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Ground-Water Resources of the Clatsop Plains Sand-Dune Area, Clatsop County, Oregon

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Ground-Water Resources of the Clatsop Plains Sand-Dune Area, Clatsop County, Oregon Ground-Water Resources of the Clatsop Plains Sand-Dune Area, Clatsop County, Oregon GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1899-A Prepared in cooperation with Clatsop County Ground-Water Resources of the Clatsop Plains Sand-Dune Area, Clatsop County, Oregon By F. J. FRANK CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HYDROLOGY OF THE UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1899-A Prepared in cooperation with Clatsop County 3TA°-ourtces DI*«E MAR 8 1971 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1970 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR WALTER J. HICKEL, Secretory GEOLOGICAL SURVEY William T. Pecora, Director For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 CONTENTS Page Abstract. _____________________________________________________________ Al Introduction.__________________________________________________________ 1 Geographic setting.____.________________________________________________ 4 Geologic setting._______________________________________________________ 5 Tertiary rocks._____----_----_--______-__-_-_____-_-_--_-_---_--___ 7 Quaternary deposits-_______________________________________________ 7 Hydrologic setting._____________________________________________________ 12 Water table_-__---_----_----.-.__.______.-_____-_..-_-__-----..._._ 13 Configuration. _________________________________________________ 13 Fluctuation.-_ __-_-_-__-____--__---___-_______-__-_-_--_---___- 13 Perched ground water_____________________________________________ 14 Source and recharge of ground water________-__-__-__-----___-____-.__ 15 Movement and discharge of ground water.____________________________ 18 Relation of ground water to lakes and streams.________________________ 19 Hydrologic properties of aqnifer___.________________._________________ 22 Aquifer tests_________________________________________________ 22 Possible magnitude of drawdown effects.-_____--__.__--___-___-_-_ 24 Chemical quality of water.______________________________________________ 25 Iron._--__-________________________-__-__-_-_---__-_-_-_--------__ 28 Chloride____--.____-.._..._-_-_________._._._-___--_ r _ -----_----_ 28 Hardness.--.---.-_-__-----__-_----____-_-------_----------__------ 28 Acidity__________________________________________________________ 29 Potential ground-water supply.__________________________________________ 29 Construction and development of wells__-_______.__-_______-_----_____ 31 Problems of sea-water intrusion._.______________-_____-______-.-_--__ 32 Possible pollution problems._________________________________________ 34 Summary and conclusions.______.__.___.____._________-_-_--------__---_ 34 Selected references_________._--__-__-______-___-___-__-_-------------_ 36 ILLUSTRATIONS Page PLATE 1. Geohydrologic maps and sections of Clatsop Plains sand-dune area, Clatsop County, Oreg---_---_-_------------------ _-_--__In pocket FIGURE 1. Map showing location of Clatsop County and project area.------- A2 2. Diagram showing well-numbering system.______-____.__--_--_-__ 4 3. Graphs showing average annual precipitation and cumulative depar­ ture from average precipitation at Seaside, 1931-66.____________ 6 4. Graphs showing results of particle-size analyses of dune sand from test wells 7N/10W-33H2, 8N/10W-20M1, 8N/10W-33N1-.---. 11 ill IV CONTENTS Page FIGURES 5-8. Hydrographs showing: 5. Relation of precipitation to water-level fluctuations in selected wells------- ___________________________ Alo 6. Well 8N/10W-33Nl_------__------------------_--. 16 7. Relation of altitudes of a perched water table to the main water table-_______________________________ 17 8. Comparison of water-level fluctuations of wells with those of lakes.___________________________________ 20 TABLES Page TABLE!. Average monthly temperature and precipitation at Seaside, 1931-66-- A6 2. Drillers' logs of representative wells.------.----------..-------- 8 3. Weight percentage, by size, of particles in samples from wells ______ 12 4. Change in water levels of observation wells in relation to precipitation at Seaside._________________________________________________ 17 5. Results of aquifer tests__ _ ______________________________________ 24 6. Calculated drawdown of water table at various distances from a hy­ pothetical well pumping for selected rates and periods, using coeffi­ cients of transmissibility and storage assumed for the dune sand. _ _ _ 24 7. Chemical analyses of water from wells and lakes in the Clatsop Plains sand-dune area..-___________________________________________ 26 8. Records of wells in the Clatsop Plains sand-dune area.