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Home , Catholic theology, Conciliarism, Council of Florence

ADTH 3000 01 — Conciliar of the I: Jerusalem-Lateran V Fall, 2015; 3 credits

Instructor: Boyd Taylor Coolman email: [email protected] Office: Stokes Hall 321N Office Hours: Wednesday 10:00AM-12:00 Telephone: 617-552-3971 Schedule: Tu 6:15–9:15PM Room: Stokes Hall 133S

Boston College Mission Statement Strengthened by more than a century and a half of dedication to academic excellence, Boston College commits itself to the highest standards of teaching and research in undergraduate, graduate and professional programs and to the pursuit of a just society through its own accomplishments, the work of its and staff, and the achievements of its graduates. It seeks both to advance its place among the nation's finest universities and to bring to the company of its distinguished peers and to contemporary society the richness of the Catholic intellectual ideal of a mutually illuminating relationship between religious and free intellectual inquiry.

Boston College draws inspiration for its academic societal mission from its distinctive religious . As a Catholic and Jesuit university, it is rooted in a world view that encounters in all creation and through all human activity, especially in the search for truth in every discipline, in the desire to learn, and in the call to live justly together. In this spirit, the University regards the contribution of different religious traditions and value systems as essential to the fullness of its intellectual life and to the continuous development of its distinctive intellectual heritage.

Course Description This course is the first in a two-course , which offers a comprehensive introduction to the conciliar tradition of the Church. This first course covers the period beginning with the first-century and ending with the thirteenth-century Fourth Lateran Council (1215), offering an historically-schematized overview of the ecumenical and Catholic councils of the period in question. This course attends to the evolution of councils as a means for church governance, decision-making, and conflict resolution. It also attends to the central doctrinal developments which the councils generated, including such as the , , , Church, papacy, -grace. Finally, the course situates these conciliar traditions within their wider historical, political, and cultural contexts. In this way, the course provides a comprehensive introduction to the history of the and its central theological tenets.

Course Objectives This first semester of a two-course sequence aims to provide a comprehensive and thorough introduction to the conciliar tradition of the Catholic Church in the first millennium, from its ancient beginnings through the Fourth Lateran Council of 1215. Students will acquire an understanding of: 1. The role and significance of the conciliar tradition in Catholic and in the “development of .” 2. The hermeneutics of conciliar documents 3. The doctrinal content (e.g., Trinity, Christology, Church, Eucharist, etc.) of the major Catholic councils (e.g., Nicaea, Chalcedon, Lateran IV). 4. A basic overview and introduction to the history of the Catholic Church during this period.

This course aims to fulfill the general “learning goals” of the Theology Dept. as follows: 1. Students will be able to demonstrate knowledge of and major theological developments of the Roman Catholic tradition, through engagement with the major Catholic councils and their central documents. 2. The student will demonstrate the ability to engage empathetically/charitably, as well as critically/evaluatively with past eras, and will so acquire certain intellectual habits and moral sensibilities related both to cross-cultural encounter and to ethical interaction with the “other.”

Grading Scale (letter grade value) A 95-100 (100) A- 90-94 (94) B+ 87-89 (89) B 83-86 (86) B- 80-82 (82) C+ 77-79 (79) C 73-76 (76) C- 70-72 (72) D+ 67-69 (69) D 63-66 (66) D- 60-62 (62)

WCAS Grading System The undergraduate grading system consists of twelve categories: A (4.00), A- (3.67), excellent; B+ (3.33), B (3.00), B- (2.67), good; C+ (2.33), C (2.00), C- (l.67), satisfactory; D+ (l.33), D (l.00), D- (.67), passing but unsatisfactory; F (.00), failure; I (.00), incomplete; F (.00), course dropped without notifying office; W (.00), withdrawal from course. The graduate grading system is A (4.00), A- (3.67), Excellent; B+ (3.33), B (3.00), good; B- (2.67), C (2.00), passing but not for degree credit; F (.00), failure.

Grade Reports. All students are required to log into the web through Agora to access their semester grades. Students utilize their BC username and password to log on. If your username or password is not known the HELP Desk located in the Campus Technology Resource Center (CTRC) in O’Neill Library will issue a new one. The CTRC requires a valid picture ID (a BC ID, driver’s license or passport) to obtain your password.

