Developments in Local Loop Unbundling”, OECD Digital Economy Papers, No
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Introduction to Digital Subscriber's Line (DSL) Chapter 2 Telephone
Introduction to Digital Subscriber’s Line (DSL) Professor Fu Li, Ph.D., P.E. © Chapter 2 Telephone Infrastructure · Telephone line dates back to Bell in 1875 · Digital Transmission technology using complex algorithm based on DSP and VLSI to compensate impairments common to phone lines. · Phone line carries the single voice signal with 3.4 KHz bandwidth, DSL conveys 100 Compressed voice signals or a video signals. 1 · 15% phones require upgrade activities. · Phone company spent approximately 1 trillion US dollars to construct lines; · 700 millions are in service in 1997, 900 millions by 2001. · Most lines will support 1 Mb/s for DSL and many will support well above 1Mb/s data rate. Typical Voice Network 2 THE ACCESS NETWORK • DSL is really an access technology, and the associated DSL equipment is deployed in the local access network. • The access network consists of the local loops and associated equipment that connects the service user location to the central office. • This network typically consists of cable bundles carrying thousands of twisted-wire pairs to feeder distribution interfaces (FDIs). Two primary ways traditionally to deal with long loops: • 1.Use loading coils to modify the electrical characteristics of the local loop, allowing better quality voice-frequency transmission over extended distances (typically greater than 18,000 feet). • Loading coils are not compatible with the higher frequency attributes of DSL transmissions and they must be removed before DSL-based services can be provisioned. 3 Two primary ways traditionally to deal with long loops • 2. Set up remote terminals where the signals could be terminated at an intermediate point, aggregated and backhauled to the central office. -
Dismantling Digital Deregulation: Toward a National Broadband Strategy
DISMANTLING DIGITAL DEREGULATION: TOWARD A NATIONAL BROADBAND STRATEGY By S. Derek Turner DISMANTLING DIGITAL DEREGULATION: TOWARD A NATIONAL BROADBAND STRATEGY TABLE OF CONTENTS THE REVOLUTION WILL NOT BE STREAMED 5 Abandoning the Commitment to Competition 7 The FCC’s Premature Deregulation 9 Making Up for Lost Time: A National Broadband Plan 10 DEFINING AMERICA’S BROADBAND PROBLEM 14 The American Decline 15 The U.S. Duopoly Fails to Deliver 19 The Digital Divide Persists as Broadband Becomes an Essential Service 23 Why Some States Are Falling Behind in Broadband Adoption 25 America’s Broadband Failures Are the Result of Policy Failures 27 AMERICA’S BROADBAND PROBLEM: COMPETITION 28 The Computer Inquiries and Competition Policy 30 From Computer II to the 1996 Telecom Act 32 Implementing and Undermining the 1996 Telecom Act 33 The Rest of the World Takes a Different Path 37 Cable TV and the Beginning of the End of Broadband Competition 39 The FCC Kills the Commitment to Competition 42 Platform Competition: Always Right Around the Corner 47 The FCC’s Blindness to Abuses of Market Power 52 FCC Endorses Monopoly Power in the Middle-Mile and Special Access Markets 55 The FCC’s Premature Deregulation of the High-Capacity Broadband Market 59 AMERICA’S BROADBAND PROBLEM: OPENNESS 62 Nondiscrimination and Content Control 63 The FCC Abandons Openness 65 The Early Network Neutrality Debate 68 The Evolution of the Network Neutrality Debate 71 The Case Against Comcast 73 Net Neutrality and the Need for a Fifth Principle 75 Dealing with Managed Services -
Local-Loop and DSL REFERENCE GUIDE Table of Contents
Local-Loop and DSL REFERENCE GUIDE Table of Contents Prologue ............................................................................ 2 2.3.9.3 REIN ....................................................................32 2.3.9.4 SHINE..................................................................32 1. Introduction ................................................................. 5 2.3.9.5 PEIN ....................................................................32 2. What is DSL? ................................................................ 6 2.3.10 Bonding...............................................................33 2.3.11 Vectoring ............................................................35 2.1 Pre-DSL Delivery of Data ........................................................... 6 2.3.12 G.Fast ..................................................................36 2.1.1 Dial-Up ................................................................................ 6 2.1.2 ISDN .................................................................................... 7 3. DSL Deployment Issues ...........................................38 2.2 xDSL Overview ............................................................................. 8 3.1 Determining the Nature of the Problem ...............................39 2.3 DSL In-Depth .............................................................................12 3.2 Performing a Visual Inspection ..............................................44 2.3.1 ISDN ..................................................................................13 -
Controlpoint™
