CENSUS OF INDIA 1991

SERIES _: 20

PUNJAB

PART-XI

CENSUS ATLAS

Directorate of Census Operations, Punjab Registrar General of India (In charge of the census of India and vital statistic,s)

Office Address: 2A Mansingh Road • Kitab Mahal New Delhi 110011, India State Emporia Complex, Unit No.21 Saba Kharak Singh Marg Telephone: (91-11)3363761 New Delhi 110 001 Fax: (91-11 )3383145 Sales outlets of the Controller of Publication E-mail: [email protected] • all over India Internet: http://www.censusindia.net Census data available on floppy disks can be purchased from the following: Registrar General of India's publications • Office of the Registrar General, India can be. purchased from the following: Data Processing Division • The Sales Depot (Phone:338 6583) 2nd Floor, 'E' Wing Office of the Registrar General of India Pushpa Shawan 2-A M~msingh Road Madangir Road New Delhi 110 011, India New Delhi 110 062, India • Directorates of Census Operations Telephone: (91-11 )698 1558 in the capitals of all states and Fax: (91-11)69~ 0299 . union territories in India Email: [email protected]

• The Controller of Publication ©_ Registrar General of India Old Secretariat Civil Lines The contents of this publication may Delhi 110 054 be quoted citing the source clearly

• Maps in this Atlas are based upon Survey of India map with the permission of the Sur\"eyor General of India. • The territorial waters of India extend into the sea to 3- distance of twelve nautical miles measured Ifrom the appropriate base line. • The interstate boundaries between Arunachal Pradesh, Assam and Meghalaya shown on this is as interpreted, from the North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971 but has yet to be verified. • o Government of India Copyright, 1999

(ii) FOREWORD

It has been said that apart from the Survey of India and the Geological Survey of India, the Census of India has been perhaps the largest single producer of maps of the Indian sUb-continent. The Census Organization has published Census Atlas volumes during 1961, 1971 and 1981. The Census Centenary Atlas was published during 1973 as a special project. Besides the Atlases, maps of districts, tahsils, community development blocks and other administrative units showing basic amenities, population and infrastructure are being published regularly in each Census.

The idea of the Atlas was· conceived for the first time at the 1961 Cel')sus and a special programme of the Census Atlas mapping was organized. In this pr.:ogramme, Census Atlases of States and Union Territories were brought out. This publication programme has been much appreciated by data users and academicians alike.

The present volume is part of the Census Atlas series of states and union territories. The list of titles of the maps has been generated on the basis of the tabulation plan for the 1991 Census. One hundred and twenty five themes were identified. The number of maps included in the Atlas Volumes varies from state to state to some extent depending upon the availability of data. The maps in the Atlas volumes portray different themes. There are maps of administrative and physical aspects reflecting the general characteristics 'of the State followed by maps on demographic, economic and socio-cultural aspects consisting of distribution,. density and growth of population, age and sex, urban trends, industrial categories, migration, literacy, religion, scheduled castes and scheduled tribes, education and housing.

The choroplE!'ttl technique has been ·adopted for the presentation of data in the maps. However, multi-cartographic techniques have also been used frequently' depending upon the suitability and requirement of tDe maps as well as data.

The work on the Atlas programme was undertaken by the officers and staff of the Map Division in the Registrar General's office and• the Map Units of the Directorates of Census Operations. A list 9f those who have contributed to the completion of the work is given separately and all of them deserve appreciation. I hop~ the Census At~s volumes will be found useful by scholars, planners, administrators and other data users.

\ New Delhi Dr. M. Vijayanunni April 1999 Registrar General and Census COfTlmissioner of India

(iii)

PREFACE

The publication of Census Atlases for India and its constituent States/Union Terdtories made its beginning in 1961. Keeping in view their wide recognition and usefulness, the same pattern has been followed in the successive Censuses of 1971, 1981 and 1991. The present volume is fourth in this regular series. It contains 112 maps supplemented with short explanatory notes, to provide an understanding of the emerging trends. The volume has four main sections. The first section "General Maps" includes eight maps detailing on locational, administrative and physical aspects of the state. The second section "Demographic Structure and Trends" has 45 maps focussing on distribution, density, growth, sex and age composition of population, levels of urbanisation and migrational patterns. Third section which' deals on "Economic Aspects" includes 21 maps and the last section which has 38 maps focuses on Social and Cultural aspects of population in the state. The preparation of this Atlas involved a high degree of technical skill and planning. Sh. D.S. Jaspal, lAS, Director of Census Operations, Punjab under whose guidance the 1991 Census was carried out deserves all credit. We are greatly indebted to him fonhe guidance and encouragement provided in the accomplishment of various projects.

We are grateful to Sh. A.R. Nanda, Ex-Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India for the guidance provid~d at the initial stages. It Is, however, Dr. M. Vijayanunni, lAS, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India who has all along rendered useful guidance and encouragement in the accomplishnient of this project most expeditiously for which we express our deep gratitude. In the Map Division of the office of Registrar General, India, our thanks are due to Mrs. Minati Ghosh, Deputy Registrar General (Map), Dr. R.P. Singh, Assistant Registrar General (Map) and their team for providing us all assistance and direction in seeing this project through .in the quickest possible time. The maps and the text included in this publication have been prepared in the Map Section by the team comprising of S.lSh. Surinderjit Singh, Sr. Geographer, Tej Pal Singh, Cartographer, Ms. Rupsa Banerjee, Geographer, Jiwan Singh, Sr. Artist, Smt. Usha Kalra and Kulbir Singh, Artist and Jagjit Singh and Smt. Sangeeta Rahi, Draftsman under the overall control of the undersigned. Mrs. Hardeep Kaur, Computer rendered assistance to the Map Section in the compilation work. The typing of the manuscript has been done by Sh. Pawan Bajaj, Stenographer, Sh. Ajit Singh, Jr. Gestetnor Operator assisted in photostating work. It is my pleasaI1t duty to acknowledge the creative cooperation and dedication of all these persons.

(MADHA V SHY AM) Basant Panchami Deputy Director January 22, 1999 Census Operatiofls, Punjab thandigarh

CENSUS ATLAS PROJECT

STAFF ASSOCIATED WITH THIS PROJECT

At RGI H~adquarters

Planning & direction Dr. R.P. Singh, Asset. Registrar General (Map)

Progress & supervision Shri K.S. Thakur, Research Officer (Map) Till 21-7-98 Shri P.S. Chhikara, Map Analyst

Cartographic supervision Dr. R.K. Sharma, and scrutiny Sr. Geographer

Evaluation for printing Shri Anwar Hussain, Sr. Drawing Assistant

At DCO, Punjab

Progress & monitoring Shri Madhav Shyam, Deputy Director

Initial drafting and supervision Shri Surinderjit Singh, Sr. Geographer

Initial analysis of maps and Shri Tej Pal Singh, Cartographic work Cartographer Ms. Rupsa Banerjee, Geographer

Art work Shri Jiwan Singh, Sr. Artist Smt. Usha Kalra, Artist Sh. Kulbir Singh, Artist Sh. Jagjit Singh, D/Man Smt. Sangeeta Rahi, D/Man

Data' Compilator Mrs. Hardeep Kaur, Computer

Typing & Reprogr~phic work Shri Pawan Bajaj, Stenographer Shri Aiit Singh, Gestetnor Operator

(vii)

CONTENTS

Page No. FOREWORD iii PREFACE v CENSUS ATLAS PROJECT vii

I- GENERAL Map No. Title of the Map 1. Position of Punjab in India, 1991 2-3 2. Administrative Divisions, 1991 4-5 3. Changes in Administrative Boundaries, t 981·91 6-7 4. Relief and Drainage 8-9 5. Relative Relief 10-11 6. Normal Monthly and t-nnual Rainfall 12-13 7. Normal Monthly and Annual Temperature 14-15 8. Soils 16-17

II- DEMOGRAPHIC STRUCTURE AND TRENDS 9. Distribution of Population, 1991 20-21 10. Density of Population, 1991 22-23 11. Inter·censal change In Population, 1981 -91 24-25 12. Growth of Population 1901-91 26-27 1 3. Child-Woman Ratio, 1991 28-29 \ 4. Ever married Women and Total Children Born to them, 1991 30-31 J5. Sex Ratio, 1991 32-33 '16,. Change in Sex Ratio, t 981·91 34-35 171' Rural Se~ Ratio, 1991 36-37 18. Change in Rural Sex Ratio, 1981·91 38-39 19. Urban Sex Ratio, 1991 40-41 20. Change In Urban Sex Ratio; 1981·91 42-43 21,. Sex and Age Structure, 1991 44-45 22. Change in Sex and Age Structure, 1981·91 46-47

2~. Marital Status, 1991 48-49 24. Youthfulness ,of, Population, 1991 SO-51 25. Change in Youthfulness of Population, 1981-91 52-53

(ix) Page No.

26. Dependency Ratio, 1991 54-55 27. Change. in Dependency Ratio, 1981-91 56-57 28. Males in· Working Age-Group IS-59, 1991 58-59 29. Change in Males in Working Age-Group 15-59, 1981-91 60-61 30. Females in Working Age-G roup 1 5-5 9, 1991 62-63 3t. Change in Females in Working Age-Group IS-59, 1981-91 64-65 32. Urban Males in Working Age-Group 15·59, 1991 66-67 33. Change in Urban Males in Working Age-Group IS-59, 1981-91 68-69 34. Rural Males in Working Age-Group IS-59, 1991 70-71 35. Change in Rural Males In Working Age-Group 15-59, 1981-91 72-73 36. Urban Females in Working Age-Group IS-59, 1991 / 74-75 37. Change in Urban Females in Working Age-Group IS-59, 1981-91 76-77 38. Rural Females in Working Age-Group IS-59, 1991 78-79 39. Change in Rural Females in Working Age-Group IS-59, 1981-91 80-81 40. Urban Population, 1991 82-83 I 41. Change in Urban Population, 1981-91 84-85' 42. Growth of Urban Population by Size Class of Urban Areas, 1901·91 86-87 43. Growth of Urban Centres, 1981-91 88-89 44. Towns Declassified during, 1981-91 90-91

45. Functional Structure of Urban Centres (Class-I), 1991 92~93 46. In-migrants, 1991 94-95 47. Rural In-migrants to Total Rural Population, 1991 96-97

48. Urban In-migrants to Total Urban Population, 1991 9~-99 49. Inter-District Migration, 1991 100... 101 50. Intra-District Migration, 1991 102-103 51. Migrants residing upto 4 years, 1991 104-105 52. Migrants residing 5 to 9 years, 1991 106-107 53. Migrants residing 10 years and above, 1991 108-1'09

III ~ ECONOMIC ASP,ECTS 54. Main Workers, Marginal Workers and Non-workers In ,Total Population, 1991 112-113 55. Rural Main Workers, Marginal Workers and Non-wo~ers, 1991 114-11,15 56. Urban Main Workers, Marginal Workers and Non-workers, 1991 116-1'17 , 57. Main Workers in Age-Group IS-59, 1991 118-119 I 58. Male Main Workers in Age Group IS-59, 1991 120-121 ,I I 59. Female Main Workers in Age-Group 15-59, 1991 122-123

(x) Page No.