Text(s)/Readings (Required)

Eamon Duffy, and Sinners: A History of the , 3rd Edition (Yale University, Nota Bene) [Paperback]. You can find it on Amazon here: (http://www.amazon.com/Saints-Sinners- History-Popes-Edition/dp/0300115970/ref=dp_ob_title_bk). 9780300115970

Robert L. Wilken, The First Thousand Years: A Global History of (Yale University, 2012). [You can find it on Amazon here: http://www.amazon.com/The-First-Thousand-Years- Christianity/dp/0300118848]. ISBN-13: 9780300198386.

Luke Timothy Johnson, The : What Christians Believe and Why it Matters, Image/Doubleday, 2004. 9780385502481

Text(s)/Readings (Recommended) JND Kelly, Early Christian Doctrines (Harper One, 1978) ISBN-13: 978-0060643348

Khaled Anatolios, Retrieving Nicaea: The Development and Meaning of Trinitarian Doctrine (Baker Academic, 2011). ISBN-13: 978-0801031328

Leo Donald Davis SJ, The First Seven Ecumenical Councils (325-787): Their History and Theology ( Glazier, 1988). ISBN-13: 978-0814656167

Important Policies http://www.bc.edu/content/bc/schools/advstudies/guide/academicinteg.html Written Work Graduate and undergraduate students are expected to prepare professional, polished written work. Written materials must be typed in the format required by your instructor. Strive for a thorough, yet concise style. Cite literature appropriately, using APA, MLA, CLA format per instructors decision. Develop your thoughts fully, clearly, logically and specifically. Proofread all materials to ensure the use of grammar, punctuation, and spelling. You are encouraged to make use of campus resources for refining writing skills as needed [http://www.bc.edu/libraries/help/tutoring.html].

Scholarship and Academic Integrity It is expected that students will produce original work and cite references appropriately. Failure to reference properly is plagiarism. Scholastic dishonesty includes, but is not necessarily limited to, plagiarism, fabrication, facilitating academic dishonesty, cheating on examinations or assignments, and submitting the same paper or substantially similar papers to meet the requirements of more than one course without seeking permission of all instructors concerned. Scholastic misconduct may also involve, but is not necessarily limited to, acts that violate the rights of other students, such as depriving another student of course materials or interfering with another student’s work.

Request for Accommodations If you have a disability and will be requesting accommodations for this course, please register with either Dr. Kathy Duggan ([email protected]), Associate Director, Connors Family Learning Center (learning disabilities or AHD) or Dean Paulette Durrett, ([email protected]), Assistant Dean for students with disabilities, (all other disabilities). Advance notice and appropriate documentation are required for accommodations. For further information, you can locate the disability resources on the web at http://www.bc.edu/content/bc/libraries/help/tutoring/specialservices.html.

Attendance Attendance is an important component of learning. Students are expected to attend all classes and to arrive by the beginning of and remain for the entire class period. When an occasion occurs that prevents a student from attending class, it is the student’s obligation to inform the instructor of the conflict before the class meets. The student is still expected to meet all assignment deadlines. If a student knows that he or she will be absent on a particular day, the student is responsible for seeing the instructor beforehand to obtain the assignments for that day. If a student misses a class, he or she is responsible for making up the work by obtaining a classmate's notes and handouts and turning in any assignments due. Furthermore, many instructors give points for participation in class. If you miss class, you cannot make up participation points associated with that class. Types of absences that are not typically excused include weddings, showers, vacations, birthday parties, graduations, etc. Extra assignments, penalties and correctives are at the discretion of the instructor. If circumstances necessitate excessive absence from class, the student should consider withdrawing from the class. In all cases, students are expected to accept the decision of the instructor regarding attendance policies specific to the class. Consistent with our commitment of creating an academic community that is respectful of and welcoming to of differing backgrounds, we believe that every reasonable effort should be made to allow members of the university community to observe their religious holidays without jeopardizing the fulfillment of their academic obligations. It is the responsibility of students to review course syllabi as soon as they are distributed and to consult the faculty member promptly regarding any possible conflicts with observed religious holidays. If asked, the student should provide accurate information about the obligations entailed in the observance of that particular holiday. However, it is the responsibility of the student to complete any and all class requirements for days that are missed due to conflicts due to religious holidays. There may be circumstances that necessitate a departure from this policy. Feel free to contact the WCAS at 617-552-3900 for consultation.