White Paper on MDF Management ControlPoint™ MDF/IDF Line Management in an ILEC Central Office or Remote Environment February 2001 Introduction The deregulation of telecommunications services and recent FCC rulings has changed the dynamics of the local loop. Collocation is an everyday reality in most central offices and potentially in many remotes. Connection management, as customers migrate between providers, is challenging and presents a "service strain" to the service provider. "Line sharing" rulings are expected to accelerate demand and pose new line-qualification challenges to the ILEC. The dramatic increase in competition for the local loop increased the level of activity centering on connection, maintenance, and management of copper wire and wireline services. Given these high levels of activity in the loop, the traditional labor- intensive manual approach to cross-connect management is no longer viable via manual labor and processes. “Truck rolls” are too slow and expensive to be effective in today's competitive industry. The obvious answer: automate the provisioning process and provide intelligent wireline management at the physical layer. NHC's innovative ControlPoint Cross-Connect System replaces labor intensive wiring, reducing operating costs and maintenance, improving service delivery cycles. ControlPoint dramatically reduces labor, space, and time of service versus conven- tional MDF/IDF and OSP distribution frames that require on-site wiring by experi- enced technicians. The NHC solution provides the ILEC with complete control over the entire service deployment cycle, and ensures quality of service (QoS) via fallback switching. ControlPoint works with all copper based services including POTS, ISDN, T1, xDSL and other voice and data protocols. -
Federal Register/Vol. 86, No. 5/Friday, January 8, 2021/Rules
1636 Federal Register / Vol. 86, No. 5 / Friday, January 8, 2021 / Rules and Regulations FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS at: https://docs.fcc.gov/public/ and resale requirements where they COMMISSION attachments/FCC-20-152A1.pdf. stifle technology transitions and broadband deployment, but preserve I. Introduction 47 CFR Part 51 unbundling requirements where they 1. The Telecommunications Act of are still necessary to realize the 1996 [WC Docket No. 19–308; FCC 20–152; FRS 1996 (the 1996 Act) changed the focus Act’s goal of robust intermodal 17221] of telecommunications law and policy competition benefiting all Americans. from the regulation of monopolies to the Modernizing Unbundling and Resale encouragement of robust intermodal II. Background Requirements in an Era of Next- competition. Few of its effects were as 4. The 1996 Act and implementing Generation Networks and Services consequential as ending the local Commission regulations imposed a exchange monopolies held by number of obligations on incumbent AGENCY: Federal Communications incumbent local exchange carriers LECs to promote competitive entry into Commission. (LECs) and opening local markets to the telecommunications marketplace, ACTION: Final rule. competition. To facilitate new entry into including obligations to unbundle the local exchange market, the 1996 Act network elements to other carriers on a SUMMARY: In this document, the imposed special obligations on rate-regulated basis and to offer Commission eliminates unbundling incumbent LECs, including telecommunications services for resale requirements, subject to reasonable requirements to offer these new on a rate-regulated basis. In the 24 years transition periods, for enterprise-grade competitive carriers unbundled network since the passage of the 1996 Act, the DS1 and DS3 loops here there is elements and retail telecommunications Commission has continually reviewed evidence of actual and potential services for resale, both on a rate- and, when warranted, reduced competition, for broadband-capable DS0 regulated basis. -
Before the FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION Washington, D.C
Before the FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20554 In the Matter of ) ) AT&T Petition to Launch a Proceeding ) GN Docket No. 12-353 Concerning the TDM-to-IP Transition, ) Petition of the National Telecommunications ) Cooperative Association for a Rulemaking ) to Promote and Sustain the Ongoing TDM-to-IP ) Evolution ) ) Policies and Rules ) Governing Retirement of Copper Loops ) RM-11358 By Incumbent Local Exchange Carriers ) ) Petition of XO Communications, LLC, ) Covad Communications Group, Inc., NuVox ) Communications and Eschelon Telecom, Inc. ) For a Rulemaking to Amend Certain Part 51 ) Rules Applicable to Incumbent LEC ) Retirements of Copper Loops and Copper ) Subloops ) __________________________________________) REPLY COMMENTS OF MPOWER COMMUNICATIONS CORP., U.S. TELEPACIFIC CORP., ACN COMMUNICATIONS SERVICES, INC., LEVEL 3 COMMUNICATIONS, LLC, TDS METROCOM, LLC, BLUE ROOSTER TELECOM, INC., IMPULSE TELECOM, LLC., RURAL BROADBAND NOW!, SONIC TELECOM, LLC, ALPHEUS COMMUNICATIONS, LLC, AND MEGAPATH CORPORATION Tamar E. Finn Joshua M. Bobeck Philip J. Macres Bingham McCutchen, LLP 2020 K St., NW Washington, DC 20006 (202) 373-6000 (tel) (202) 373-6001 (fax) [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Counsel for Mpower Communications Corp., U.S. TelePacific Corp., ACN Communications Services, Inc., Level 3 Communications, LLC, TDS Metrocom, LLC, Alpheus Communications, LLC, and MegaPath Corporation A/75459565 Jeff Buckingham, President Dave Clark, President Blue Rooster Telecom, Inc. Impulse Telecom, LLC P.O. Box 4959 5383 Hollister Avenue, Suite 240, San Luis Obispo, CA 93403 Santa Barbara, CA 93111 (805) 545-5100 (805) 456-5800 [email protected] [email protected] Michael Ireton, President Dane Jasper, Founder & CEO Rural Broadband Now! Sonic Telecom, LLC 111 S Main St. -
