade Following Congress’s directive that the DATES: Effective February 8, 2021. narrowband loops nationwide. But we Commission determine which network preserve unbundling requirements for elements should be subject to the FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: For DS0 loops in less densely populated unbundling rules, the Commission further information, please contact areas and DS1 and DS3 loops in areas created a list of unbundled network Megan Danner, Competition Policy without sufficient evidence of elements (UNEs) that competitive LECs Division, Wireline Competition Bureau, competition. We eliminate unbundled can lease from incumbent LECs in order at [email protected], dark fiber transport provisioned from to provide competitive local service. 202.418.1151. wire centers within a half-mile of When identifying network elements SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The full competitive fiber networks, but provide subject to unbundling obligations, text of this document, WC Docket No. an eight-year transition period for section 251(d)(2) requires that the 19–308; FCC 20–1522, adopted on existing circuits so as to avoid stranding Commission consider, ‘‘at a minimum,’’ October 27, 2020, and released on investment and last-mile deployment by whether ‘‘the failure to provide access to October 28, 2020, is available for public competitive LECs that may harm such network elements would impair inspection on the Commission’s website consumers. In all, we end unbundling the ability of the telecommunications VerDate Sep<11>2014 22:56 Jan 07, 2021 Jkt 253001 PO 00000 Frm 00002 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4700 E:\FR\FM\08JAR2.SGM 08JAR2 tkelley on DSKBCP9HB2PROD with RULES2 Federal Register / Vol. 86, No. 5 / Friday, January 8, 2021 / Rules and Regulations 1637 carrier seeking access to provide the revenue to support the development of forbearance criteria have been satisfied, services that it seeks to offer.’’ The their own competitive facilities. The and ‘‘the agency [may] reasonably statute also requires that the Commission also recognized that rural interpret[] the statute to allow the Commission determine whether access areas face higher deployment costs and forbearance analysis to vary depending to proprietary network elements is longer deployment timeframes. on the circumstances.’’ When the ‘‘necessary.’’ However, the Commission 9. Avoided-Cost Resale. In addition to Commission undertakes a competitive does not currently require incumbent unbundling obligations, section 251 analysis, ‘‘the statute imposes no LECs to make any proprietary network includes an Avoided-Cost Resale particular mode of market analysis or elements available on an unbundled provision that requires incumbent LECs level of geographic rigor.’’ In addition, basis. The identified UNEs were then to to ‘‘offer for resale at wholesale rates the Commission can consider the be made available at cost-based rates. any telecommunications service that the section 706 goal of fostering the Parties may negotiate agreed-upon rates carrier provides at retail to subscribers deployment of advanced for UNEs, which the state must then who are not telecommunications telecommunications capabilities in approve. If the parties cannot come to carriers.’’ Congress defined the making forbearance decisions. In an agreement, the rates are set by state methodology to determine wholesale considering forbearance from arbitration and will be ‘‘based on the rates as ‘‘retail rates . excluding the unbundling obligations, the cost (determined without reference to a portion thereof attributable to any Commission is entitled to rely on its rate-of-return or other rate-based marketing, billing, collection, and other expert predictive judgment and may proceeding) of providing the costs that will be avoided by the local balance ‘‘the positive short-term impact interconnection or network element’’ exchange carrier.’’ As a practical matter, of unbundling’’ against the ‘‘longer-term and ‘‘may include a reasonable profit.’’ incumbent LECs implement this positive impact that not unbundling 7. The impairment inquiry considers Avoided-Cost Resale obligation by would have . .’’ Furthermore, the whether a hypothetical ‘‘reasonably incorporating