Deadlines Assignments are due at the beginning of the class period on the specified dates. Late assignments will be graded accordingly.

Course Assignments This course meets once per week for 3 hours per class session. It is expected that 8-10 hours per week of your study time out will be devoted to out of class assignments and exercises. These are listed below. Please note that some weeks will require more time and some weeks less time but the average is approximately 8-10 hours per week over the semester.

Course Requirements: A. Class Attendance/Participation (10% of overall grade): Students are expected to attend all class meetings, having done the assigned reading for that day, and participate in class discussion. You are allowed at most two (2) unexcused absences. More than two (2) absences will result in the loss of half of the Class Attendance/Participation points (that’s 5% off your semester total); More than four (4) absences will result in the loss of all of the Class Attendance/Participation points (that’s 10% off your semester total). An “unexcused absence” is defined as one that a) has not been cleared with the professor and b) has not been formally documented by the Academic Dean or by University Health Services. B. Pop Quizzes (10% of overall grade): An unspecified number of in-class “reading quizzes” will be given at the beginning of class over the course of the semester. They are designed to measure how carefully students are reading the material and to motivate students to keep up with the reading. They will be short and easy if the reading has been done carefully. Students arriving after the quiz has begun will not be allowed to take or make up the quiz. The lowest quiz grade will be dropped. C. Exam #1 (10% of overall grade) will be a virtual exam (multiple choice, fill-in-the-blank, true-false), covering the material assigned since the start of the course, on Jan 30, 2015. D. Exam #2 (20% of overall grade) will be virtual exam (multiple choice, fill-in-the-blank, true-false), covering the material assigned since the exam, on Mar 13, 2015. E. Exam #3 (20% of overall grade) will be virtual exam (multiple choice, fill-in-the-blank, true-false), covering the material assigned since the prior exam, on Apr 10, 2015. F. Final Exam (30% of overall grade) will be an in-class, cumulative exam (multiple choice, fill-in-the-blank, true-false), covering all the assigned reading since the beginning of the course, on the date determined by the registrar. A study guide will be provided.

Date Topic Reading/Exercises/Experiences Due Date

Introduction: The Beginnings of the Church 9/1 Historical Contexts I – “Beginning in Jerusalem” - Wilken, First Thousand, Chs. 1-2, pp. 6-27. - Duffy, Saints&Sinners, pp. 1-11. - Johnson, The Creed, pp. 1-21.

9/8 Historical Contexts II – The Development of Early Christianity and Doctrine - Wilken, First Thousand Years, Chs. 3-4, pp. 28-46. - Duffy, Saints&Sinners, pp. 11-23. - Johnson, Creed, pp. 21-32. - Wilken, First Thousand, Ch. 6, pp. 55-64.

I. The First Seven Ecumenical Councils 9/15 The (325) – Constantine and his Council - Duffy, Saints&Sinners, pp. 23-30. - Wilken, First Thousand, Chs.8-9, pp. 75-89. - The Creed of the of Nicaea (BB) - Johnson, Creed, “What the Creed is and What it does,” pp. 32-64. - [survey of texts related to early views of the nature of the church]

Friday, 9/18: Virtual Exam #1

9/22 The First Council of Nicaea (325) – Nicene Theology - Johnson, Creed, ch. 4 “We believe in one God,” pp. 65-102. - Johnson, Creed, ch. 5 “And in One Lord ,” pp. 103-135.

9/29 The First Council of Constantinople (381) – The - Johnson, Creed, ch. 7, “We believe in the Holy Spirit,” pp. 216-253.

10/06 The First Council of Constantinople (381) – The Church - Duffy, Saints&Sinners, pp. 29-43. - Johnson, Creed, ch. 8, “One, Holy, Catholic, Apostolic,” pp. 254-296. - Wilken, First Thousand, Ch.13, “ and Emperor,” pp. 127-35. - Wilken, First Thousand, Ch.17, “Bishop of ,” pp. 163-173. - Wilken, First Thousand, Ch.18, “ Law,” pp. 174-182.

