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UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE MINAS GERAIS Escola De Ciência Da Informação Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Ciência Da Informação UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE MINAS GERAIS Escola de Ciência da Informação Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Informação Rubem Borges Teixeira Ramos COM GRANDES PODERES, VÊM GRANDES RESPONSABILIDADES: um estudo etnometodológico sobre o leitor e a leitura de histórias em quadrinhos de super-heróis da Marvel e da DC Comics Belo Horizonte 2017 Rubem Borges Teixeira Ramos COM GRANDES PODERES, VÊM GRANDES RESPONSABILIDADES: um estudo etnometodológico sobre o leitor de histórias em quadrinhos de super-heróis da Marvel e da DC Comics Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência da Informação da Escola de Ciência da Informação da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Doutor em Ciência da Informação. Linha de pesquisa: Informação, Cultura e Sociedade – ICS Orientadora: Profª Drª Lígia Maria Moreira Dumont Belo Horizonte 2017 Ramos, Rubem Borges Teixeira. Com grandes poderes, vêm grandes responsabilidades [manuscrito] : um estudo etnometodológico sobre o leitor e a leitura de histórias em quadrinhos de super-heróis da Marvel e da DC Comics / Rubem Borges Teixeira Ramos. – 2017. R175c 252 f., enc. : il. Orientadora: Lígia Maria Moreira Dumont. Tese (Doutorado) – Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Escola de Ciência da Informação. Referências: f. 228-236. Apêndices: f. 237-249. Anexos: f. 250-252. 1. Ciência da informação – Teses. 2. Leitura – Histórias em quadrinhos – Teses. 3. Leitores – Reação crítica – Teses. 4. Etnometodologia – Teses. I. Título. II. Dumont, Lígia Maria Moreira. III. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Escola de Ciência da Informação. CDU: 028 Ficha catalográfica: Biblioteca Profª Etelvina Lima, Escola de Ciência da Informação da UFMG. “Tantos de nossos SONHOS aparentam ser primeiramente impossíveis. Então, eles parecem improváveis. E então, quando nós invocamos a FORÇA DE VONTADE, eles logo se tornam inevitáveis”. (Homenagem à Christopher Reeve, por nos fazer acreditar que um homem pode voar). A MEU PAI Eu me tornei um seguidor de algo que ele me apresentou e que se tornou incomensuravelmente querido. Eu sei que fui e sou um refém de todas as suas esperanças e medos. E que mesmo a distância imposta pelas decisões e atribulações desta existência não o impediram de compartilhar do conhecimento e do carinho que eu necessitava. O que ele fez em todas as histórias em quadrinhos que me comprou e me deu para ler e colecionar. Eu estava no meio do doutorado sanduíche, nos EUA, quando Vingadores 2 – a era de Ultron estreou nos cinemas. E posso afirmar que, mesmo àquela distância geográfica, assistir a cena de abertura da película me remeteu à mesma sensação de estar em casa, abrindo e lendo uma história em quadrinhos dos Vingadores recém-saída da banca de jornal e trazida a minhas mãos por você, meu pai. E nada me deixa mais feliz do que poder mostrar a você todos os frutos dessa leitura, inclusive esta tese, para que possamos desfrutar de todos eles juntos nos anos vindouros. AGRADECIMENTOS À Deus, por me guiar ouvindo minhas orações, diante dos caminhos sinuosos que muitas vezes levavam ao desestímulo e a incerteza quanto à possibilidade de evolução. Por todos os momentos em que a inspiração me veio, através de palavras, orientações e também pela abertura dos caminhos que concretizaram esta tese. À Profª Lígia Maria Moreira Dumont, minha orientadora, pela presença e contribuição ímpar para com minha opção profissional e formação acadêmica, tendo me orientado desde a especialização lato sensu, passando pelo mestrado e atingindo agora o ponto alto dessa trajetória, na conclusão deste doutorado. À Profª Carol L. Tilley, pelo aceite da orientação no PDSE / CAPES, sem o qual parte vital da pesquisa seria inviabilizada, assim como sua contribuição com seus estudos e tese, comprovando que uma pesquisa séria e comprometida poderia fazer muito em prol das histórias em quadrinhos, ao contrário dos danos que FredricWertham lhes causara há meio século atrás. À CAPES, pelo PDSE que ampliou as possibilidades iniciais da tese, por permitir o acesso e a coleta de dados junto ao público leitor a quem as histórias em quadrinhos de super-heróis da Marvel e da DC Comics original — mas não exclusivamente — se destinam, os leitores norte-americanos. Aos parentes e amigos(as) Hilda Ramos, André Araújo Ramos, André Alvarenga, Rodrigo Rodrigues, Jussara Lazzarotti, Vanessa Regina, João Maricato, Eliany Alvarenga, Arnaldo Alves, Maria de Fátima, Luciana Cândida, Andrea Pereira, José Vanderley Gouveia, Gustavo Borges, Daniel Christino, André Roberto, Kátia Kelvis, Nola Senna, Raquel Castro, Chanin Warren Riverbark, Colby Dunaway, Jill Howk, Michelle Parker, Antonio Sotomayor, Mara Thacker, Guilherme Travassos e Gláucia Vaz, que se tornaram parte essencial desta tese, em constante presença e apoio, mesmo quando eu era um reles desconhecido, até atingir este momento. À FIC — desde os tempos de FACOMB — e a Universidade Federal de Goiás, que investiu e acreditou no meu potencial e incentivou a minha capacitação, a qual