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Dismantling Digital Deregulation: Toward a National Broadband Strategy
    DISMANTLING DIGITAL DEREGULATION: TOWARD A NATIONAL BROADBAND STRATEGY By S. Derek Turner DISMANTLING DIGITAL DEREGULATION: TOWARD A NATIONAL BROADBAND STRATEGY TABLE OF CONTENTS THE REVOLUTION WILL NOT BE STREAMED 5 Abandoning the Commitment to Competition 7 The FCC’s Premature Deregulation 9 Making Up for Lost Time: A National Broadband Plan 10 DEFINING AMERICA’S BROADBAND PROBLEM 14 The American Decline 15 The U.S. Duopoly Fails to Deliver 19 The Digital Divide Persists as Broadband Becomes an Essential Service 23 Why Some States Are Falling Behind in Broadband Adoption 25 America’s Broadband Failures Are the Result of Policy Failures 27 AMERICA’S BROADBAND PROBLEM: COMPETITION 28 The Computer Inquiries and Competition Policy 30 From Computer II to the 1996 Telecom Act 32 Implementing and Undermining the 1996 Telecom Act 33 The Rest of the World Takes a Different Path 37 Cable TV and the Beginning of the End of Broadband Competition 39 The FCC Kills the Commitment to Competition 42 Platform Competition: Always Right Around the Corner 47 The FCC’s Blindness to Abuses of Market Power 52 FCC Endorses Monopoly Power in the Middle-Mile and Special Access Markets 55 The FCC’s Premature Deregulation of the High-Capacity Broadband Market 59 AMERICA’S BROADBAND PROBLEM: OPENNESS 62 Nondiscrimination and Content Control 63 The FCC Abandons Openness 65 The Early Network Neutrality Debate 68 The Evolution of the Network Neutrality Debate 71 The Case Against Comcast 73 Net Neutrality and the Need for a Fifth Principle 75 Dealing with Managed Services
    [Show full text]
  • Before the FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION Washington, D.C
    Before the FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20554 In the Matter of ) ) AT&T Petition to Launch a Proceeding ) GN Docket No. 12-353 Concerning the TDM-to-IP Transition, ) Petition of the National Telecommunications ) Cooperative Association for a Rulemaking ) to Promote and Sustain the Ongoing TDM-to-IP ) Evolution ) ) Policies and Rules ) Governing Retirement of Copper Loops ) RM-11358 By Incumbent Local Exchange Carriers ) ) Petition of XO Communications, LLC, ) Covad Communications Group, Inc., NuVox ) Communications and Eschelon Telecom, Inc. ) For a Rulemaking to Amend Certain Part 51 ) Rules Applicable to Incumbent LEC ) Retirements of Copper Loops and Copper ) Subloops ) __________________________________________) REPLY COMMENTS OF MPOWER COMMUNICATIONS CORP., U.S. TELEPACIFIC CORP., ACN COMMUNICATIONS SERVICES, INC., LEVEL 3 COMMUNICATIONS, LLC, TDS METROCOM, LLC, BLUE ROOSTER TELECOM, INC., IMPULSE TELECOM, LLC., RURAL BROADBAND NOW!, SONIC TELECOM, LLC, ALPHEUS COMMUNICATIONS, LLC, AND MEGAPATH CORPORATION Tamar E. Finn Joshua M. Bobeck Philip J. Macres Bingham McCutchen, LLP 2020 K St., NW Washington, DC 20006 (202) 373-6000 (tel) (202) 373-6001 (fax) [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Counsel for Mpower Communications Corp., U.S. TelePacific Corp., ACN Communications Services, Inc., Level 3 Communications, LLC, TDS Metrocom, LLC, Alpheus Communications, LLC, and MegaPath Corporation A/75459565 Jeff Buckingham, President Dave Clark, President Blue Rooster Telecom, Inc. Impulse Telecom, LLC P.O. Box 4959 5383 Hollister Avenue, Suite 240, San Luis Obispo, CA 93403 Santa Barbara, CA 93111 (805) 545-5100 (805) 456-5800 [email protected] [email protected] Michael Ireton, President Dane Jasper, Founder & CEO Rural Broadband Now! Sonic Telecom, LLC 111 S Main St.