60. Male and Female Main Workers Classified by Industrial Categories, 1991 124-125 61. Urban Male and Female Main Workers Classified by Industrial Categories, 1991 126-127 62. Rural Male and Female Main Workers Classified by Industrial Categories, 1991 128-129 63. Main Workers with Educational level, 1991 130-131 64. Cultivators in Total Workers in Age-Group 15-59, 1991 132-133 65. Cultivators in Rural Population, 1991 134-135 66. Male and Female Cultivators, 1991 136-137 67. Agricultural Labourers in Total Agricultural Workers, 1991 138-139 68. Non-Agricultural Workers in Primary Sector, 1991 140-141 69. Main Workers in Manufacturing, Processing, Servicing and Repairs, 1991 142-143 70. Main Workers in Constructions, Transport, Storage and Communications, 1991 144-145 71. Main Workers in Trade and Commerce, 1991 146-147 72. Main Workers in Services, 1991 148-149 73. Non-workers by Age, Sex and Literacy, 1991 150-151 74. Non-workers by Main Activities, 1991 152-153

IV - SOCIO-CULTURAL ASPECTS 75. Scheduled Castes, 1991 156-157 76. Growth of Scheduled Castes, 1981-91 158-159 77. Literacy of Scheduled Castes, 1991 160-161 78. Main Workers, Marginal Workers and Non-workers in Scheduled Castes, 1991 162-163 79. Ten Numerically Major Scheduled Castes, 1991 164-165 80. Religions, 1991 166-167 81 . Growth of Population by Religions, 1981-91 168-169 82. Distribution of Population by Major Languages, 1991 170-171 83. Literacy, 1991 172-173 84. Change in Literacy, 1981-91 174-175 85. Male Literacy,' 1991 176-177 86. Change in Male Literacy, 1981-91 178-179 87. Female Literacy, 1991 180-181

88. Change in Female Literacy, 1981-91 I 182-183 89. Educational Attainment, 1991 184-185 , 90. Urban Literates per 1000 of Population in Age-Group 7-14 over Literates 1000 15-34, 1991 perI of Population in Age-Group 186-187 91. Rural Literates per' 1000 of Population in Age-Group 7-14 over Literates per 1000 of Population in Age-Group 15-34, 1991 188-189

I~~!\ Page No.

92. Primary and Middle School Enrolment of Boys, 1991 190-191 93. Primary and Middle School Enrolment of Girls, 1991 192-193 94. Educational Enrolment of Males at Higher Secondary and Higher Levels, 1991 194-195 95. Educational Enrolment of Females at Higher Secondary and Higher Levels, 1991 196-197 96. Literates Holding Non-technical and Technical Diploma or Certificate not Equal to Degree, 1991 198-199 97. Literates Holding University Degree/Diploma of the Graduate Level and above, 1991 200-201 98. Census Houses and their Uses, r991 202-203 99. Amenities in Urban Households, 1991 204-205 100. Amenities in Rural Households, 1991 206-207 \01. Type of Fuel used for Cooking in Rural Households, 1991 208-209 102. Type of Fuel used for Cooking in Urban Households, 1991 210-211 103. Source of Drinking Water to Rural Households, 1991 212-213 104. Rural Households by Number of Rooms Occupied, 1991 214-215 105. Urban Households by Number of Rooms Occupied, 1991 216-217 106. Persons by Rural Households, 1991 218-219 107. Persons by Urban Households, 1991 220-221 108. Medical Institutions per 10,000 of Census Houses, 1991 222-223 109. Hospital Beds per 100,000 of Population, 1991 224-225

1 10. Increase in Hospital Beds per 100,000 of Po~ulation, 1981-91 226-227 111. Registered Medical Practitioners per 100,000 of Population in Rural Areas, 1991 228-229 112. Primary Health Centres per 100,000 of Population, 1991 239-131

(xii) I· GENERAL MAP 1

POSITION OF PUNJAB IN INDIA 1991

This map shows position of Punjab state in India. Roughly triangular in shape, Punjab cove~s an area of 50,362 sq. km. It constitutes 1.53 per cent of the On the map standard symbols have been used to country's total area. According to 1991 Census, it has depict different levels of administrative boundaries and a population of 20,281,969 including 10,778,034 the area pertaining to Punjab state has been shaded by giving black and white hatching. males and 9,503,935 females which makes 2.26 per cent of the country's population. Among different states/ Located in the north-west of India, Punjab spreads Union Territories in India, Punjab ranks 14th in between 29°-33' and 32°-31' north latitudes and 73°- population and 15th in area. 53' to 76°-56' east longitudes. It is flanked by Jammu & Kashmir in the north, Himachal Pradesh in the east, The table below shows area and population of and Haryana and Rajasthan in the south. The international State/Union Territories in India according to 1991 border with Pakistan marks its western boundary. Census.

India/State/UT Population Rank Area (In sq. km.) Rank

2 3 4 5

INDIA 846,302,688 .. 3,287,263 Andhra Pradesh 66,508,008 5 275,045 5 Arunachal Pradesh 864,558 23 83,743 12 Assam 22,414,322 13 78,438 13 Bihar 88,374,465 2 173,877 8 Goa 1,169,793 22 3,702 25 Gujarat 41,309,582 10 196,024 6 Haryana 16,463,648 15 44,212 16 Himachal Pradesh 5,170,877 17 55,673 14 Karnataka 44,977,201 8 191,791 7 Kerala 29,098,518 12 38,863 17 Madhya Pradesh 66,181,170 6 443,446 1 Maharashtra 78,937,187 3 307,713 3 Manipur 1,837,149 19 22,327 19 Meghalaya 1,774,778 20 22,429 18 Miloram 689,756 25 21,081 20 Nagaland 1,209,546 21 16,579 21 Orissa 31,659,736 j 1 155,707 9 Punjab 20,281,949 114 50,362 15 Rajasthan 44,005,990 9 342,239 2 Sikkim 406,457 27 7,096 24 Tamilnadu 55,858,946 7 130,158 10 Tripura 2,757,205 18 10,486 22 Uttar Pradesh 139,112,287 1 294,411 4 West Bengal 68,077,965· 4 88,752 11 Andaman & Nikobar Islands 280,661 , 28 8,249 23 Chandigarh 642,015 26 IH 29 Dadra & Nagar Haveli 138,477 29 491 28 Daman & Diu 101,586 30 112 30 Delhi 9,420,644 16 1,4~!3 26 Lakshadweep 51,707 31 32 31 Pondicherry , 807,785 24 492 27

.. Includes projected population of Jammu & Kashmir. MAP 1

!16' ~=-_T-64'--:INDIA

ll~CfiT~ POSITION~ OF PUNJAB IN INDIA 1991

Boundary. International undary .State' U T_ Capital of India ~~Pital 01 Siale I U.T .,.

RAJASTHAN

Bhopal D MADHYA PRADESH MYANMAR (BURMA)

ORISSA ~'Il 0

Bhubaneswar • ~ .'\). _,",."A""- """""""" ) ;? (VJ "~ / BAY ~\ G"""mM, /( ~ £r /' o F

B E N c_; A L 16' .J . ""'-:_:? 6' ARABIAN ~

SEA """"''("0 poco Is. (BURMA)

NtIHIIII,Jmll I . • {INIJIAl

Madras ~ ~ ,.. V. Barren I 12' ; If:' . (INDIA) 12' :z: !6 ~ort Blair .. ·~.ANOAMAN SEA -:'~'{f"~ "'", KERAtA};TAMIL NAOU ~ 0 !.

arters of Chandigarh, The admiOlslraliv~ headi~aled at Chandigarh. \ \ ~. Haryana and Punlab are 8 0 Trivandrum P PONDICHERRY

N D A N o c E A N

61'

3 MAP 2

ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS 1991

This Map presents administrative divisions of Punjab covers an area of 50,362 sq. kms. A district Punjab. on an average has an area of 4,197 sq. kms. Firozpur district (5,874 sq. km.) is the largest and Kapurthala The different levels of administrative divisions, such district (1,633 sq. km.) is the smallest in area size. as state, district, tahsil and CD Block alongwith their administrative headquarters are shown on the map by The 12 districts in the state contain a population using different symbols as explained in the legend-to of 20,281,969 .as per 1991 Census. The size of the map. population among the districts varies considerably. Amritsar (2,504,560) is the biggest and Kapunhala Administratively, Punjab has three divisions district (646,647) is the smallest in population size. In containing 12 districts. These 12 districts among Punjab, the district on an average has a population of themselves include 46 tahsils and 120 towns (including 1,690,164. 8 Census towns). It has 118 Community Development, Blocks which include 12795 villages including 367 The table below gives districtwise area and uninhabited. population in Punjab :

Percentage Percent~ge of State! Area in of district area district population District sq. km. in total area Population in total population

2 3 4 5

PUNJAB 50,362.0 100.00 20,281,969 100.00 Gurdaspur 3,562.0 7.07 1,756,732 8.66 Amritsar 5,087.0 10.10 2,504,560 12.35 .Firozpur 5,874.0 11.66 1,607,817 7.93 Ludhiana 3,857.0 7.66 2,471,594 12.19 Jalandhar 3,401.0 6.75 2,026,787 9.99 Kapurthala 1,633.0 3.24 646,647 3.19 Hoshlarpur 3,881.0 7.71 1,455,028 7.17 Rupnagar 2,085.0 4.14 915,603 4.51 I Patiala 4,584.0 9.10 1,896,242 9.35 Sangrur 5,107.0 10.14 1,710,120 8.43 Bathinda 5,551.0 11.02 1,559,963 1.69 Faridkot 5,740.0 11.40 1,730,876 8.54