___._-----___ 38 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HYDROLOGY OF THE UNITED STATES GROUND-WATER RESOURCES OF THE CLATSOP PLAINS SAND-DUNE AREA, CLATSOP COUNTY, OREGON By F. J. FRANK ABSTRACT Although the average annual precipitation of the Clatsop Plains is 78.5 inches, the area is not without problems of water supply. The Clatsop Plains area is under­ lain by Tertiary bedrock of low permeability that stores and yields small quantities of ground water, which may be of poor chemical quality. This Tertiary bedrock furnishes only minor ground-water discharge to maintain the base flow of streams. The flow of rivers and creeks, normally abundant during the wet season, decreases greatly during the dry summer months. The lowlands are overlain by extensive deposits of dune and beach sand. The dune sand is permeable and can absorb and store, as fresh water, a large percentage of the annual precipitation. In the central part of the dune area, the saturated thick­ ness of the sand ranges from 95 to more than 150 feet. Most of the ground water in the sand discharges to the ocean through beach-line seeps and underflow. Much of the water now being discharged to the ocean could be recovered by pumping from properly located, designed, and constructed wells. Three test wells drilled as part of this study are capable of yielding 100 gallons per minute although they are equipped with only short lengths of well screen. It is estimated that 2,500 acre-feet of ground water per year per square mile of area may be available for withdrawal in the 10- square mile area that is most favorable for development. The water from the dune sand is soft to moderately hard, has a low chloride con­ centration, and is of generally good chemical quality; however, at places it is weakly acidic and contains sufficient dissolved iron to make iron removal necessary for some uses. Ground water from shallow depths beneath a few swampy low-lying areas is brown and contains excessive concentrations of iron. INTRODUCTION Water to supply the needs of the Clatsop Plains might be obtained from the ground, streams, and manmade reservoirs. Streamflow, nor­ mally abundant during the wet seasons of the year, decreases greatly during summer, and the lack of suitable reservoir sites makes surface Al A2 CONTKIBUTIONS TO THE HYDKOLOGY OF THE UNITED STATES 124° _-<r R. 10 W R. 6 W. R. 8W. R.7 W. 10 MILES Clatsop. County f==^=^^f^ iPORTLAND / Salem J \_^_ T7V L ~_p FIGURE 1. Location of Clatsop County and project area. GROUND WATER, CLATSOP PLAINS SAND-DUNE AREA, OREGON A3 storage of water difficult. Because economic growth is placing additional demands on water supplies, city and county officials of the area recog­ nize the need to determine the ground-water resources of the Clatsop Plains sand-dune area. Most of the Clatsop Plains water supply is imported by pipeline from a nearby drainage basin, but in late summer the supply is barely ade­ quate. At present (1968), the only area where ground water is used as a main source of water supply is at the Surf Pines, a private development of beach properties near Gearhart consisting of about 40 homes, some of which are occupied on a seasonal basis. This report explains the relation of the geologic environment to the occurrence of ground water and describes the hydrologic conditions, the chemical quality of ground water, and the potential ground-water supply for the Clatsop Plains sand-dune area. Field work was done during July 1966-October 1967. Existing geologic maps for the area were checked, and the contact between the Tertiary Astoria Formation and the Quaternary deposits was defined and modified. Thirty-four shallow observation wells were constructed for sampling and periodic measurement of water levels. Discharge measurements were made periodically on several streams. Staff gages were installed on five lakes and several small streams. The altitude of each well and staff gage was established by spirit leveling, and water samples were collected and analyzed for chemical quality. To determine the nature and depth of the sand and the yield of a properly screened well, three test wells were drilled. During the drilling of the test wells, sand samples were collected from various depths and analyzed for grain size and hydrologic properties. Each well was test pumped to determine the water-yielding properties of the sand. The Clatsop Plains sand-dune area extends southward along the Oregon coast from the mouth of the Columbia River to Tillamook Head, and is in Clatsop County, Oreg. The dune area ranges in width from about half a mile near Tillamook Head to about 2 miles near Point Adams. The area comprises about 40 square miles, and the part studied most intensively is the central and widest part of the sand-dune area. This part, about 14 square miles (fig. 1), lies south of Fort Stevens, west of U.S. Highway 101, and north of Neawanna Creek and the mouth of the Necanicum River. The present investigation was made by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with Clatsop County. The study was made under the immediate supervision of D. D. Harris, chief of the Hydrologic Investi­ gations Section, and under the general supervision of S. F. Kapustka, district chief in charge of water-resources investigations in Oregon. Assisting with the fieldwork were C. H. Swift III, E. A. Oster, P. M. Merrill, and E. R. Hampton, of the U.S. Geological Survey. The study A4 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HYDROLOGY OF THE UNITED STATES R 10 w SEC. 20 6 5 4 3 2 1 D C B A 7 8 9 10 11 12 E F G H 18 17 16 15 14 13 19 *-2°. 21 22 23 24 ,M L K J 27^ X ~~26- X 30 29 28 -2§_ 20M1- N P Q R 31 32 33 34 35 36 FIGURE 2.
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