    [Show full text]
  • Attachment A
    ATTACHMENT A Network Neutrality Rules in Comparative Perspective: A Relatively Limited Intervention in the Market January 2010 Prepared for : CCIA By: Kip Meek & Robert Kenny Ingenious Consulting Network 1 Contents 1. Executive Summary .......................................................................................................3 2. Regulatory objectives.....................................................................................................4 Promote universal service/ access ............................................................................4 Foster competitive markets ......................................................................................5 Promote public confidence and protect consumer rights ..........................................6 Encourage investment and innovation......................................................................7 Optimise use of scarce resources..............................................................................8 Minimise the burden and costs of regulation............................................................8 Ensure security of supply ..........................................................................................9 Non-US regulatory objectives .................................................................................10 Conclusion..............................................................................................................10 3. Regulatory approaches to bottlenecks .........................................................................11
    [Show full text]
  • Access and Interconnection Issues in the Move Towards the Full Liberalization of European Telecommunications Leonard W.H
    NORTH CAROLINA JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW AND COMMERCIAL REGULATION Volume 23 | Number 1 Article 1 Fall 1997 Access and Interconnection Issues in the Move towards the Full Liberalization of European Telecommunications Leonard W.H. Ng Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.law.unc.edu/ncilj Recommended Citation Leonard W. Ng, Access and Interconnection Issues in the Move towards the Full Liberalization of European Telecommunications, 23 N.C. J. Int'l L. & Com. Reg. 1 (1997). Available at: http://scholarship.law.unc.edu/ncilj/vol23/iss1/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Carolina Law Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in North Carolina Journal of International Law and Commercial Regulation by an authorized editor of Carolina Law Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Access and Interconnection Issues in the Move towards the Full Liberalization of European Telecommunications Cover Page Footnote International Law; Commercial Law; Law This article is available in North Carolina Journal of International Law and Commercial Regulation: http://scholarship.law.unc.edu/ ncilj/vol23/iss1/1 Access and Interconnection Issues in the Move Towards the Full Liberalization of European Telecommunications Leonard W.H. Ngt I. Introduction ............................................................................ 2 II. The Meaning and Nature of Interconnection in the European Union ................................................................... 4 III. An Introduction to the Regulation of Access and Interconnection ................................................................... 7 IV. Competition Aspects of Access and Interconnection ...... 11 A. Analysis Under Article 86 ............................................. 11 1. Dominance of Telecommunications Organizations ...... 12 (a) The Relevant Product or Services Market ...... 13 (b) The Relevant Geographic Market .................... 15 (c) Determination of Dominance ..........................
    [Show full text]
  • Internet 3.0: Identifying Problems and Solutions to the Network Neutrality Debate
    International Journal of Communication 1 (2007), 461-492 1932-8036/20070461 Internet 3.0: Identifying Problems and Solutions to the Network Neutrality Debate ROB FRIEDEN Penn State University What Internet Service Providers (ISPs) can and cannot do to diversify and differentiate services lies at the core of the debate over neutrality in network operation. In prior generations ISPs had little incentive or technological capability to deviate from plain vanilla best efforts routing for content providers and from a single standard bit rate offered on “all you can eat” terms for consumer access to the World Wide Web. The next generation Internet has the technological capability and ISPs have the commercial motivation to offer “better than best efforts” routing and premium services for both content providers and consumers seeking higher quality of service and more reliable traffic delivery. However the potential exists for carriers, operating the major networks used to switch and route bitstreams, to go beyond satisfying diverse requirements of content provider and end users. Network neutrality advocates worry that major ISPs have both the wherewithal and incentive to bifurcate the Internet into one medium increasingly prone to congestion and declining reliability and one offering superior performance and potential competitive advantages to users able and willing to pay, or affiliated with an ISP operating a major bitstream transmission network such as AT&T, Verizon and Comcast. Opponents refuse to see a current or prospective problem and worry that network neutrality requirements legitimize common carrier regulation of the Internet, a regulatory regime heretofore limited to telecommunications services operating in a less than fully competitive environment.
    [Show full text]
  • Developments in Local Loop Unbundling”, OECD Digital Economy Papers, No
    Please cite this paper as: OECD (2003-06-02), “Developments in Local Loop Unbundling”, OECD Digital Economy Papers, No. 74, OECD Publishing, Paris. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/233065827862 OECD Digital Economy Papers No. 74 Developments in Local Loop Unbundling OECD Unclassified DSTI/ICCP/TISP(2002)5/FINAL Organisation de Coopération et de Développement Economiques Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 10-Sep-2003 ___________________________________________________________________________________________ English - Or. English DIRECTORATE FOR SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INDUSTRY COMMITTEE FOR INFORMATION, COMPUTER AND COMMUNICATIONS POLICY Unclassified DSTI/ICCP/TISP(2002)5/FINAL Cancels & replaces the same document of 07 August 2003 Working Party on Telecommunication and Information Services Policies DEVELOPMENTS IN LOCAL LOOP UNBUNDLING English - Or. English JT00148819 Document complet disponible sur OLIS dans son format d'origine Complete document available on OLIS in its original format DSTI/ICCP/TISP(2002)5/FINAL FOREWORD This report was presented to the Working Party on Telecommunications and Information Services Policy (TISP) in June 2002 and was declassified by the Committee for Information, Computer and Communications Policy in March 2003. The report was prepared by Mr. Atsushi Umino of the OECD's Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry. It is published on the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. Copyright OECD, 2003 Applications for permission to reproduce or translate all or part of this material should be made to: Head of Publications Service, OECD, 2 rue André-Pascal, 75775 Paris Cedex 16, France. 2 DSTI/ICCP/TISP(2002)5/FINAL TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD 2 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 4 I. LOCAL LOOP UNBUNDLING IN OECD COUNTRIES 6 1.1.