4 MAP 2

JAMMU I & ./\ PUNJAB KASHMIR[o\ lOI~lIf1f-lCfl ~ "'\. ,..C"/K~t~...I""_ ~ ]-Mt.'!-. (PaTfiQo~ot J ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS " "0\'(. ~."_"'" ~. ~~:l). 1- 1991 .r vSIl!G~.·· t.1 ,- Km 10 5 0 iO 20 ao 40Km 1>- A !"-l'~I;~;;;'1/ io ".)'\ ... - '.... ~ .....'C:" \~lANAUR ~~~SPUR ('_''''' ~ ~ j' ERA BABA( ...... •...... \MUKERIAN . j. (' r'" \'7~::AK \ !i~HAR:A~ r -,. 0 ". , ..... ~\ 1- r~ Ajnala \f~TEt«i;'RH" .,_'\ ... j 0 .}"" "" ... _'",,' TAlWAR ••, ~ , • @ (\c~URlAN" BaIQla~"-~-l~::U' DaSUD "_,,. . ,,- @ . - ,} 0 ~-c/ L'" < • JMAJTHA'\; 0 • r~ r "V \ ""'" CI) • ~HDGAWAN I 0 ;7'-.. ) . 'I '\ l 0 /VERKA ..,,, ,., SRIHARGOBIND' \., BHUNGA _ l'AMRITSAR o· "\ - '\ PUR Of T~DA \ 0 '\ Iv _, /> ® \"\0 " _,. . ..,J. \, • ... ~ ,URSIKIf" Baba ,j \...... / .. ' . ." " '-. \/.:.>-.., ~ANDIALA ~kAnA Bokala/ } o'~ HOSHIARPUR '\ .., J/~. ~~ L, r .• -/': /\0 @/ NAD1LA ,,",'ru~G-HOSHIARPUR"1i' '. () C;(;ANDIWIND 'J' '" \...... , ..... L. ( . , ';::I \ 'J 0 Tarn T aran·· KHAOUR/' i.'-. .. '>.c . . ,-/ • _[_"@oSAHV"jALANDHARO··\HOSHIARPUR-I\.\ ~ I '- ··NAUSHEfIllA. . '(. IWESTI ADAMPUR. I'.fJ ~ ~ 0 /r, f,PLPANNUAN .. '/ Ii':> . J _/ MAH\LPUR i < \ '" BHUCIfOHLA,J ?KAPUR~( ®. ~v K? .' \. ~ \, 1- c' ·@(SAHIB/.' THALA'JALANDHA~. haqwar.h. Garh- '\ r. . I , . Pall' -" 0 . Sullanpur l_~ 7· JALA HAR@)\)"'.-., Shankar "AAlII\d~~'U' \ · 0 I J lodhi "" .)r-·~,-,--r..)~Y,., '-I 0 / ... ~ .' Sob@f.... t VALTOt-lA ,. ~ ( t • • \ o. ~ Jo ... ./ \ /1' . . .~._.:r ../'~i:..... ". Nakodar/ '-.J -'t,.. BANGA .'\. f,SAROYA. 0 'I'J' \- ,,~) '\" ,.r t:... 0 {'/o. 0 ~ I' . 'I 'tIURPUR / ~ •." ../ I '-. SHAHNURMAHAl"~ . PhiUaur ~ AUR Nawan-'ealachaur \ / ' . ".,J . "\ ~ ..@\OShahr(@\(.., •J r.-. \ . "'\. ".__ I '~'-J.,..- ~.~._ . ..r.". .j.... U.T. OF .r ~ \@ZIRA .(DHARAMKOi) '-.~ - rr LUDHIANA " ~J''- _.;-'Ii' '-. CHANDIGARH ) FIROZPUR.... '0 AT . SIDHWAN BET f j' 0 . ~ _'-- L~ KOT ISE KHAN" Q ILUDKIANA."®. MACHHI-' 1\ RtJPNAGAR ,/'"~ GtiALL KHURD" ...... ,- --... _ • ~ [U'DH',AN " ~ WARA ,.- \ 0 --, lit. . 0 I . .,..... __ .'-( A·I, . I V('CHAMKAtIR .J MAJRI i 'boo t! .-:_,_ ""- I MOGA" "" .'. ;>;. J: /\/ .. @) ..,SAHIB i/ 0 '- "r' ""./ '"" .> - >&Mogai'@SUD~ARI' '_';:vo,(~Samr~la ". \. .J 1"'/ ...... _.I N / MOGA-I Jagraon, o~·· ••;E~ON AlDRAH~ '-..1- )il L,.~/ ' -'-"-".('e' 'A r 0 ( '. .0 \ . ,+ 1-- ~. @. ,.. • GURU HAR· ®, . I'. "".(PAKHowAL ,~ Khanna @ '~Vnr BASSI" ) Kharor • •/ '- SAHAI >---, FARIDKOT .~) BA8HA ") :. ~o <:-,,0-.... ;; .. ' ,1"""-''<''': 0 PATHA,?",\ .~ r '6\ .f \. ) PURANA...... ' ,.. ./, -\_,-.> ( I ..., .:::,,/.. SIRHNDi-§' (/I I /' /' • jALALABA~ (' , .-." _ I .' ) .'-/\,. ")AHMEDGARH', _.::,..., ..... ' ..j._. "'W (J "\ ,. RaJPura ! "_ A (\. "...... / @ .f '.. / i {SEHNA A"'"'' "'. Mqterkolla .' I \ @ _!, '''.,' BASSI ( ,1 0 ··S ,.' \ '\ r '. 0 'r' ',_.(. ) )._"" .... J'I ..... / ~ I (' "'" Fazilka r··.... l_..,.__._.--./ .... , L. I 0 / Nobha r/ J",,'" ( 1', " ./',. i' ,1 c;-.j j)) .... ,' @ ~ DHURI ", C'@I- PATIALA ~ GHANAUR... '. ~.. .'_' ...... '\. ! ;.' .... , ? rtA~H~.:t.l P~L \. f Barnala r ,.,...... /' ...... J .'-...... -,. ) @ .~ .... ;;_..... 0 .' v "_, ··"1'/._ "'(KDT BHAII? ,. \-,.",,"",\.' \_~/~ '. BHAWAN/l.-' ,-' ~..7~~ /' I ". I '-. MALOUT· ... AT • BATHlNDA\ ,/ >& ... / ® i GARH, .> ). r-~ J.L~ I 0 GIODARBAH1. ® \ / RapmhPU"( rJ - SANGRUR./S ~.r-(~r~? (.. V\._ • (I ,\--, . . " "g"...... :> / UI i''"\ I J'\ ~~ J-',,' Samana I ,'., ,.' 0 J ".-"' @ Abohar '-" .... r' """" ". (~A..':'J~) I . ...._.~ ( "" ~I 'i,...... t- i @. r ... )1BHUNER f I 0 .....\ •.., " ...... SANGAT:. _, ;_/ '1./ >& -~ c'X. \'l.s' HERI ", • KHUIAN \ LAMBlo \ 0 r-~~ ,) ,; / /' Sunam ';:."""'...... "'. / SARWAR . ('\,,,,-,; . ., .__ ~ _J. , .... l ...... '.. ; ") i:'" ) Tolwandl (.7 Manso ;"". (' r' ._._.-l.._._._._._}_. j_.-.._ . _.. '/ @Sab;...... "f.L ..... @ ._ .... /l"", "... \" .. ..,{ I RAJ A 5 T HAN 1~""",_, V\.) (, .i" .. i'UD~LAO~ /"7LEHRAGAG~' \ ....,.1 . j l . P'-:. \. .., ~ J'1 JHUNIR.. .> .~ '\_.\ r' ..,. 0 i" ._,~. / ...... \)- \ 1" '" f"'J \ . BOU/.IDARY, INTERNATIONAL. f~.J ..... ·...... _".v STATE/U.;r. . (. .~ 'i DISTRICT... _._._ It '" ! TAHSIL •.. \.) '" 'C.D. BLOCK. HEADQUARTERS: The Administrative Heodquarters of Chandigarh, Haryana and Punjab are at Chandigarh. DISTRICT: TAHSIL: C.D.BLOCK @ @ o The Heodquarters of Ludhiana-I and Ludhiana-II C.D. Blocks are 01 Ludhiana. The Headquarters of Jolandhar(East)and Jaiandhar(Wesl)C.D. Blocks o~e/at Jalandhar. The Headquarters of Hoshiarpur-I and Hoshiorpur-II C.D. Blocks are ot Hrhiarpur. The Headquarters of Maga-I and Moga-II C.D. 'Blocks are at Moga. I Pocket for Kapurthala . . K District Headquarters are also C. D. Block Headquarters .xcept for Amritsar. Pocket for Paliala . P Tahsil Headquarters are olso C.D. Block Headquarters except for Baba Bakala, Pocket for Pdtti . . PT Khanna and Fatehgarh Sahib. Pocket for Sunam . S Where a C. D. Block name differs from il. headquarters lhe fanner IS shown wilhin brackefs.

5 MAP 3

CHANGES IN ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARIES, 1981-91

This map shows changes in administrative boundaries 2. In ludhiana district, Samrala tahsil lost six villages in the state during 1981-91. to Balachaur tahsil of Hoshiarpur district.

On the map, the changes in administrative 3. (a) In Hoshiarpur district, Balachaur tahsil gained boundaries which occurred in the state during 1981- six villages from Samrala tahsil of ludhiana 91 are shown as explained in the legend. The boundaries district. of 199 t and 1981 have been marked in black and red respectively and transfer of villages from one tahsiV district (b) Balachaur tahsil gained two villages from to another has been depicted by giving different colours Rupnagar tahsil to Rupnagar' district. as explained in the legend. The newly created administrative areas, such as, tahsil etc_ has been hatched 4. In Rupnagar district, Rupnagar tahsil lost two villages in black colour. to Balachaur tahsil of Hoshiarpur district.

During this decade, the state ~id not experience 5. In Farldkot district, Muktsar tahsil gained three major changes In its administrative boundaries. There villages from Firozpur tahsil of Firozpur district. was no inter-state change of territory after 1981. The changes whatsoever occurred were inter on intra-district (8) INTRA-DISTRICT CHANGES in the administrative boundaries and they include; 1. In Amritsar district, Tarn Taran tahsil lost six villages (A) INTER-DISTRICT to Patti tahsil. 1. In Firozpur district, Firozpur tahsil lost three villages 2. In Firozpur district, Fazilka tahsil lost 74 villages to Muktsar tahsil of Faridkot tahsil. to newly formed Abohar tahsil.

,,

6 HAP 3

PUNJAB s:lllllt1PtCfl lftqr31l1l q~q~., CHANGES IN ADMINISTRATIVE BOUtI>ARIES 1981-91 1050 I() 20 30 40

KLOMElRES

BOUNDARY. INTERNATIONAL ..... _ . _._ TRANSFER OF AREA STATE/U.T. .. : ...... _._._ _ 1983 .. DISTRICT l199li ...... _ . _ . _ TAHSL l199li ...... ______DISTRICT 1I9aI...... - .- •.- 0 1984 j .. TAHSL M ·· .. · · : .. ------CftEA lION OF NEW TAHSL ~1986

7 MAP 4

RELIEF AND DRAINAGE

This map presents relief and drainage pattern in The hilly tract running along the eastern boundary Punjab state. in northwest-southeast direction covers upper portions of Gurdaspur, Hoshiarpur and Rupnagar districts. This Punjab, as the name suggests, is the land of five region has an elevation varying between 400 and 600 rivers namely Jehlam, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Satluj. M with certain pockets exceeding the 600 M height. However, after partition, only Ravi, Beas and Satluj flow The land slopes towards south and south-east and the through the state. Apart from these three, Ghagar is gradient is relatively steeper towards south. another important river which flows along the southern part of the state. All these rivers along their tributaries! The foothill plains, as the title suggests, lie at the choes are shown on the map in blue colours. For foot of the hilly tract. It extends in a narrow belt running depicting the relief, contours representing values 600, parallel to the hilly tract. More than three-fourths oJ 450 and 300 M above mean sea level have been drawn the area is covered under flat plains formed of alluviums from topographical sheets. The intervening space deposited by rivers. It forms part of Indo-genetic plain between two contours are shaded for presenting height and is agriculturally very productive. above sea level. Among the rivers flowing through this area, Ravi, On the basis of relief, Punjab ~tate can be divided Beas and Satluj are perennial while Ghagar is seasonal. into following three regions. At times, during rainy season, these rivers do cause 1. The hilly tract floods. The perennial rivers have a great importance and 2. The foothill plains role in the economy of the state as .these rivers have 3. The flat plains helped in generation of hydro-electricity and irrigation.