Friday, 10/09: Virtual Exam #2

10/13 Class canceled

10/20 The (431) – Mary the Mother of God [- Kelly, Ecumenical Councils, pp. 32-41.] - Duffy, Saints&Sinners, pp. 43-47. - Johnson, Creed, pp. 136-215. - Wilken, First Thousand, Ch.20, “Controversy over Christ,” 195-205. - Letters of Nestorius and Cyril (BB)

10/27 The (451) – Two Natures, One - Duffy, Saints&Sinners, pp. 43-47. - Kelly, Ecumenical Councils, pp. 41-47. - Leo I, Letter to Flavian [Tome] (BB) - The Formula of Chalcedon

11/03 Constantinople II (553) and III (681) – Byzantine Councils: Wills and Energies - Duffy, Saints&Sinners, pp. 48-59. - Wilken, First Thousand, Ch. 26, “Justinian,” pp. 246-256. - Duffy, Saints&Sinners, pp. 72-85. - Wilken, First Thousand, Ch. 29, “Sacking of Jerusalem,” pp. 279-287.

11/10 The Iconoclast Controversy – Icons and their - Duffy, Saints&Sinners, pp. 86-97. - Kelly, Ecumenical Councils, pp. 59-69. - Wilken, First Thousand, Ch. 35, “Charlemagne,” pp. 333-343. - David Bentley Hart, “Divine Humanity” (Canvas)

Friday, 11/13: Virtual Exam #3

II. Medieval Councils and the Conciliarist Crisis 11/17 Gregorian Reforms and the Lateran Councils – Church, State and Eucharist - Duffy, Saints&Sinners, pp. 110-151. - Canons of the Fourth Lateran Council (selections) (http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/lateran4.asp) - Coolman, “Eucharist,” Cambridge History of Later Medieval Theology.”

11/24 The Papacy and the Great – The Eve of Counciliarism - Duffy, Saints&Sinners, pp. 151-168.

12/01 The Crisis: Constance - TBA

12/08 The Conciliarist Crisis: Constance to Lateran V - TBA

12/15 Final Exam - TBA

Bibliography of Secondary Literature in English

Early Councils and Greek Councils Davis, Leo Donald. The First Seven Ecumenical Councils (325-787): Their History and Theology. Collegeville, Minn.: The Liturgical Press, 1990. Halfond, Gregory I. Archaeology of Frankish Church Councils, AD 511-768. Medieval law and its practice, v. 6. Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2010. Hess, Hamilton. The Early Development of and the Council of Serdica. Oxford Early Christian Studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. Laeuchli, Samuel. Power and Sexuality: The Emergence of Canon Law at the Synod of Elvira. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1972. MacMullen, Ramsay. Voting About God in Early Church Councils. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006. Contents: Introduction – The democratic element -- The cognitive element -- The ’supernaturalist’ element -- The violent element -- Preliminaries -- Councils in action Meyendorff, John. "Councils (Ecumenical, 325-787)," Dictionary of the 3 (1983) 627-631. Rackman, R. B. The Text of the Canons of Ancyra: The Greek, , Syriac and the Armenian Versions. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press, 2006. Stocking, Rachel L. , Councils, and Consensus in the Visigothic Kingdom, 589-633. History, Languages, and Cultures of the Spanish and Portuguese Worlds. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, c2000.

