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Skipaon River Restoration

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Skipaon River Restoration Skipanon River Restoration Action Plan Adopted May, 2006 Background of Project The Skipanon Watershed Council formed in 1997 as a community-based organization to identify and proactively address watershed restoration. In 2004, the council was given funds from a civil penalty suit against a local fish processing plant. The funds are to be used for restoration in the Skipanon Watershed. Before using funds for any restoration projects, the council felt it was important to revise its Action Plan to identify the most ecological significant restoration projects within the watershed. Goal of Project The goals of this document are to identify, analyze and priotizes, to the extent possible, potential site-specific conservation projects within the Skipanon Watershed. The Council hopes to create a document based in sound ecological principles, yet understandable by the lay reader. Additionally, the Council hopes to highlight partnership opportunities, monitoring efforts and educational opportunities. Ultimately, the Council and other watershed related organizations can utilize this document to help guide restoration, conservation and acquisition activities, monitoring and education within watershed. Lastly, the Council hopes the numerical prioritization methodology is transferable to the estuarine portions of the Youngs Bay and Nicolai-Wickiup Watersheds. Methods Summary of Methods The methods to achieve the goals of the project were to 1) involve the public and 2) review and utilize other prioritization criteria. As a community-based organization, it was imperative to involve as many community members, landowners, interested citizens, municipalities and agencies in the process of identifying restoration activities as possible. To identify potential restoration projects, the Council relied on the expertise of local community members, landowners, interested citizens, representatives from local municipalities and agencies. Aerial maps were consulted to help identify projects, local knowledge and restoration recommendations gleaned from the Skipanon Watershed Assessment (E&S Environmental Chemistry, 2000). In order to then priotizes identified projects, the Council chose to use a numerical-based evaluation system for the estuarine portion of the watershed to prioritize restoration projects. Many different prioritization metrics have been develop for the Columbia River Estuary and other estuaries in the Pacific Northwest such as: An Ecosystem-Based Approach to Habitat Restoration Projects with Emphasis on Salmonids in the Columbia River Estuary, Skagit Estuary Restoration Assessment and Site Selection for Estuarine Habitat Restoration: A Model Criteria. These documents and others were used to direct the prioritization criteria; however, the Council wanted to create a document with a high- resolution of detail for each potential site, therefore, created specific criteria for prioritization, which are unique to the area. Skipanon Watershed Background The Skipanon River is a small 5th field watershed (see figure 1) located in the northwest corner of Clatsop County and includes the city of Warrenton. The Skipanon Watershed is unique in that it is located on the Clatsop Plains and characterized by coastal dunes, wetlands in the low inter dune and floodplain areas, and forested in the uplands. There is also significant development pressure in the City of Warrenton resulting in conflicts between development and wetland protection. The Skipanon River is the first tributary to the Columbia River Estuary on the Oregon side and drains approximately 28 square miles or 16,483 acres. The watershed is comprised 99.5 % private land and 0.5% state forestland. Fifty-five percent of the watershed is timberland, wetlands comprise 21% with grassland, and development comprising the remainder land uses. The Skipanon Watershed is in the Lower Columbia River Evolutionary Significant Unit (ESU), which has coho, chum, and Chinook salmon listed as either threatened or endangered. The Skipanon River currently supports a population of coho salmon. Additionally, several species of threatened and endangered salmon either reside in the Skipanon or utilize estuarine portions of the Skipanon watershed as a rearing, foraging, and migratory transition area for part of their life cycles. This makes conditions in lower Skipanon tributaries particularly the estuary, critical habitat for local as well as up river Columbia Basin fish stocks. The watershed has 7.6 miles of streams (mainly the Skipanon) on Oregon Department of Environmental Quality’s (DEQ) 303(d) list for Dissolved Oxygen. Additionally, lakes are also a prominent landscape feature in the Clatsop Plains area. Major lakes in the Skipanon Watershed