8 MAP 4

JAM M U i PUNJAB & 3T.T.llchl ~ ~ ~ RELIEF AM> DRAINAGE

10 o 10 20 30 40

KILOMETRES

<

A BOUNDARY. INTERNATIONAL ..... _._._ GENERALISED REUEF STATE I U.T...... _._.- RIVER I CHOE ...... &/~ 600 (METRES) , ( 4S0 I 300

9 MAPS

RELATIVE RELIEF

This map presents relative relief in Punjab state. This map has a close similarity WIUI UII:: IlIdJ.l UII 11::111::1 and drainage. The pockets of high relative relief (over The relative relief has been worked out by dividing the map into grids of 1000 sq. kIn. area. The difference 300 M) can be seen in the north. The relative relief between the highest and lowest contour passing through varies between 150 to 300 M along a narrow belt running the grid has been plotted in the centre of each grid based in the north-west to ,south-east direction and covering on which contours are interpolated for presenting relative portions of Gurdaspur, Hoshiarpur and Rupnagar districts. relief. The space in betwet!n two contours has been The remaining part of the state has a relative relief of shaded as explained in the legend. t 50 M or below.

10 , MAP·S

PUNJAB R d~:q(C(if RELATIVE RELIEF

~50 1020 30 40

ICJU)UETRES

GENERAlISED RElEF 1m) ~: f

11 MAP 6

NORMAL MONTHLY AND ANNUAL RAINFALL

This map depicts distribution of monthly and annual and Patiala, the maximum rainfall is received in )uly rainfall in the state. and amount of normal rainfall received is 168.7, 192.4 and 200.0 mm. respectively. August is observed as the The normal annual rainfall data (mean) for all the wettest in Firozpur (112.9 mm.). However, the five meteorological stations in the state has been plotted minimum rainfall at all these stations is recorded in on the map and isohyets are drawn at suitable intervals. November. The spaces in between two isohyetal lines have been given shades of blue colour for indicating variation in The state also experiences winter rains through annual rainfall. In addition, bar graphs have been drawn westerlies and this is extremely beneficia," for "rabi" crops. for each station to indicate monthly distribution of rainfall. On an average, the state receives an annual The overall distribution pattern of rainfall in the rainfall of 1000 mm. and it is mainly concentrated during state shows that the hilly bert in the north and north· the monsoon months of July to September. July and east receives the maximum amount of rainfall which August are the wettest months in the state while reduces towards south an~ south-west. November is the driest. At Pathankot, the normal monthly rainfall varies between 364.2 mm. in August The table below shows normal monthly and annual and 6.0 mm. in November. At Amritsar, Ludhiana rainfall for all the five stations in Punjab (in mms.):

NORMAL MONTHLY AND ANNUAL RAINFALL AT SELECTED STATIONS (IN MMS.)

Stations Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.

2 3 4 5 6 7 ~ 9 10 11 12 13

Pathankot 66.5 57.7 51.8 25.3 18.9 39.0 347.0 364.2 152.9 29.1 6.0 31.0

Amritsar 28:7 26.6 28.3 14.7 13.5 99.2 168.7 15,2.0 85.7 19.3 5.7 15-;-9 I Firozpur 22.3 19.1 18.8 9.6 8.1 30.8 111.7 112.9 60.6 7.0 2.5 9.8

Ludhiana 30.3 30.9 29.3 12.6 11.9 50.3 192.4 176.3 106.3 20.9 3.1 15.1

Patiala 33.8 28.6 25.1 10.2 14.8 55.2 200.0 196.6 126.0 19.2 5.5 10.8

12 MAP 6

PUNJAB ~~~~'Ct1ri NORMAL MONTHLY AND ANNUAL RAINFALL 1050 10 20 30 40 KLOMETRES

...... · ...... · ...... , . .. . . · ...... , ...... • • • • • • • • # • • •••••• • ••••••••••••• •• •••

ANNUAL RAINFALL (IN MILLIMETRESI BOUNDARY, INTERNATIONAL ..... _._._

II STATE/U .T...... _._. _ 1100 900

700 I 500 , I

13 MAP 7

NORMAL MONTHLY AND ANNUAL TEMP~RA TURE

This map represents normal monthly and annual extremes of temperature. Winters are severe and temperature in Punjab. The Trends shown on the map summers are very hot. June is the hottest month while are based on the data available for five meteorological January is the coldest month. At Amritsar, the mean stations in the state. monthly temperature varies between 32.8° c in June and 11.6°c in January. The corresponding variation at The average annual temperature (DC) has been Pathankot, Firozpur, Patiala and Ludhiana is 33.2 and plotted on the map for five stations viz., Pathankot, 12.0,33.7 and 12.2, 33.6 and 13.7,34.1 and 13.00c Amritsar, Firozpur, Ludhiana and Patiala and isotherms respectively. Although, monthly mean variation in are drawn at suitable intervals. The spaces in between temperature vary considerably yet, the different stations two isotherms have been given shades of red colour of among themselves do not display much disparity. The different depths to indicate high to low temperature. overall trends observed from the map show that the In addition, monthly distribution of mean temperature temperature increases as one proceeds towards south has also been indicated .by drawing bar graphs at each and south-west. of these stations. The table below shows distribution of monthly mean The climate of Punjab state is characterised by temperature (0 c) at five meteorological stations in the state:-

MONTHLY MEAN tEMPERATURE IN CENTIGRADES (1931-90)

Stations Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 .

Amritsar 11.6 14.6 19.5 25.2 30.2 32.8 30.8 . 29.8 28.9 24.3 17.7 13.2

Pathankot 12.0 15.3 20.3 25.7 31.1 33.2 29.6 28.3 27.6 23.9 17.9 14.0

Firozpur 12.2 15.5 20.4 26.1 31.0 33.7 31.6 30.7 29.0 24.9 18.6 14.1

Patiala 13.7 16.8 21.6 27.6 32.1 33.6 30.8 29.5 29.1 25.1 19.4 15.2

Ludhiana 13.0 15.9 21.0 27.3 32.7 34.1 31.4 30.4 29.6 25.7 19.5 14.6

14 MAP 7.

PUNJAB ~~~~(1jqqH NORMAL MONTHLY AND ANNUAL TEMPERATURE 1991 105010203040 .., l(LOMETRES .., < ., () ~

N o I

.,.

R BOUNDARY.INTERNATlONA.l. .... _._._ ANNUAL TEMPERATURE IN w 5rATE/U.T...... _._. • _ DEGREE CELCIUS

23 .0 22.0 / . 121.0 I

15 MAPS

SOILS

This map shows soil types in the state. sandy loam. These types of soils are found in inter-fluvial flood plains of Ghaggar river. These types of soils are The generalised classification of soils types alongwith seen in southern parts of Bathinda, Sangrur and Patiala their sub-order associations shown on the map is based districts. The soil units Orthids-Fluvents (32) have some on the soil map of India published by the National Bureau characteristics· of soils of arid region with some of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning (ICAR) in 1983. development and recent alluvium with sandy loam The soil types correspond greatly to the physical set texture. I~ also covers southern parts of Bathinda, Firoll:?ur up of the state and are influenced by the climate and' and Faridkot districts. The soil unit no. 37 (Psamments­ relief. For convenient understanding of the readers Fluvents-Orthids) and 38 (Psamments-Fluventsl traditional nomenclature of the soils alongwith sub-order Aquents). These soils are mainly sandy with moderately associations is also given which is as follows:- coarse to medium textured in general. These are found in parts of Bathinda and Sangrur. Ustalfs - High base staws-read _loamy, red sandy and alluvial soils. Districts and soil unit no. 38 is mainly found in the flood plains of Satluj river in the districts of Firozpur, Ochrepts - Shallow block, brown and alluvia[ soils Amritsar, Ludhiana and Jalandhar_ of the northern region. Soil unit no. 44 (Fluvent-Ochrepts) is mainly Fluveilts - Alluvial soils (recent alluvium). composed of alluvial sOilSWlth shallow black and brown colour. These are found in parts of Jalandhar and Psamments - Sandy soils (Recent). Hoshiarpur districts. Aquepts-Ochrepts (64) soils are brown in colour (Hydromorphic) and found in the south­ Onhids Soils of arid region with some development. eastern parts of Sangrur and Patiala districts. Ochrepts (70) type of soil is found in the northern p~rts 'of Aquents - Recently formed hydromorphic alluvial Gurdaspur district. Ochrepts-Onhents (72) soils -covers soils. . parts of Rupnagar, Patiala, Ludhiana and Sa I)gru r districts:-Ufthe same way, soil unit no. 73 (Ochrepts­ Aquepts - Brown soils (Hydromorphic). Psamments) is found in parts of Rupnagar, Ludhiana, Hoshiarpur, Sangrur, Patiala, Bathinda, Fa~idkpt and Qrthents - Recently formed soils. Firozpur districts. Soil unit no. 74 (OchreptsiOnhents­ Ustalfs) is observed in the extreme nonh-e"stern pan On the map, the soils have been grouped into 12 of Gur~aspur district. Ochrepts-orthents-Rock out Crops­ sub-order associations. In the ustalfs-ochrepts (9) and Orthids (76) are found in northern half of Punjab Sta«). ustalfs-f1uvents (t 0) of soil associations, the soils are Thes~ are covering parts of Gurdllspur, Amritsar, mainly red in colour with varying texture of loam to Jalandhar, Kapurthala arid Hoshiarp~r distrij:ts_

16

f MAP 8

PUNJAB ~ SOILS 1050 10 20 30 40

KILOMETRES

38

...... ' ...... ~ . . . . .

•.1.1

...... ,

NO. SUB-ORDER ASSOCIATIONS BOUNDARY, INTERNATIONAL .... . I 9 USTALFS - OCHREPTS STATE/U.T...... \ ,0Emm",mJ USTALFS - FLUVENTS SOILS ..... ' 32[I]ORTHIDS - FlUVENTS J371=l+1+1l PSAMMENTS- FLUVENTS- ORTHIDS

APPRoxrM~TE TRADITIONAL NOMENCLATURE 1381:!::t1:1::1j PSAMMENTS- FLUVENTS- AOUENTS 44~ FLUVENTS- OCHRePTS / USTALFS High bas« sta.tus - red loamv. rcd sandy and a.lIu'Ila.l salls 64a,AOUEPTS - OCHREPTS OCHREPTS Shallow bIQ~~. brown and al!l,IviQI soil'S ot northern region 70 OCHREPTS FLUVENTS Alluvial 50ils (Rccent allUvium) 72 QCHREPTS - ORTHENTS PSAMM£NTS...... Sandv soils (R~cEnl) 731: . : .:!OCHREPTS _ PSAMMENTS OA1HIOS jSoils Cli arid region wlth som.. dcyc!opnunt 74 OCHR~PTS - ORTHENTS-USTALFS AQUEHTS Reclnlly lormed hydromorphlc alluvial salls 76 OCHREPTS -ORTHENTS-ROCK OUTCROPS-ORTHIDS AQUEprs ,Brown .oils (Hydromorphlc) 1 ORTHfNTS Recently 'O;trn.rd salls Source:"'Soils of India"Published by National Bureau of Soil Survey end Land Use Planning U.C.A.R.) Noqpur.

