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POLITICAL Animals: T ;.,~ a Study of the Emerging ~ Animal Rights Movement ~~ in the United

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POLITICAL Animals: T ;.,~ a Study of the Emerging ~ Animal Rights Movement ~~ in the United ·._--------- ­ POLITICAL ANiMALS: t ;.,~ A Study of the Emerging ~ Animal Rights Movement ~~ in the United. States R~~ DAVID MACAULEY ?_~~ Washington, D.C. (continued from preceding issue) IV. Strategies and concerns OF THE MOVEMENT ACTIVISM/ COMMENT ~ ,.~ Jim 8IIrter A.nimallJ: 1419 =., Copyright-Pr..-nTu:.tritron•• , Nltw York: Dover, 1979 "'".,..~._- :-"~--'----_. 119 BE'IWEEN THE SPECIES While the concerns and goals of the AR facts known to the public. Veal calves, for IlDvement extend to all areas of humankind's example, are confined for their short lives contact with the nonhuman world, they center of thirteen to fifteen weeks in dark stalls mainly on three areas: the intensive and less than two feet wide and only four and p3.inful methods of ral.sl.ng livestock for one-half feet long, fed a liquid diet of slaughter often referred to as "factory farm­ vitamins and growth stimulants, and chained ing" or "agribusiness," the use of live to prevent them fran exercising--all so that animals in research (vivisection), and the the flesh of these anemic animals will remain protection of marine and furbearing animals. tender and p3.1e. To varying degrees, activists also oppose hunting, rodeos, dog racing, zoos, and cir­ 'Ihrough the efforts of the movement, the cuses. In each of these cases, groups within public is also beginning to realize that the movement have questioned the necessity chickens do not lead an idyllic life roa.'lling and degree of suffering inflicted on animals about co..mtiy farms but that they are de­ and t-he number of deaths that have resulted beaked, crowded into small pens, and have fran such practices. most of their natural instincts suppressed. Even publications like New Scientist recog­ In the area of research on animals, nize that the dairy cow "leads a hell of a organizations repeatedly call attention to life, " since it is usually pregnant nine the volume of unnecessary and cruel experi­ months of every year, milked twice a day for ments. Mobilization for Animals (MFA) points nine months, and both pregnant and lactating for six months. [23] out that in the U.S., 1,724,000 birds, 23,000 sheep, 700,000 rabbits, 46,000 pigs, '!he cause to save the lives of whales 85,000 primates, 500,000 dogs, 20,000,000 and seals is especially strong because tradi­ frogs, 190,000 turtles, 61,000. snakes, 51,000 tionally it has been one of the goals of the lizards, 200,000 cats, and 45 million rats larger, wealthier, and older humane organiza­ and mice were used for laboratory experimen­ tions. Moreover, the public has displayed a tationin one year alone. As MFA stresses, great willingness to supp::>rt t-his effort for these aTlimals were "burned, poisoned, a number of reasons: t-he amount of publicity starved, irradiated, surgically mutilated, generated on the subject, the emotional at­ stressed, kept in solitary, deprived of tachment to baby seals and the awe of giant sleep, and kept in restraining devices for whales, the corresp::>nding revulsion to pic­ long periods of time." [22] AR groups empha­ tures of sealers and whalers clubbing or size not only the waste of animal lives in harpooning defenseless animals, and the fact these experiments but also the economic costs that any benefits derived from activities to taxpayers which totals as much as four like whaling and sealing are only incidental billion dollars a year. The following stud­ and usually unrelated to the well-being of ies and L'1eir corresponding costs are common­ most people. The protests against trapping, ly cited: $500,000 to determine the reasons rodeos, and greyhound racing are usually why monkeys clench their jaws in anger, motivated by similar factors: the suffering $525,000 to study the differences between the of animals, the lack of its necessity, the vomiting systems of cats and dogs, and existence of alternatives, and the glorifica­ $102,000 to compare the effects of gin and tion of and delight in the products ~d pro­ tequila on Atlantic fish. cess of p3.in (Schadenfreude). "Behind fa­ cades of an inoffensive glossy gambling are­ Factory farming is subject to the same na," declares United Animal Defenders, "lies the well-hidden truth of organized crime and kind of criticisms from AR groups since hun­ gross exploitation of animals."