culmina nesta tese. À todos os meus alunos, presentes e egressos, aos quais essa tese também é fruto e destino. “Nenhum homem é pobre quando tem imaginação. Não estou falando de necessidade, mas de riqueza. Da verdadeira riqueza, aquela que o dinheiro não compra. Quando você lê um livro, uma história, um romance, o mundo lhe pertence. Não precisa nem de trem, nem de barco para viajar. [...] Eu vou dar um par de asas para você voar”. Juscelino Kubitschek de Oliveira RESUMO Analisa, apresenta e discute as experiências de leitores brasileiros e norte- americanos quanto às histórias em quadrinhos de super-heróis da Marvel e da DC Comics. Através da leitura desses quadrinhos, o leitor é exposto a uma gama variada de ideias e informações, as quais levam a uma contínua reorganização e interiorização de conhecimentos. Tal leitura é considerada como fonte e forma de apropriação de informação e de introjeção do conhecimento. A pesquisa objetiva contemplar e interpretar as concepções desses quadrinhos por parte de ambos os públicos, brasileiro e norte-americano, assim como identificar os contextos, sentidos e motivações que eles apresentam para efetivar e prosseguir com essa leitura, inclusive durante sua vida como adultos. Para tanto, se recorre a articulações entre estudiosos e teorias que fornecem condições para se proceder as investigações quanto ao leitor de histórias em quadrinhos de super-heróis e a introjeção do conhecimento adquirido por meio desta leitura, como as de Garfinkel (1963), cujo princípio da etnometodologia permite se contemplar o senso comum e as referências de sentido e de significado estabelecidas pelo leitor; Geertz (1978) com o estudo cultural que permite o acesso a elementos que influenciam o leitor dentro de seu contexto social; Schechner (1998), que trabalha a antropologia dos eventos performáticos, onde define a interpretação das performances, aqui entendidas como o ato de ler, pelo viés não somente do entretenimento, mas também da eficácia, a qual é capaz de gerar significativas repercussões junto a um ou mais indivíduos diante da leitura empreendida e da interpretação do que foi lido; Iser (1996-1999) com a ficcionalização, que ressalta a importância do leitor como o indivíduo consciente do valor e do significado da leitura, graças a sua capacidade de reelaborar a leitura através de reflexões estabelecidas junto a sua realidade, e Dumont (1998), a qual defende a recriação da leitura pelo leitor, que é a capacidade desse indivíduo de empregar um ou mais conteúdos obtidos através da leitura empreendida, como a dos quadrinhos, em um ou mais aspectos de sua vida. A metodologia recorre ao emprego da observação participante e da entrevista, bem como do conceito de história de vida tópica, para fornecer subsídio ao percurso metodológico da pesquisa qualitativa. Destaca a necessidade da Ciência da Informação de valorizar os estudos voltados para a compreensão do leitor, sobretudo os que permitem entender que a capacidade de interpretação de conteúdos presentes em um texto ou história ocorre também quando esse leitor evoca sentimentos, fatos e eventos retratados na leitura os quais possam ser por ele introjetados por meio de interpretação e reflexão, sobretudo junto a acontecimentos ocorridos em sua própria vida. Palavras-chave: Leitura. Histórias em quadrinhos de super-heróis. Leitor. Introjeção do conhecimento. ABSTRACT Analises, presents and discusses brazilian and US readers experiences regarding Marvel and DC superhero comics. Through comics reading, the reader is exposed to naenourmous variety of ideas and values, which led to a continuous knowledge restructuring and internalization. This reading is considered both as a source and format for information ownership and knowledge introjection. It aims to contemplate and to interpret these comics’ conceptions by both audiences, brazilian and American, as well as to identify their contexts, meanings and motivations in order to implement and proceed with this particular reading, even as they enter the adult life. For this purpose, it appeals to articulate among scholars and theories which provide state to proceed further investigations in terms of the superhero comic book reader and his knowledge introjection, acquired by means of this reading, as Garfinkel’s etnomethodology (1963), which allows to contemplate the reader’s common sense and meaning and importance references; Geertz (1978) with the cultural studies which allows the access to elements that affect the reader inside his social context; Schechner’s (1998) performance studies, which defines performances’ interpretation, applied to the act of reading not only having entertainment value, but also effectiveness, therefore capable to generate meaningful repercussions to one or several individuals before a reading and its interpretations; Iser’s (1996-1999) aesthetic response, which emphasizes the reader’s relevance as an individual aware of reading’s value and meaning, thanks to his capacity on rework this reading through thinking alongside his reality, and Dumont (1998), who supports the reader’s remake reading, which is his ability to apply one or more contents gathered through reading, such as the comics, in one or more aspects of his life.
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