17

II • DEMOGRAPHIC STRUCTURE AND TRENDS MAP 9

DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION, 1991

This map shows distribution of rural and urban rural population has been worked out tahsilwise. The population in the state as revealed by the 1991 Census. overall pattern shows concentration of these dots in "Bist Doab" comprised of )alandhar, Kapunhala and On the map, the rural population has been Hoshiarpur districts. The Bari Doab which includes shown by black dots each representing 4000 Gurdaspur and Amritsar districts falls next in order, persons and urban population is shown by red circles and the distribution of rural population in the drawn proportionate to the size class of town/urban remaining districts which constitute Malwa region is Agglomeration as explained in the legend to the relatively thin. Further, the concentration of these dots map. is more conspicuous along the main routes and in the vicinity of bigger towns. The distribution of population in an area is linked with its physiography. Punjab is primarily a plain area 120 town/Urban Agglomerations in the state barring north-eastern belt which is covered with accommodate 5,999,225 urban population of the Shivaliks and is infested by choes. It has a population state. Among these 120 towns, 10 are class-l towns of 20,281,969 out of which 14,288,744 is rural having a population of 1,00,000 and above. These and 5,993,225 is urban by residence. The rural 10 class-1 towns contain more than one-half population is distributed over 12,428 inhabited (54.16%) of the urban population of the state. villages and the urban population spreads over 120 town/urban Agglomerations in the state. The following table shows districtwise number of villages, towns, rural and urban population in the state On the map, number of dots for representing as per 1991 Census :-

State/ No. of villages Rural No. of Urban I Districts Inhabited Uninhabited Population Towns/UAs Population

,r 2 3 4 5 6 ,

PUNJAB 12,428 367 • 4,288,744 120 5,993,225

Gurdaspur 1,543 83 1,370,320 12 386,412

Amritsar 1,203 39 1,650,729 10 853,831

Firozpur 1,118 44 1,223,417 10 384,400

Ludhiana 961 18 1,228,813 10 1,242,781 Jalandhar 1,239 17 1,297,985 14 . 728,802 Kapunhala 633 66 480,042 , 3 166,605 Hoshiarpur 1,591 32 1,232,890 9 222,138 Rupnagar 895 22 683,286 \ 8' 232,317 Patiala 1,441 21 1,329,269 12 566,973

Sangrur 709 9 1,292,126 ~2 417,994 Bathinda 523 4 1,208,830 (1 351,133 , Faridkot 572 12 1,291,037 9' 439,839 MAP 9

PUNJAB \i1"i:A@U CfiT fcn:mrr DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION 1981 -91 10 o 10 30 40

KLOMETRES

BOUNDARY. IN TERNAT I ONAL . . .. _ ._._ STATE I U. T...... _ ._ .- CLASS I • 100000 AM> ABOVE RIVER ...... ~ .

CLASS U 50000 _ 99 999

CLASS ru e 20000 _ 49 999 EACH DOT REPRESENTS 4000 RURAL POPULATION • CLASS IV 10000 _ 19999 CLASS V • 5000 _ 9999 CLASS VI •• BELOW 500 0

21 MAP 10

DENSITY OF POPULATION, 1991

The tahsilwise density of population in the state 451-550 and they include all the three tahsils of is shown on the facing map as per 1991 Census. The Gurdaspur district, Baba Bakala (Amritsar), Khanna density of population has been worked out by dividing (Ludhiana), Nawanshahr and Phillaur (Jalandhar), the total population by total area. Kharar (Rupnagar) and Patiala tahSil.

Punjab state has a population of 20,281,969 As many as 14 tahsils can be seen in the range over an area of 50,362 SQ. km. It has a density of 351-450 and they include three tahsils of Hoshiarpur 403 persons per sq. km. which is significantly higher district, two each of Ludhiana, Rupnagar and Patiala than that of the country as a whole where the density districts and one each of Amritsar, ]alandhar, of population is 274 (excluding J & K) Punjab state Kapurthala, Sangrur and Faridkot districts. ranks among the most densely populated parts of the country. The highest number of tahsils (1 7) can be seen in the range 251-350. They include all the four tahsils Within the state, the density of population among of Firzopur district, three tahsils each of Sangrur and tahsils varies considerably. Amritsar tahsil (1098) is Bathinda districts, two each of Amritsar, Patiala and 'the most densely populated and is closely followed Faridkot districts and one tahsil of Hoshiarpur district. by Ludhiana ,tahsil (1055). By contrast, Sultanpur The density of population is observed to be the lowest Lodhi tahsil (229) is the least densely populated. Out (250 and below) in Sultanpur Lodhi (Kapurthala) and of 46 tahsils in the state/ 16 fall above and 30 below Talwandi Sabo (Bathinda). The overall patterns exhibit the state average. that the southern and the south-western part of the state is relatively less densely populated than its north Very high density of population in the range of and north-eastern portion. 551 and above is the characteristic of four tahsils/ namely, Amritsar, Ludhiana, Jalandhar and Phagwara. There has been a marked increase in the densi~y All these are famous industrial centres in the state. of population in the state during 1981-91, as can be Another nine tahsils display a high density of seen from the table below :-

State! Persons per sq. km. District 1991 1981

2 3

PUNJAB 403 333 Gurdaspur 493 425 Amritsar 492 430 Firozpur 274 222 Ludhiana 641 471 Jalandhar 596 510 Kapurthala 396 334 Hoshiarpur 375 , 321 Rupnagar 439 344 Patiala 414 342 Sangrur 335 276 Bathinda 281 23~ Faridkot 302 25'1

f MAP 10

PUNJAB JAM M U 'lI"'i:QeQj ~ & KASHMIR DEN~TYOF~nON 1991 10 5 0 10 20 30 40

ICLOMETRES

., () ~

PERSONS PER j

~ ISTATEAvrnAJ4031 ~ 351 - 450

ITITI 251 - 350

I::: ::: :1 250 AM) BEl.:QW

23 MAP 11

INTERCENSAL CHANGE IN POPULATION, 1981-91

The map portrays intercensal change in population As many as 14 tahsils appear under the c.ategory by tahsils in Punjab during 19'81-91. The percentage 20.01 - 25.00 and majority of them are confined to change has been worked out as: . Malwa region extending over southern Punjab. All the tahsils of Sangrur district, four (out of fIve) tahsils of Patiala district, two tahsils each of Firozpur and Hoshiarpur districts and one tahsil each of Bathinda and Faridkot districts belong to this group. PI and P2 denotes the population in 1981 and 1991 respectively. The percentages obtained have The maximum number of tahsils (16). exhibit a been grouped into five ranges and represented on the low growth rate of 15.01 - 20.00 per cent. They map as explained in the legend. include, all the three tahsils of Kapurthala district; two Punjab state registered a growth rate of 20:81 per tahsils each of Amritsar, Ludhiana, Jalandhar, Bathinda cent during 198 1-91. This is significantly lower than that and Faridkot districts and one tahsil each of Gurdaspur, of the country as a whole (23.85%). However, within Firozpur and Rupnagar districts. the state the tahsils among themselves display spatial disparities. The growth rate is the highest (51.90%) in The growth rate is very low, 15.00 per cent and Ludhiana tahsil and the lowest (9.56%) in Tam Taran below in eleven tahsils spreading over Amritsar districts tahsil of Amritsar district. In all 16 tahsils recorded (3); Jalandhar and Hoshiarpur districts (2 each); and growth rate higher than that of the state. Gurdaspur, Ludhiana, Patiala and Bathinda districts (I each) . Apart from Ludhiana, Kharar tahsil of Rupnagar district falls in the highest range of 30.01 and above. Table below gives district-wise growth rate of Industrial growth in case of the former and the proximity to Chandigarh of the later have greatly popUlation in Punjab during 1981-91. The over all influenced the growth trends in these areas. scenario is that the districts falling under Bari Doab (Gurdaspur and Amritsar) and Bist Doab (Jalandhar, The growth rate is high, in the range of 25.01 KapurthaJa and Hoshiarpur) witnessed comparatively . 30.00 per cent, in Pathankot tahsil in the extreme lower growth rate. On the other hand high growth north, Fazilka tahsil in the south-west and Rupnagar is the characteristics of more Urbani~ed and tahsil in the east. Industrialised districts of Ludhiana and Rup,nagar.

Population Growth rate State/ District 1991 1981 (Percentage)

PUNJAB 20,281,969 16,788,915 ~0.81 Gurdaspur 1,756,732 1,513,435 16.08 Amritsar 2,504,560 2,188,490 1,4.44 Firozpur 1,607,817 1,394,713 . 23.23 Ludhiana 2,471,594 1,817,651 35.98 Jalandhar 2,026,787 1,734,574 r6.85 Kapurthala 646,647 545,249 18.60

Hoshiarpur 1,455,028 1,245,374 116.83 Rupnagar 915,603 716,356 2'7.81 Patiala 1,896,242 1,568,898 20.86 Sangrur 1,710,120 1,410,250 21.26' Bathinda 1,~59,963 1,304,606 19.571 Faridkot 1,730,876 1,439,379 20.24

24 MAP 11

JI"'I:H&41 1l .PUNJAB INTERCENSAL C:N-~·~Iijl"'ll qfhlrl"'l 1981-~ IN POPULATION

1050 10 203040

BOU~DARY.INTE'RNATIONAL .. STATE/U.T...... -._._ ~PERCENTAGE CHANGE IN POPULATION DISTRICT...... -'- TAHSIL ...... _. ._ ~ 30.01 AND ABOVE ...... _._ _ 25.01 _1130 .00