[24] Such dreds of millions of sheep, pigs, and cattle exploitation assumes many forms, including and several billion poultry animals are the deaths of about eighty percent of the raised and slaughtered each year for food. dogs which are unable to meet training re­ However, what the AR movement has directed quirements, the underfeeding of the trained its attention and attacks toward is not num­ dogs in order to make them chase the jack bers and statistics but inhumane practices rabbits, and the brutal death of the rabbits and the institution of factory farming it­ which are tom ap3.rt by hungry canines during self. AR organizations have helped to expose the training sessions. the p3.inful and cruel processes that are required to produce meat and have made these Again, the problem is institutional BElWEEN THE SPOCIES 120 rather than specific, so that the attacks of the movement are necessarily multi~imension­ MICHAEL W. FOX al. A few institutions under protest in addition to factory fanning and research 'rhe flutes of paradise are silent laboratories include NASA, the cosmetic in­ Scattered like broken bones dustry, restaurants, and the U.S. military, Amongst the refuse of this age which has subjected animals to the effects of That has no history and no sense atomic fallout, chemical and biological tox­ Of Ule sacred or the wtlo1e, ins, and neutron bomb radiation. The number Even though we have great power of products which at least partially involve Over Nature, atom and the genes of life. animal suffering is lengthy as well: can­ We keep animals captive in the zoo dles, camera film, soaps, cosmetics, drugs, And call it conservation. shoes, coats, and food, to name a few. To There is no place for them, combat these institutions and practices and Displaced by people, cattle to effect p::llitical change, AR groups have Raised for meat. utilized and advocated a host of strategies ~fuat once was paradise and tactics which can be divided into six overlapping types: educational and informa­ Is now a mined, deforested, poisoned tional, political (strictest sense), direct And industrialized wasteland. action, legal, public protest, and private What is the point when greed and need alternatives. A brief overview of these Becane synonymous and ignorance actions is necessary to understand both the Is seen as lack of know-how power. direction of the rrovement and the structure There is nc why, no wonder of AR groups whose foun and function are Mystery, reverence and no way often closely interrelated. However, the Back to Paradise. nature of such actions along with the deep Until the flutes of Pan are found divisions over strategies and tactics will And heard again throughout the land. become more evident with an examination of specific organizations and their philosophi­ cal and political differeJIces. ences within the movement, there is a great deal of information sharing between organiza­ Educating the public and disseminating tions which frequently distribute and rely on information on animal issues is the first and the literature of others. The strict task of most important tactic used by AR groups and a number of organizations is, in fact, to therefore needs to be examined in some depth. compile a'1d disseminate data to other groups This fact is aptly expressed in AnLrnalines: and interested people. "Among the myriad of approaches utilized by the various organizations, the corrmon denomi­ Somewhat paradoxically, the media is one nator is the belief that knowledge is the of the movement' s greatest potential weapons ultimate liberator." [25) !>1oreover, this be­ and yet one of its biggest enemies at this lief is put into practice by all but a few of time. 'I'he media, magazines in pa..>-ticu­ the organizations which confine their ap­ lar, has in effect legitimized animal re­ proaches to direct action for animals and search, sport 11unting, and food industries ,..hich could be said to educate the public through repetition--e1at is, they have called indirectly through these actions. att.ention to the glories, products, and con­ veniences derived from these institutions so Among the most comnon forms of infonna­ repeatedly and to such a degree that e1ey tion are pamphlets, newsletters, and maga­ have near universal acceptance. The means of zines which AR groups distribute to their these practices are seldom questioned. In members and to the public. While this liter­ almost every issue of Time, ri.~wsweek, or ature is usually filled with statistics, Reader's Digest, for example, one can find descriptions, and pictures detailing animal mention of animal experiments which, it is abuse, they often contain practical advice claimed, in some way contributed to L~e about "cruelty-free" products, alternative stockpile of knowledge or stories about re­ diets, and the location and dates of educa­ search scientists receiving awards and making tional events and demonstrations. This ma­ discoveries. Television crnronercials make terial is usually the product of long hours animal products into a kind of art, and the of research, and despite rr.any of the differ- news and educational programs highlight ani­ 121 BDIWEEN THE SPECIES mal research. On .the other'hand, these same New York town. HOVl? By playing the politi­ programs frequently poke filll at animals and cal game."[27] Celebrities were also in­ animal behavior. "CBS Evening News" anchor volved in the successful fight to secure Dan Rather once ended the shOVl smiling as he legislation in california that permits senior reported that "after years of testing, scien­ citizens in public housing to keep pets.
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