    [Show full text]
  • Did Mandatory Unbundling Achieve Its Purpose? Empirical Evidence from Five Countries
    MIT LIBRARIES 3 9080 02618 3696 * / N * UBKARES Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from Boston Library Consortium Member Libraries http://www.archive.org/details/didmandatoryunbuOOhaus y hb3i \msmy jy[415 Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Economics Working Paper Series Did Mandatory Unbundling Achieve Its Purpose? Empirical Evidence from Five Countries Jerry Hausman Gregory Sidak Working Paper 04-40 Nov 1 , 2004 Room E52-251 50 Memorial Drive Cambridge, MA 02142 This paper can be downloaded without charge from the Social Science Research Network Paper Collection at http://ssrn.com/abstract=623221 MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY FEB 1 2005 LIBRARIES 1 Hausman Sidak Oxford vS 3:00 PM Eastern 11/08/04 Did Mandatory Unbundling Achieve Its Purpose? Empirical Evidence from Five Countries Jerry A. Hausmanf J. Gregory Sidakf t In this article, we examine the rationales offered by telecommunications regulators worldwide for pursuing mandatory unbundling. We begin by defining mandatory unbundling, with brief descriptions of different wholesale forms and different retail products. Next, we examine four major rationales for regulatory intervention of this kind: (I) competition in the form of lower prices and greater innovation in retail markets is desirable, (2) competition in retail markets cannot be achieved with mandatory unbundling, (3) mandatory unbundling enables future facilities-based investment ('stepping-stone' or 'ladder of investment' hypothesis), and (4) competition in wholesale access markets is desirable. We proceed by testing empirically the major rationales in the United States, the United Kingdom, New Zealand, Canada, and Germany. For each case study, we review the mandator}' unbundling experience with respect to retail pricing, investment, entry barriers, and wholesale competition.
    [Show full text]
  • Notice of Proposed Rulemaking – WC Docket No
    October 29, 2019 FACT SHEET* Modernizing Unbundling and Resale Rules in an Era of Next-Generation Networks and Services Notice of Proposed Rulemaking – WC Docket No. 19-308 Background: Before 1996, local telephone companies (known as incumbent local exchange carriers or LECs) held a monopoly on local telephone service. Congress passed the Telecommunications Act of 1996 to open these local markets to competition, requiring incumbent LECs to (1) unbundle and open their networks to competitors at cost-based rates, and (2) offer for resale at wholesale rates telecommunications services that the incumbent LEC offers at retail. At the same time, Congress also left it to the FCC to determine which network elements should be subject to unbundling and gave the FCC the authority to forbear from these obligations if they became no longer necessary in light of changes in the industry. Over the last 23 years, the communications marketplace has transformed, with robust intermodal voice and broadband competition in many areas of the country. This Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (Notice) would propose to update the FCC’s unbundling and resale rules to reflect these marketplace realities and to remove unnecessary regulatory burdens that can inhibit the deployment of, and transition to, next- generation networks. At the same time, recognizing that unbundling requirements may have continued benefits in providing broadband access to consumers where facilities-based competition is less likely to occur, the Notice would propose to maintain rules regarding mass
    [Show full text]
  • Rethinking Broadband Internet Access
    University of Pennsylvania Carey Law School Penn Law: Legal Scholarship Repository Faculty Scholarship at Penn Law 6-16-2008 Rethinking Broadband Internet Access Daniel F. Spulber Northwestern University Christopher S. Yoo University of Pennsylvania Carey Law School Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/faculty_scholarship Part of the Administrative Law Commons, Communications Law Commons, Computer Law Commons, Digital Communications and Networking Commons, Law and Economics Commons, Policy Design, Analysis, and Evaluation Commons, Political Economy Commons, and the Science and Technology Law Commons Repository Citation Spulber, Daniel F. and Yoo, Christopher S., "Rethinking Broadband Internet Access" (2008). Faculty Scholarship at Penn Law. 228. https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/faculty_scholarship/228 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Penn Law: Legal Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Scholarship at Penn Law by an authorized administrator of Penn Law: Legal Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Rethinking Broadband Internet Access Daniel F. Spulber* & Christopher S. Yoo** Introduction..................................................................................................................................... 1 I. Overview of the Regulation of Access to Broadband Networks .............................................. 7 A. The Early Regulation of Cable Modem Systems...............................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Local Loop Unbundling and Bitstream Access: 20 Regulatory Practice in Europe and the U.S