~20.01 - ( STATE AVER~5.00GE 2081 I [OJ] 15.01 - 2 0.00

r::::: ::1 15.00 AND BELOW

25 MAP 12

GROWTH OF POPULA TlON 1901-91

Districtwise rural and urban growth of population population of Punjab was 7.2 and 2.0 million by males and females during 1901-91 is shown on respectively at the 1951 Census. the map by histograms. The population figures for five districts namely, Kapurthala, Patiala, Sangrur, Bathinda The post independence censuses, however, and Faridkot are not available for the decades prior experienced rapid growth in both the rural and urban to 1951 as these were princely states earlier. As such, population of the state primarily due to better medical the histograms are drawn for the decades 1 951-91 facilities which resulted in significant fall in the for these districts. On the map, the scale given on the mortality rate although the birth rate could not be right of each histogram denotes absolute number while brought down to the desired level. During 1951-91 census year is indicated at the bottom. the rural population in the state increased by 7.1 million (7.2 million in 1951 and 14.3 million in Punjab's population has increased from 7.5 1991) and the increase in urban population was 4 million in 1901 to 20.3 million in 1991. In absolute million (2 million in 1951 to 6 million in 1991). In terms there has been an addition of 12.8 million absolute number, the rural population in the state persons during 1901-91. increased by 1.4 million during 1951-61, 1.7 million during 1961-71, 1.8 million during 1971-81, and The state suffered a decline of 0.8 million 2.2 million during 1981-91; and the corresponding during 1901-11 as this decade was witness to the increase in urban population was of the order of 0.6, havoc of epidemics and famines in their full fury which 0.6, 1.4 and 1.4 million respectively. took a heavy toll of human lives. The subsequent decades recorded rise in Punjab's population till 1941. Between the ,two sexes, during 1901-91, the The population of Punjab reached 9.6 million at the number of females has increased by 6.1 million (3.4 1941 Census. But the partition of the country in million in 1901 to 9.5 million in 1991) and that of 1947 masked the actual growth rate due to large scale males by 6.6 million (4.1 million in 190 I to 10.7 exchange of populations between India and Pakistan. million in 1991). Interestingly, during the first 50 However, the improvements made in medical facilities years (1-901 ·51) there was an addition of barely 0.8 in the past independence era resulted in significant fall million females in contrast to 5.3 million females in mortality rate and the state registered an increase during 1951-91. Likewise, the increase in nl{mber of 1. 9 million during 1951 -61. Ever since the of males was 0.9 million during 190 1-51'and 5.7 population in the state is growing rapidly, it rose to million during 1951-91. However, a redeeming 13.6 million in 1971,16.8 million in 1981 and 20.3 feature of Punjab's population is that t~e ratio million at the recent census of 1991. betweeh the two sexes in narrowing down, though gradua)ly. In consonance with the over all patterns, the rural and urban areas also recorded decline in their size The growth trends in rural-urban popul1ation at during 1901-1 I. During this period the decrease in district level, by and large, correspond to the 'over, all rural and urban population was 0.7 million and 0.1 patterns in tlie state. There have been, however, a few million respectively. The subsequent censuses, exceptions in this regard. Unlike the state patterns" however, started showing increase in their population. Firozpur district did not face decline i~\ its 'number But the growth trends were again punctuated by the djlring 1901-11. Similarly, Rupnagar distr,ict did not partition of the country in 1947. The rural and urban witness fall in its population size during 1941-51. MAP 12

JAMMU , .. boo) & 15000 14000 13000 PUNJAB 12000 (lNbOOI \l1'1:H@i ~ i300 !IOOO E.l 1200 lOOOO MOO GROWTH OF POPULATION 9000 )000 ... 000 WI) 1901-91 7000 1050 10 20 30 40 BOO 6000 700 5000 KILOMETRES 600 4000 3000 2000 : 1000 0

CENSUS YEARS PUNJAB

(lNbOOl 700

600 J 550 400

BOUNDARV.INTERNATIONAL •...• _._._ " STATE'U.T~ ...... _._._ RURAL URBAN " DISTRICT. '" _. __ . __ . ______'_ FEMAI:.E FEMALE ~ I [; I .. MAL

27 MAP 13

CHILD-WOMAN RATIO, 1991

The map presents district wise ration between above and four below the state average. number of children in age-group 0-4 per 100 women in age-group 15-44 in Punjab as revealed by the 1991 On the map Firozpur district stands out as an Census. The ratio between the two has been worked exception in the very high range of 60.01 and above. out as: This apart, Kapurthala and Patiala districts fall in the high range of 55.01 to 60.00. Number of children in age - group 0 - 4 ------=---=----=--- x 100 Number of women in age - group 15 - 44 Bari Doab comprising the districts of Gurdaspur and Amritsar; parts of Malwa region covering Sangrur, The rations thus obtained have been grouped into Bathinda and Faridkot districts; and Rupnagar district four different ranges and shown on the map as detailed represent the range 50.01-55.00. in the legend to the map. The remaining three districts, viz., Ludhiana, In the state the ratio between children in age-group Jalandhar and Hoshiarpur belong to the low range of 0-4 per'1 00 women in child bearing age of 15-44 is 50.00 and below. 52.29. Within the state, the districts among themselves display great disparity in this regards. This ratio is the The table below aims to provide district wise rural highest (60.08) in Firozpur district and the lowest urban scenario of number of children in age-group 0-4 (47.31) in Jalandhar district. In all, eight districts fall per 100 women in age-group 15-44.

Number of children in age group 0-4 per 100 women in age group 15-44 State/District Rural ~rban

2 3

PUN]AB 54.12 ~8 •. 15 Gurdaspur 53.45 46.64 Amritsar 59.02 47.32 Firazpur 62.68 5,2.41 Ludhiana 50.33 48.62

Jalandhar 48.40 4~.44 Kapurthala 51.80 4e.72 I Hoshiarpur 50.01 4~.65 Rupnagar 55.04 4,.40 Patiala 54.72 45.31 Sangrur 53.92 53.04 Bathinda 54.96 51'.82 Faridkot 53.54 50.46

28 MAP 13

JAMMU

NUMBER OF PER 100 WO CHLDREN IN AGE GROUP MEN IN AGE_GROUP- 15-440-4 ~ 60 • 01 AND ABOVE • ~ 55.01-S0!tOO

~ 50.01- (STATE AVER~G5E'52>~ 00 I DID 50 . 00 AND BElOW

29 MAP 14

EVER MARRIED WOMEN AND TOTAL CHILDREN BORN TO THEM, 1991

The facing map exhibits districtwise number of varies between 345 in Hoshiarpur and 295 in children ever iJorn per 100 ever married women in Ludhiana. Punjab as per 1991 Census with a view to reflect the The least urbanised district of Hoshiarpur falls in fertility levels of ever married women. The ratio the highest range of 340 and above. Besides, as many between the two has been calculated as: six districts depict a high ratio of 330-339. They Number of children ever born include; Gurdaspur, Firozpur, Jalandhar, Kapurthala, ------x 100 Sangrur and Bathinda. Number of ever married women The number of children ever born per 100 ever The districtwise figures thus obtained have been married women varies between 320 and 329 in grouped into four different ranges and exhibited on Amritsar, Rupnagar, Patiala and Faridkot. the map by black and white hatching as indicated in The most urbanised and industrialised district - the legend to the map. Ludhiana, appears under the lowest range of below 320. According to 1991 Census the number of children ever born per 100 ever married women in The table below gives districtwise comparative Punjab is 326. The; spatial disparities in this regard are picture of number of children ever born per 100 ever not very striking. 'Among the districts in Punjab, it married won;en in rural and urban area of the State.

Number of children ever born per 100 ever married women State/District Rural Urban

2 3

PUNJAB 341 292 Gurdaspur 342 301 Amritsar 338\ 291 Firozpur 345 308 Ludhiana 323 266 Jalandhar 348 299 Kapurthala 349 295 Hoshiarpur 353 300 Rupnagar 342 281 Patiala 349 286 Sangrur 339 319 Bathinda 340 305 FaridkQt 329 301

30 MAP 14

PUNJAB ~ .qr fclcufti1 ~ afu- ~ ~~~~ EYER MARRIED WOMEN AND TOTAL CHILDREN BORN TO THEM 1991 105010203040

KILOMETRES

'9 <

NUMBER OF CHILDREN EVER BORN BOUNDARY.INTERNATIONAL. .... _._o_ PER 100 EVER MARRIED WOMEN .. STATE/U.T...... _o_._ 340 AND ABOVE 1~ DISTRICT ...... _._._ 330 - 339 320 - 329 f (STA Tt Avm AGE,13261 BELOW 320 I

I I

31 MAP 15

SEX RATIO, 1991

The map shows sex ratio in Punjab at tahsil level Dasua (Hoshiarpur) stands our exceptionally in the as per 1991 Census. highest range of 921 and above. This apart, 10 tahsils can be noted with high sex ratio in the range of 901- Sex ratio defined as the number of females per 920. They include Pathankot, Gurdaspur, Baba Bakala, 1000 males. The sex ratio calculated for each tahsil Firozpur, ]agraon, Nawanshahr, Nakodar, Kapurthala, has been grouped into five categories and shown 011 the map through graded shades in black and white. Garhshankar and Anandpur Sahib.

Traditiona!!y, the sex ratio in India is adverse to 13 tahsils fall in the category with average values, women. According to 1991 Census, there are 927 881-900. Among them, two each lie in Firozpur, females per every 1000 males in the country as such. Jalandhar, Patiala and Faridkot districts and one each The situation is rather poorer in Punjab where the sex is located in Gurdaspur, Ludhiana, Ka~urthala, racio is 882. In fact, among the states and Union Hoshiarpur and Bathinda districts. Territories in India, Punjab ranks quite low in this regard. Only Arunachal Pradesh, Haryana, Sikkim, The maximum number of tahsils (1 8) recorded Uttar Pradesh, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Chandigarh and Delhi have sex ratio lower than that a low sex ratio varying between 861-880. Three tahsil of Punjab. However, unlike for the country as a whole, each of Amritsar, Patiala, Sangrur and Bathinda stand sex ratio in Punjab is improving though, gradua!!y over out conspicuously in this category. Among others, one the decades after independence. Among the tahsils tahsil each can be seen in Firozpur, Ludhiana, in Punjab, the sex ratio shows wide variation, It is the Kapurthala, Hoshiarpur, Rupnagar and Faridkot. The highest in Dasua (965) of Hoshiarpur district and the sex ratio is very low, 860 and below in four tahsils. lowest in budhiana tahsil (81 8). 22 tahsils fall above Besides Ludhiana, they include Patti (Amritsar), Khar,ar and 24 below the state average. (Rupnagar) and Sunam (Sangrur).

32 MAP 15

JAMMU I & KASHMIR, , PUN.IAB ""\ F-ft-¥" ~ ~ , , '

KILOMETRES

'f FEMALES PER 1000 MALES BOUNDARY, INTERNAnONAL ..... _._._ n STATE/U.T ...... _._._ ~ 921 ANO ABOVE .. 'DISTRICT ...... _._._ .. TAHSn...... ______m 901_920. ~ 861 _90~,/ ~ (STATE AVERA_, 8$21 []I]] 861 - 880 o 860 AND BELOW

33 MAP 16

CHANGE IN SEX RATIO, 1981-91

Tahsilwise change in sex ratio during t 981-91 was only of two points Pathankot (Gurdaspur district) in Punjab is shown on the facing map. and likewise, the tahsils which faced decrease in their sex ratio also revealed a significant variation. In For exhibiting this change, the sex ratio has been Ludhiana tahsil, the sex ratio declined by 20 points calculated for each tahsil for 1981 and 1991 while this decline was only of two points in Sultanpur separately. Based on these figures, tahsils have been Lodhi (Kapurthala district) and Rupnagar tahsil. grouped into five comparable ranges. The figures for Nakodar in Jalandhar district did not observe any 1981 are shown by different shades of transparent change in its sex ratio during this decade. green colour over which 1991 values have been superimposed by using different grades of black and Based upon the sex ratio for 1981 and 1991, white hatching. tahsils have been grouped into five ranges each as explained in the legend to the map. Punjab is characterised by low-sex ratio. There is a shortfall of 1 18 females every 1000 males in the The number of tahsils in the highest range, above state as recorded at the 1991 Census. However, a 915 is only 2 in 1991 as against 4 in 1981. However, redeeming feature of Punjab sex ratio is that it is number of tahsils in the next range 896-915 have constantly improving over the years. It has improved increased frol11 8 in 1981 to 13 in 1991. The average from 879 in 1981 to 882 in 1991 showing a gain range of 876-895 covers 17 tahsils in 1991 as against in sex ratio by three points. This gain is, however, not 31 in 1981. The range with low sex ratio in the uniform all over. Out of 46 tahsils in the state, 30 category 861-875 has 9 tahsils in 1991 as against 11 experienced increase and IS recorded decrease in their in 1981. The maximum shift is observed in tahsils with sex ratio during this decade. The remaining one tahsil lowest sex ratio, below 861. The number of tahsils did not experience any change in its sex ratio. Even in this category has come down from lOin 1981 to among the tahsils which witnessed improvement in only 3 in 1991. their sex ratio, the level of improvement also varied apprecial;>ly. Bathinda ta hsil recorded an increase of The table below shows districtwise change in sex 34 points III its sex ratio while the corresponding figure ratio during 1981-9 t in Punjab :-

State/ Sex Ratio District 1991 1981 Change in poin~

2 3 4

PUNJAB 882 897 (+)3 Gurdaspur 903 907 (-)4 Amritsar 873 871 (+)2 Firozpur 894 884 (+) 10 Ludhiana 844 859 (-) 15 )alandhar 899 893 (+)6 Kapurthala 896 898 (-)2 Hoshiarpur 919 915 (+)4 Rupnagar 870 861 (+)9 Patiala 880 863 (+)17 Sangrur 870 860 (+)10 Bathinda 880 864 (+)16 Faridkot 882 882 No change.