Connecting Australia! Wireless Broadband
The Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia CONNECTING AUSTRALIA! WIRELESS BROADBAND HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES STANDING COMMITTEE ON COMMUNICATIONS, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND THE ARTS NOVEMBER 2002 © Commonwealth of Australia 2002 Printed by CanPrint Communications Pty Ltd ii Foreword Wireless broadband has an important role to play in extending the reach of broadband services to all Australians. There is no one particular wireless broadband technology that can solve all telecommunications problems. The future will see a mix of various technologies and the market should be permitted to determine, over time, which ones best suit particular applications. The government should maintain a general regulatory policy of ‘technology-neutrality’ (not favouring any particular technology, whether it be wireless or wire-line). Specific measures should be put in place to extend the understanding and takeup of wireless broadband. The recommendations contained in this report reflect the broad observations and statements of principle set out above. If they are adopted by the government, they would greatly facilitate the expansion of wireless broadband services in metropolitan, regional and rural areas. The Committee also has made recommendations to assist the hearing-impaired gain access to wireless broadband services, to improve the regulatory framework and to preserve the power of police and intelligence services to protect the community against illegal activities. Many people contributed to this inquiry and, in particular, the Committee benefited from the 60 submissions and many witnesses who addressed us at our eight public hearings. Also, the Committee acknowledges the invaluable assistance of Professor Harris and Dr Borg (of the Plasma Research Laboratory of the ANU) who were contracted to produce a draft report. -
Attachment A
ATTACHMENT A Network Neutrality Rules in Comparative Perspective: A Relatively Limited Intervention in the Market January 2010 Prepared for : CCIA By: Kip Meek & Robert Kenny Ingenious Consulting Network 1 Contents 1. Executive Summary .......................................................................................................3 2. Regulatory objectives.....................................................................................................4 Promote universal service/ access ............................................................................4 Foster competitive markets ......................................................................................5 Promote public confidence and protect consumer rights ..........................................6 Encourage investment and innovation......................................................................7 Optimise use of scarce resources..............................................................................8 Minimise the burden and costs of regulation............................................................8 Ensure security of supply ..........................................................................................9 Non-US regulatory objectives .................................................................................10 Conclusion..............................................................................................................10 3. Regulatory approaches to bottlenecks .........................................................................11 -
Digital Loop Carrier (DLC)
Digital Loop Carrier (DLC) Definition The local loop is the physical connection between the main distribution frame in the user's premises to the telecommunications network provider. Digital loop carrier (DLC) technology makes use of digital techniques to bring a wide range of services to users via twisted-pair copper phone lines Overview The telecommunications infrastructure has undergone a great deal of change recently, and it seems that the rate of change increases exponentially as time passes. For example, DLC technology and the local loop will become more important in the future in delivering the new services that customers will require. This tutorial first addresses the history of subscriber carriers because it is important in providing clues to the future. It will then discuss some of the early next-generation digital loop carriers (NGDLC) that began to appear in the 1980s, as well as the NGDLC as a cost-effective solution for suburban and rural applications. Finally, it will explore the likely direction that loop technology will take in the future and how to enable the market for some of the more advanced services that are expected. Topics 1. History of Subscriber Carriers 2. Early Next-Generation Digital Loop Carriers 3. Next-Generation Digital Loop Carriers for Rural and Suburban Applications 4. NGDLC Applications 5. Future Directions 6. Economics 7. The Multiservice DLC Self Test Answers Acronym Guide Web ProForum Tutorials Copyright © 1/19 http://www.iec.org The International Engineering Consortium 1. History of Subscriber Carriers The history of subscriber and loop carriers is based on the initial deployment of loop electronics, which was driven primarily by transmission needs (i.e., trying to obtain better-quality transmission over longer distances). -
Access and Interconnection Issues in the Move Towards the Full Liberalization of European Telecommunications Leonard W.H