include: Cullaby Lake Coffenberry Lake Sunset Smith Lake Cullaby, Sunset and Smith Lake are listed on the DEQ’s 303 (d) list for aquatic weeds. Figure 1. Skipanon River sub-watersheds. Completed Projects th The 8 Street Dam project (see Figure 2) on the mainstem Skipanon River is a prime example of successful community-based restoration in the Skipanon. The tidegate structure built in the late 1960s to help prevent flooding downstream, slowly diminished water quality and eliminated fish passage above the structure. In 2002, the structure was retrofitted with a lifting mechanism to improve estuarine tidal exchange and fish passage and remain open from May through October. Additionally, three by four foot holes were cut into the three gates to allow fish passage and provide limited hydrological exchange. The Council continues to collect significant water quality data to document it affects as well as spawning surveys in the upper portions of the watershed in Cullaby Creek. Figure 2. 8th Street Dam. Estuary An estuary is defined as, “semi-closed coastal body of water which has a free connection with the open sea and, within which, seawater mixes and usually is measurably diluted with freshwater from land runoff.” (Donald Prichard 1967 quoted in Oregon Sea Grant, 2002) Estuaries are highly productive habitats, which provide essential salmon habitat, habitat for birds and mammals and provide other ecological functions such as water quality filtering and recreation such as claming and fishing. The Skipanon River Estuary, similar to all of the Columbia River Estuary, is negatively impacted from filling, diking, and development for commercial purposes that reduced its area to only a percentage of its historic size. The Youngs Bay Estuary, of which the Skipanon often is considered part, has lost approximately 86% of tidal marshes and over 95% of tidal swamps (Thomas 1993: Changes in Columbia River Estuary Habitat Types over the Past Century). Restoring historic connections and estuarine habitat is critical to the function of the entire Skipanon Watershed. However, choosing the most effective project should be selected which have the highest ecological value. The following list, developed by CREST, Lower Columbia River Estuary Partnership and the U.S. Army Corp of Engineers should be used as general principles to help assess estuarine restoration projects. Projects can be priotizes on the following criteria: Community Support: Tidal restoration offten requires hydrological changes (e.g. dike breaching and associated flooding) which must be coordinated with, and supported by surrounding property owners. Habitat Connectivity: Emphasize linkages between habitat areas that provide a variety of functions for species at various points of their life cycle Areas of Historic Habitat Type Loss: Land use activities such as diking, filling, and shoreline development have removed many of the shallow, peripheral wetlands and isolated rivers from their floodplain Linkages to Reference Site(s): Allows for monitoring the growth, species composition, successional stage and time period of the restoration site in comparison to the reference site. This will assist in developing performance standards and benchmarks for restoration activities. Passive Habitat Restoration over Habitat Creation: “Passive” restoration methods such as dike and tide gate removal should receive first priority for restoration experiments since historic habitat features of the surrounding area may still be intact. When possible, returning the site to historic hydrologic conditions, using or mimicking natural processes, should be prioritized (i.e. removal of tidegates, levees), over large scale earth moving and further engineered solutions. Monitoring and Evaluation: The results of monitoring can provide the foundation for more effective restoration methods in future projects. To further prioritize each site, a qualitative numerical system has been developed which considered various factors such as: size of restored habitat, project buffer area, ease of restoration, salinity influence and hydrological connection. The following criteria were partially adapted from Site Selection for Estuarine Habitat Restoration: A Model Criteria White, et al. in the Skagit Watershed of Washington State. Because the Skipanon estuary is vastly different from the Skagit estuary, not all criteria were used, or used with the same weighting. Site Area Habitat benefited in acres 0-0.25 (0.33) 2.1-4.0 (1.66) 32.1-64.0 (3.0) 0.26-0.5 (0.66) 4.1-8.0 (2.0) 64.1-128.0 (3.33) 0.6-1.0 (1.0) 8.1-16.0 (2.33) 128.1-256 (3.66) 1.1-2.0 (1.33) 16.1-32.0 (2.66) >256.1 (4.0) Within the Skipanon Watershed, restoration sites vary in size. Most prioritization methods agree the larger the site, the greater potential for restoration success. “In general, larger sizes
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