34 MAP 16

JAMMU & KASHMIR PlaJAB -m--~ ~ 1{ QR4J'1 '" '" CHANGE IN SEX RATIO 1981-91 105010203040

KILOMETRES

BOUNOARY.INTERNAnONAL .. ... _._._ FEMALES PER 1000 MALES STATE/U.T...... _ . _._ 1981 _ ~ 1991 ABOVE 915 ~ ABOVE 915 DISTRICT .. . ' ...... _. _ . _ ' TAHSIL ...... ______896 - 915 _ ~: 896 - 9~

(STATE AVERAGE 879) .. ~ (STATE AVERAGE 8"82) 876 - 895 ~ 876 -895

861 - 875 l'i'"l9'0)1 DID 861 , - 875

BELOW 861 [:=J 1:- :-: -: I BELOW 86J

35 MAPt7

RURAL SEX RATIO, 199 t

Tahsilwise rural sex ratio, 1991 Census is shown exhibit, a high sex ratio of 896·910 and they include on the map by choropleth technique. Firozpur and Fazilka (Firozpur), Jagraon (Ludhiana), Nawanshahr, Phillaur and Nakodar (Jalandhar), The rural areas in Punjab have a sex ratio of 888 Sultanpur Lodhi and Phagwara (Kapurthala), females per 1000 males which is slightly better than Hoshiarpur and Garhshankar (Hoshiarpur) and the overall sex ratio. However, this figure is Bathinda. considerably lower than that of the country as a whole where rural sex ratio is 938. The tahsils among The average range, 881·895 includes six tahsils, themselves also show great variations. As true in case among which, two each fall in Firozpur and Faridkot of total sex ratio, it is the highest in Dasua (975) of districts and one each hi Ludhiana and Patiala districts. Hoshiarpur district and the lowest in Kharar (835) of TlJe maximum number of tahsils (17) in the state Rupnagar district. 19 tahsils fall above and 27 below recorded a low sex ratio in the range of 866-880. Four the state average. In order to depict these areal out of five tahsils of Patiala district, three tahsils each variations tahsils have bee'n grouped into five different of Sangrur and Bathinda districts, two tahsils of Ludhiana ranges as shown on the map. and one each of Gurdaspur, Amritsar, Hoshiarpur, Rupnagar and Faridkot appear under this range. . Besides Dasua tahsil, Pathankot and Gurdaspur tahsils (Gurdaspur district), Baba Bakala (Amritsar Very low sex ratio, below 866 is noticed in five district), Jalandhar, Kapurthala and Anandpur Sahib tahsils. Besides Kharar, they include Ajnala, Amritsar (Rupnagar district) tahsils recorded very high sex ratio and Patti tahsils in Amritsar district and Sunam tahsil of more than 910. Another 11 tahsils in the state of Sangrur district.

36 PUNJAB m;ft1Jr W-~ ~ RURAL SEX RATIO 1991 1050 10 20 30 40 KLOMETRES

"

FEMALES PER 1000 MALES ARY. INTERNATIONAL ..... BOUND TAJE/U.T ...... _:=:=_ _ ~ ABOVE 910 I, S _._. " DISTRICT...... ______._ " TAHSIL ...... __ _ ~ B96_910 I

~ BBII STA TE !V~~AGE 888 ) LDII B66 - BBO

, . :. : -: ., BELOW B66

37 MAP 18

CHANGE IN RURAL SEX RATIO, 1981-91

The changing pattern of rural sex ratio, 1981-91 (13 points) and Ludhiana and Muktsar (2 points) by tahsils in Punjab is d'epicted on the facing map. exhibit ,two extremes of values showing decrease in the sex ratio. Baba Bakala (Amritsar), Nawanshahr and On the map, based on sex ratio for 1981 and Nakodar (Jalandhar) stand out as areas of no change 1991, tahsils have been grouped into five matching in this regard. ranges. Different tones of green colours have been used for depicting data pertaining to 1981, and over them, The highest range, 9 t 0 has seven tahsils each in 1991 figures have been shown by using black and both the Censuses while the number of tahsils in the white hatching. range, 896-910 has increased from 8 in 198 t to 11 in 1991. The category 881-895 includes five tahsils Rural sex ratio in Punjab has increased from 884 in t 981 and six in 1991. Likewise, number of tahsils in 1981 to 888 in 1991 resulting in an increase by with low sex ratio, 866-880 has risen from 14 in four points. 29 tahsils in the state recorded increase 1981 to 17 in 1991. Very low sex ratio, below 866 in their sex ratio while 14 witnessed decline. T~e was the characteristic of 12 tahsils in 1981 which has remaining three tahsils noted no change in the sex ratio reduced to 5 in 1991. during this decade. The increase in rural ratio was the maximum in Bath.nda tahsil (28 points) and the The table below shows districtwise change in rural minimum in Moga tahsil (4 points) while Batala sex ratio during 1981-91 :-

State/ Rural Sex Ratio District 1991 1981 Change in points

2 3 4

PUNJAB 888 __ ...884 (+ )4 Gurdaspur 905 908 (-) 3 Amritsar 871 876 (-) 5 Firozpur 896 885 (+)11 Ludhiana 879 879 No change Jalandhar 907 905 (+)2 Kapurthala 910 ,919 (-) 9 Hoshiarpur 925 922 (+ )3 Rupnagar 870 _ 866 (+)4 Patiala 874 'BM" (+)10 Sangrur 867 854 (+)13 Bathinda 881 867 (+) 14 Faridkot 880 878 {+ )2

38 MAP 18

PIII.IAB ~ ~-~ ~ 1l QRad ... CHANGE IN RURAL SEX-RATIO 1981-91 J050 JO 203040

KLor.£TRES

R FEMALES PER JOOO MALES 1981 1991 BOUNDARY,INTERNATlONAL ..... _ . _._ A STATE/U.T...... _ . _._ ABOVE 9JO _ ~ ABOVE 9JO DISTRlCT•...... • . . _ . _._ TAHSL ...... _. .... ______.. 896 _ 9JO .. ~ 896 _ 9JO

881 _ 895 ~ 881 _ 895 ( STATE AVERAGE 884 ) ~ ( STATE AVERAGE 888 ) , , 866 _ 880 CJ ITIIJ a66 - 880

saow 866 c=::J E8 eaow 866

39 MAP 19

URBAN SEX RATIO, 1991

The map shows tahsilwise urban sex ratio in Garhshankar (Hoshiarpur). The urban sex ratio is high /Punjab as recorded at the 1991 Census. in the range of 891·910 in 12 tahsils. Three tahsils of Patiala district, two of Ludhiana district and one The number of females per 1000 males in urban each of Gurdaspur, Amritsar, Firozpur, Kapurthala, areas has been calculated for each tahsil and shown Hoshiarpur, Sangrur and Bathinda can be seen under on the map by graded shades as explained in the "legend this range. to the map. The maximum number of tahsils (16) fall in the The urban population in Puntab is 5,993,225 out range of 871-890. All the three tahsils of Faridkot of which 3,208,611 are males and 2,784,614 are females. It has an urban sex ratio of 868 females per district, two tahsils each of Gurdaspur, Amritsar, 1000 males which is lower than the overall sex ratio Jalandhar, Sangrur and Bathinda and one each of of 882 in the state. The tahsils among themselves Hoshiarpur, Rupnagar and Patiala district can be noted show a considerable variation. It is the highest in under this range. Firozpur tahsil (923) and the lowest in Patti (762) in Amritsar district. One tahsil, Balachaur (Hoshiarpur Nine tahsils in the state exhibit a low sex ratio district) is entirely rural. In order to depict regional of 851-870 and they spread over the districts of variations, tahsils have been grouped into five Firozpur and Rupnagar (two each) and Jalandhar, I categories as shown on the map. Kapurthala, Patiala, Sangrur and Bathinda (one each). The range with lowest sex ratio, below 851, covers Four tahsils constitute range with very high urban four tahsils. Besides Patti, they i"nclude Phagwara sex ratio, above 910. Besides, Firozpur, they include (Kapurthala district), Ludhiana and Baba Bakala )agraon (Ludhiana), Nawanshahr (Jalandhar) and (Amritsar district).

I MAP J9

JAMMU & PUNJAB ~-m-~~ f( ASH M~~R~p~ URBAN SEX RATIO 1991 105010 20 3040

KILOMETRES ., (

, BOUNDARY.INTERNATIONAL •...• _._._ A FEMALES PER 1000 MALES STATE/U.T ...... _._._ DISTRICT...... _._._ ~ ABOVE 910 TAHSIL ...... ______~ 891 _ /~IO

~ 871 _ 890

(STATE AVERAGE 868) [ill] .851 _ 870

E. R. - ENTIRELY RURAL. I:- :- :- :I BELOW 851

41 MAP 20

CHANGE IN URBAN SEX RATIO, 1981-91

The map shows change in urban sex ratio during exhibit a great variation. In Baba Bakala tahsil (Amritsar 1981-91 by tahsils in Punjab. district), the sex ratio declined by 112-points from 898 in 1981 to 786 in 1991, whereas, it was the The sex ratio has been calculated for each tahsil minimum (one point) in Abohar tahsil of Firozpur separately for 1981 and 1991. The figures, so district. obtained, are grouped into five comparable ranges. The 1981 figures are shown by different tones of Moga tahsil in Faridkot district did not experience transparent green colour and 1991 figures have been any change in this regard and Balachaur tahsil of superimposed by using graded shades in black and white. Hoshiarpur district is entirely rural.

The urban sex ratio in Punjab has improved by The number of tahsils in the highest range, above three points during 1981-91; it is 868 in 1991 as 910 has increased from 3 in 1981 to 4 in 1991. against 865 in 1981. Among the tahsils, 27 noted There has not been any change in the number of tahsils increase in the sex ratio while 1 7 faced reduction in falling in the range 891-910, the number has remained this regard. One tahsil observed no change while static at 12. LikeWise, there has been no change in another one tahsil is the state is entirely rural. the number of tahsils .failing in the range 871-890.