NORTH CAROLINA JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW AND COMMERCIAL REGULATION Volume 23 | Number 1 Article 1 Fall 1997 Access and Interconnection Issues in the Move towards the Full Liberalization of European Telecommunications Leonard W.H. Ng Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.law.unc.edu/ncilj Recommended Citation Leonard W. Ng, Access and Interconnection Issues in the Move towards the Full Liberalization of European Telecommunications, 23 N.C. J. Int'l L. & Com. Reg. 1 (1997). Available at: http://scholarship.law.unc.edu/ncilj/vol23/iss1/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Carolina Law Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in North Carolina Journal of International Law and Commercial Regulation by an authorized editor of Carolina Law Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Access and Interconnection Issues in the Move towards the Full Liberalization of European Telecommunications Cover Page Footnote International Law; Commercial Law; Law This article is available in North Carolina Journal of International Law and Commercial Regulation: http://scholarship.law.unc.edu/ ncilj/vol23/iss1/1 Access and Interconnection Issues in the Move Towards the Full Liberalization of European Telecommunications Leonard W.H. Ngt I. Introduction ............................................................................ 2 II. The Meaning and Nature of Interconnection in the European Union ................................................................... 4 III. An Introduction to the Regulation of Access and Interconnection ................................................................... 7 IV. Competition Aspects of Access and Interconnection ...... 11 A. Analysis Under Article 86 ............................................. 11 1. Dominance of Telecommunications Organizations ...... 12 (a) The Relevant Product or Services Market ...... 13 (b) The Relevant Geographic Market .................... 15 (c) Determination of Dominance .......................... -
Internet 3.0: Identifying Problems and Solutions to the Network Neutrality Debate
International Journal of Communication 1 (2007), 461-492 1932-8036/20070461 Internet 3.0: Identifying Problems and Solutions to the Network Neutrality Debate ROB FRIEDEN Penn State University What Internet Service Providers (ISPs) can and cannot do to diversify and differentiate services lies at the core of the debate over neutrality in network operation. In prior generations ISPs had little incentive or technological capability to deviate from plain vanilla best efforts routing for content providers and from a single standard bit rate offered on “all you can eat” terms for consumer access to the World Wide Web. The next generation Internet has the technological capability and ISPs have the commercial motivation to offer “better than best efforts” routing and premium services for both content providers and consumers seeking higher quality of service and more reliable traffic delivery. However the potential exists for carriers, operating the major networks used to switch and route bitstreams, to go beyond satisfying diverse requirements of content provider and end users. Network neutrality advocates worry that major ISPs have both the wherewithal and incentive to bifurcate the Internet into one medium increasingly prone to congestion and declining reliability and one offering superior performance and potential competitive advantages to users able and willing to pay, or affiliated with an ISP operating a major bitstream transmission network such as AT&T, Verizon and Comcast. Opponents refuse to see a current or prospective problem and worry that network neutrality requirements legitimize common carrier regulation of the Internet, a regulatory regime heretofore limited to telecommunications services operating in a less than fully competitive environment. -
Powerline an Alternative Technology in the Local Loop
Powerline an alternative technology in the local loop - Presentation to IEEE - March, 2004 Agenda 1 PLC Utilities Alliance 2 Power Line Communications 3 Access PLC competitive solutions 4 Endesa’s PLC project IEEE_040308 1 PLC Utilities Alliance – Objectives and Introduction to the PUA The “PLC Utilities Alliance” (PUA) is an organization supporting Power Line Communications (PLC) development in Europe Members Objectives Achievements Develop a common Awareness & Promotion position among PUA • White Paper on PLC and its Members members Impact on the Development of Work with national Broadband in Europe and EU bodies to • Communication with EU bodies, obtain a favourable NAs, and other stakeholders environment for PLC development Standardization & Regulation Raise Awareness • Measurement campaign in five about the PLC European countries opportunity • Work in different standardisation bodies Technical reference • ETSI, CENELEC, CISPR, point JWG Help standardisation process International Cooperation More than 100 Million Support PLC equipment Research electrical customers in and Development 23 countries IEEE_040308 2 PLC Utilities Alliance – PUA Objectives for 2004 In 2004, the Awareness and Promotion Task Force of the PUA will have a special focus to boost the PLC market and to obtain a progress in key markets and utilities Maintain relationship with European Commission and National Authorities 2003 tasks follow-up Consolidate as industry reference point Keep collaborating with standardization and regulatory organizations Focus