Latin Councils Blumenthal, Uta-Renate. The Early Councils of Pope Paschal II, 1100-1110 (Studies and texts (Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 43. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1978). The Church, the Councils, & Reform: The Legacy of the Fifteenth Century, edited by Gerald Christianson, Thomas M. Izbicki and Christopher M. Bellitto. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 2008. Gill, Joseph. The Council of (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1959). Gill, Joseph. Personalities at the and Other Essays (New York: Barnes & Noble, 1964). Loomis, Louise Ropes, Mundy, John Hine and Kennerly M. Woody, editors. The : The Unification of the Church (Records of Civilization: Sources and Studies, 63. New York: Columbia University Press, 1961) Select Sources in Translation. Oakley, Francis. The Conciliarist Tradition: Constitutionalism in the Catholic Church, 1300- 1870. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003. Oakley, Francis. Council over Pope? Towards a Provisional (New York: Herder, 1969). Oakley, Francis, "Councils, Western (1311-1449)," Dictionary of the Middle Ages 3 (1983) 642-656. Pixton, Paul B. "Councils, Western (1215-1274)," Dictionary of the Middle Ages 3 (1983) 639-642. Pixton, Paul B. The German Episcopacy and the Implementation of the of the Fourth Lateran Council, 1216-1245 : Watchmen on the Tower (Studies in the History of Christian Thought 64. Leiden: Brill, 1995. Pixton, Paul B. “Cardinal Bishop Conrad of Porto and S. Rufina and the Implementation of Innocent III's Conciliar Decrees in Germany, 1224-1226,” Proceedings of the Tenth International Congress of Medieval Canon Law, Syracuse, New York, edited K. Pennington, S. Chodorow, and K. Kendall (Monumenta Iuris Canonici, Series C: Subsidia, vol. 11. Città del Vaticano, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, 2001) 509-535. Somerville, Robert. The Councils of Urban II, 1: Decreta Claromontensia (Annuarium Historiae Conciliorum, Supplementum 1. Amsterdam: Adolf M. Hakkert, 1972. Somerville, Robert. Pope Alexander III and the Council of Tours (Los Angeles: University of California, 1978. Somerville, Robert. "Councils, Western (869-1179)," Dictionary of the Middle Ages 3 (1983) 632-639. Stieber, Joachim W. Pope Eugenius IV, the Council of , and the Secular and Ecclesiastical Authorities in the Empire (Studies in the History of Christian Thought, 13. Leiden: Brill, 1978. Tierney, Brian. Foundations of the Conciliar Theory: The Contribution of the Medieval Canonists from Gratian to the Great Schism. New Enlarged Edition. Studies in the History of Christian Thought, 81. Leiden-New York-Köln: Brill, 1998.

Bibliography of Sources Bibliography of Local and Councils: Bibliographia synodorum particularium, ed. Jacobus Theodorius Sawicki (Monumenta iuris canonici, Series B: 2. Città del Vaticano, 1967. Most Comprehensive Early Modern Edition of Conciliar Canons and Acta: The most complete collection of conciliar canons is: Johannes Dominicus Mansi (1692-1769), Sacrorum conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio : in qua,præter ea quæ Phil. Labbeus et Gabr. Cossartius S.J. et novissime Nicolaus Coleti in lucem edidere, ea omnia insuper suis in locis optime disposita exhibentur quæ Johannes Dominicus Mansi ... evulgavit ... 56 Volumes. Florentiæ : Expensis Antonii Zatta Veneti, 1759-[1927]. Early Church Councils and Sources: Cuthbert Hamilton Turner (ed.) Ecclesiae Occidentalis Monumenta Iuris Antiquissima Canonum et Conciliorum Graecorum interpretationes Latinae. Edidit Cuthbert Hamilton Turner. 2 volumes. Oxford 1899-1939. Reprint: Hildesheim 2011.

An entirely arbitrary bibliography of modern editions that concentrates on the : Councils, Czech. Synody a statuta olomoucké diecéze období støedovìku, ed. Pavel Krafl, Práce Historického ústavu AV ÈR; Opera Instituti hisorici Pragae, Øada/Series B, Editiones, Svazek, 2. Praha: Historického ústavu AV ÈR, 2003. Councils, English. Councils and Synods with Other Documents Relating to the English Church, 2: A.D. 1205-1313, Part 1: 1205-1265. Edited by F.M Powicke and Christopher R. Cheney. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1964. 1998 ($5.00) Councils, African. Concilia Africae a. 345-a. 525. Edited Charles Munier. Corpus Christianorum, Series Latina, 149. Turnholt: Brepols, 1974 Councils, French. Concilia Galliae, A. 314 - A. 506. Edited Charles Munier. Corpus Christianorum, Series Latina, 148. Turnholt: Brepols, 1963. Concilia Galliae, A. 511 - A. 695 Edited Charles de Clercq. Corpus Christianorum, Series Latina, 148 A. Turnholt: Brepols, 1963. 2005 ($122.00) Councils, German. Konzilien der karolingischen Teilreiche 843-859. Ed. Wilfried Hartmann. Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Concilia 3. Hannover: Hahnsche Buchhandlung, 1984. Councils, German. Konzilien der karolingischen Teilreiche 860-874. Ed. Wilfried Hartmann. Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Concilia 3. Hannover: Hahnsche Buchhandlung, 1998. Instructions for Holding Councils: Die Konzilsordines des Früh- und Hochmittelalters. Edited by Herbert Schneider. Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Ordines de celebrando concilio. Hannover: Hahnsche Buchhandlung, 1996.