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Research Papers in Economics DIW Berlin: Politikberatung kompakt Local Loop Unbundling and Bitstream Access: 20 Regulatory Practice in Europe and the U.S. Pio Baake, Brigitte Preissl (Editors) Johannes M. Bauer Per Björstedt Erik Bohlin Elena Gallo Anders Henten Sven Lindmark Martijn Poel Enzo Pontarollo Knud Erik Skouby Jason Whalley Berlin, 2006 DIW Berlin: Politikberatung kompakt 20 Johannes M. Bauer1 Per Björstedt2 Erik Bohlin2 Elena Gallo3 Anders Henten4 Sven Lindmark2 Martijn Poel5 Enzo Pontarollo6 Knud Erik Skouby7 Jason Whalley8 Pio Baake9, Brigitte Preissl (Editors) Local Loop Unbundling and Bitstream Access: Regulatory Practice in Europe and the U.S. Berlin, September 2006 1 Michigan State University, USA. [email protected] 2 Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden. Corresponding author: Erik Bohlin, [email protected] 3 Wind Telecomunicazioni, Italy. [email protected] 4 CICT, COM•DTU, Denmark. [email protected] 5 TNO Information and Communication Technology, The Netherlands. [email protected] 6 Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Italy. [email protected] 7 CICT, COM•DTU, Denmark. [email protected] 8 Strathclyde Business School, United Kingdom. [email protected] 9 DIW Berlin, Department Information Society and Competition. [email protected] IMPRESSUM © DIW Berlin, 2006 DIW Berlin Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung Königin-Luise-Str. 5 14195 Berlin Tel. +49 (30) 897 89-0 Fax +49 (30) 897 89-200 www.diw.de ISBN 3-938762-10-1 ISSN 1614-6912 Alle Rechte vorbehalten. Abdruck oder vergleichbare Verwendung von Arbeiten des DIW Berlin ist auch in Auszügen nur mit vorheriger schriftlicher Genehmigung gestattet.
    [Show full text]
  • FCC-20-152A1.Pdf
    Federal Communications Commission FCC 20-152 Before the Federal Communications Commission Washington, D.C. 20554 In the Matter of ) ) Modernizing Unbundling and Resale ) WC Docket No. 19-308 Requirements in an Era of Next-Generation ) Networks and Services ) ) REPORT AND ORDER Adopted: October 27, 2020 Released: October 28, 2020 By the Commission: Chairman Pai and Commissioner Carr issuing separate statements; Commissioners Rosenworcel and Starks Approving in Part, Dissenting in Part and issuing separate statements. TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 1 II. BACKGROUND .................................................................................................................................... 4 A. The 1996 Act’s Market-Opening Provisions ................................................................................... 5 B. Today’s Communications Marketplace ......................................................................................... 22 III. DISCUSSION ...................................................................................................................................... 24 A. UNE Loops .................................................................................................................................... 25 1. UNE DS1 and DS3 Loops ....................................................................................................... 26 2. UNE DS0 Loops and Associated
    [Show full text]
  • Access Pricing in Telecommunications
    Access Pricing 2004 This report on access pricing and the regulation of access services was adopted by the Competition Committee in 2004. This report addresses an issue which arises in virtually every public utility industry – the regulation of access to essential facilities. Access regulation issues lie squarely at the intersection of the fields of competition and regulatory policy. Access regulation draws on all aspects of the theory of regulation of natural monopolies. At the same time, both the level and structure of access prices have important implications regarding the scope for competition in the competitive parts of the industry. Access issues are not easy for regulators and competition policy-makers – they can be both difficult technically and the source of noisy disputes in practice. By bringing together theory and practice, this report seeks to help regulators and policymakers learn from theoretical insights and from practical experience to achieve efficient and competitive outcomes. Access to Key Transport Facilities (2006) Structural Reform in the Rail Industry (2005) Competition and Regulation in the Water Sector (2004) Competition Issues in the Electricity Sector (2003) Competition and Regulations Issues in Telecommunications (2002) Competition Issues in Road Transport (2001) © OECD, 2004. © Software: 1987-1996, Acrobat is a trademark of ADOBE. All rights reserved. OECD grants you the right to use one copy of this Program for your personal use only. Unauthorised reproduction, lending, hiring, transmission or distribution of any data or software is prohibited. You must treat the Program and associated materials and any elements thereof like any other copyrighted material. All requests should be made to: Head of Publications Service, OECD Publications Service, 2, rue André-Pascal, 75775 Paris Cedex 16, France.
    [Show full text]