The maximum improvement shown in this regard The range with low sex ratio 851-870 includes is observed in Fatehgarh Sahib tahsil (Patiala district) nine tahsils in 1991 as against seven in 1981 where the urban sex ratio has increased from 848 in Conversely, number of tahsils falling in the lowes 1981 to 908 in 1991 while the increase is the range, below 851 has come down from 8 in t 98 minimum in Sangrur tahsil (886 in 1981 to 889 in to 4 in 1991. 1991 ). The table below shows districtwise change il The tahsils which faced fall in their sex ratio urban sex ratio in Punjab, 1981-91 :-

State/ Urban Sex Ratio District 1991 1981 Change in point 2 3 4

PUNJAB 868 865 (+)1 Gurdaspur 895 904 I, (-)9. I Amritsar 876 860 (+ )16 Firozpur 887 879 (+ )8 Ludhiana 812 832 II\~-)20 Jalandhar 885 871 (+) 14 Kapurthala 857 850 (+)7 Hoshiarpur 890 871 (+) 19 Rupnagar 870 844 (+)26 Patiala 895 862 (+)33 Sangrur 881 882 (-) 1 Bathinda 87.5 855 (+ )20 Faridkot 887 894 (-)7

42 MAP 20

JAMMU & NUAB KASHMIR ~ ~-lWff ~ II qfh-ld"i '" .", CHANGE IN URBAN SEX RATIO 1981-91 10 5 0 10 20 30 40

KLOMETRES

R ABOVE 910 BOUNOARY, INTERNATIONAL . .. . . _. _._ .. ~ ABOVE910 STATE/U.T. . . _ . _ . _ DISTRICT...... _. _. _ . _ - 891 910 " ~ 891 - 910 TAHSil...... ______871 _ 890 " ~8 ~1 -890 , ( STATE AVERAGE 865 ) 851 - 870 851 - 870 CJ ITID ( STATE AVERAGE 868) E.R.- ENTIRELY RURAL BELOW 851 c=J I:·: . : . : I BELOW 851

43 MAP 21 I SEX AND AGE STIHicTURE. 1991

The facing map shows sex .and age structure of women in the age-group 35-59 and 7.87 per cent male and female population by broad age-groups in are senior citizens, (old men and women) in the age­ the state according to 1991 Census. group 60+.

In order to depict the age structure, pyramids The map reveals some interesting facts. There are have been drawn each district. The horizontal bars more males than females under all the age groups drawn to the left and right of the central axis indicate except 50-59 where females marginally exceeded their proportion of male and female population in different male counterpart. This pattern is true of all the districts age-groups respectively. The age-groups have been as well except for Ludhiana, Rupnagar, Bathinda and further grouped and shaded to clearly indicate the Faridkot. proportion of infants (0-4), boys and girls (5-14), young men and women (15-34), middle aged men The data further reveals that among all the age­ and women (35-59) and old men and women (60+). groups, there is a greater parity in the number of males and females in age-group 30-34 infect, In Jalandhar Out of the total population in the state, and Hoshiarpur districts, females in age-group 30-34 proportion of 'various age-groups reads as: 0-4 I (11.46),5-9 (11.64,),10-14 (11.69),15-19 have outnumbered males. Further, among the senior (10.42), 20-24 (9.60), 25-29 (9.28), 30-24 citizens. 65 +, the disparity in the two sexes is (6.99),35-39 (6.24), 40-44 (4.95), 45-49 (4.30), relatively wider in Rupnagar, Patiala and Sangrurj and 50-54 (3.55), 55-59 (2.56), 60-64 (2.83), 65 + the gap between the two is relatively closer in the (5.04). In other words, out of the total population districts of Firozpur, Kapurthala and Faridkot. in the state, 11.46 are infants in the age-group 0-4, 23.33 per cent are boys in the age-group 5-14, 36.29 Among infants also, a greater parity is observed per cent are young men and women in the age group in the number of males and females in age-group 15-34, 22.30 per cent are middle aged men and 0-4 in Ludhiana, Jalandhar and Hoshiarpur districts.

44 MAP 21

JAMMU & P£RCENTAGE KASHMI A~ ~,_ ____~~~O~. ~~3L' ____J PUNJAB PERCENTA6E 60-64 5~~9 ~-~ afu- 3m! ~ 00-" 4s-49 40-44 MAl£ SEX AND AGE STRUCTURE 35-3' 30-34 1991 ~zg 2O-Z4 105010 20 3040 .,...... KLOMETRES 5-'0-4 , i I 60 30 0 PERSONS ( If "0000 ) PUNJAB

604 OLD MEN AND WOMEN BOUNDARY, INTERNATIONAL"". W- STATE/U.T. """,,. 35 -59 MIDDLE AGED MEN AM> WOMEN DISTRICT...... " ... ~

15 34 YOUNGr AND WOMEN 5 14 -~ BOYS' AND GIRLS .' 0 4 INFANTS - IB.

45 MAP 22

CHANGE IN SEX AND AGE STRUCTURE, 1981-91

This map shows a changing pattern of sex and age large, gradual up to the age-group 15- 19. structure by districts in the state during 1981 and 1991 Censuses. The method of drawing this map is • The proportion of male and female population similar to the one explained under map no. 21. under age-groups 25-29, 30-34, 40-44 and However, in order to exhibit change in 1981-91, 45-49 witnessed increase in their population. This pyramids of 1991 have been given a flat colour over increase was more significant in age-group 35-39 which pyramids of 1981 have been superimposed. for both the males and females. Further, for clear distinction, pyramids of 1981 have been distinguished by giving black hatching. • Although, the proportion of population in age­ group 50-54 has declined for both the sexes, the The patterns which have emerged out of this map age-group 55-59 noted marginal increase in their can be summarised as follows : - populations.

The proportion of male and female population • Among the senior citizens, notwithstanding the in age-groups 0-4, 5-9, 10-14, 15-19 and 20- marginal fall in their male population under age­ 24 has declined. Among males, this decline is group 60-64, their proportion has increased more noticeable in age-groups 5-9, 10-1 4 and reflecting longevity of age due to improved health 15-19 while the decline among females is, by and conditions.

46 MAP 22

PUII.fAB I PERCENTAGE m-~ am- 3W! ~ II QRClri ... 2 0 2 • 1 CHANGE IN SEX AND AGE STRUCTURE 1981- 91 10 5 010 20 3040

KLOMETRES

150 120 90 60 30 0 30 60 90 QO __ ' " '000 1 IVIJAB

( .').., ~ AGE-<;ROlIPS 1~ ~~ 4!1'4\ 40_ 35-3. 30-34 25-29 20-2'..... ~ ...9 ()-4

1981

R 60+ OlD MEN .AM) WOMEN SOU NOARY. INTERNATIONAL . .. . , _._.-- ~ .. STATE /U.T. . ,. 35_ 59 MI>Ol.E AGED MEN .AM) WOMEN DISTRICT ...... ~ __ 34 15 YOUNG ~ AND WOMEN 5 14 -~ BOYS AI>«) GfiLS 0 4 INFANTS -1991 CJ

47 MAP 23

MARITAL STATUS, 1991

1nrs map Shows marital status of the males and per cent in Hoshiarpur and 1.84 per cent in Firozpur females by districts in Punjab as obtained at the 1991 district. A negligible proportion of males has been Census. recorded as divorced/separate in the state.

The marital status has been classified as "Never Females number 9,445,030 in the state. Among Married", married, widowed and others and shown on them, 4,457,930 (47.20%) are never married. The the map by way of side lapping bar diagrams drawn percentage of never married women among the in each district. In the bar diagrams, the male bars districts does not show much variation. It is noted to have been given slant hatching while female bars are be the maximum in Gurdaspur (49.12%) and the shaded in dots to distinguish one from the other as minimum in Ludhiana (46.23%). explained in the legend. 48.12 per cent of the female in the state are Among 10,821,230 males in the state, married and this percentage varies between 49.21 per 6,004,330 (55.48%) are "Never Married". This cent in Rupnagar and 46.09 per cent in Gurdaspur percentage is the maximum in Gurdaspur (57.53) and district. the minimum in Ludhiana (53.00'). All the districts in the state have more than one-half of their male population recorded as "Never Married". As compared to males, the females exhibit, a major proportion of widowed, In the state, 437,570 4,571,550 (43.25%) among the males and (4.63%) of the females are widowed, Their married and this percentage varies between 45.05 in percentages are observed to be the maximum in Ludhiana and 40.16 in Gurdaspur district which is Hoshiarpur (6.10) and the minimum in Ludhiana covers to the position noted for "Never Married". (3.96).4,750 (0.05%) women in the state have been, recorded as divorced/separated and, thus, there is not Widowed among males constitute 2.22 per cent much of difference in this regard between ma,les and of the total male population which varies between 2.78 females.

48 MAP 23

JAMMU /

& ."J\ 6400 a KASHMIR( \ "'\ _.../'.- PUNJAB _ 3Z00 (·./t.( / ~c;IIf%Cf) n- o UN '000) ~) V r/' ...8 1600 MARITAL STATUS .:?, [1 -S-..- 1991 ::: ~ r ~;:: 800 1050 10 20 30 40 l>- ~.. GURDASPUR i i-

\. .J ~O100 :k:'r,;'.;;:;~-:/. 800 _ ,.< '\ I: Z I~3 .\4 \ c:.. /00 • • / S"" . HOSHIARPUR • 50 - /.'J . I '. . ("'.400"" \ \• " 50 .. • .-:. ) \.1' {' a I ;' 3' ~ .: N \. r--."\.. ( \ \S' AMRITSAR t i i 3 4 i ..S'-' (. \.-.r ').-. >S- f J' KAPURTHAL.Il~oo . (5'VIIN'0tr01, \.. ON '0001""11") { ...r? :800 "". boo (.? • _/...... /" ./...... 2.. f \...J " \-oo I I' " ~J /' ,.n '. 50 '. '''-1 v ~ :-:.. J' : ___ .--:~LANDHAR .1 ~ N 400 >''1: 7

,JrW'OOO) "'\,\. . ..,_ 0'1 2 . .2._~ ...... ~ . .r-. ~ 100 : ') U.T. OF .1"600 1 '_._._" l · • _...... ""-.- • ".CHANDIGARH .) 400 . • J 50 '. '" ~ r ('--''_'~'__'''---( LUDHIANA 100 :' ON'OO~( -:. ~. N ~~,l .j I }O, ,->,,,,,._/ N j 0 50 .:.I_~ N r ·~~.~~AR~_j 'A / < 100 I 0 I~l 400 I \ - .' . ? ~.J"'-..... I 2 3 4.'"'----..... '\. "?') [._..f 50 •.' • \., r-..../--:'-..r. ( .7 (;/"", f''' n I]r ...... J\.i I!NOOO) "'\ •...-". / 200 "".. ~ .~>UN'OOO) .). a '.' J FJ N f~ \) GOO V 'r' '-vJ J ( 600 1~J .",. 1...... /'._.... 400 ~ ~. 400 ./ I 2 3 4 \CIN'OOOI ( i 100 • l ~? F ARlDKOT ..._J 600 '1 ) 1 (zoo, . .r'...... - 400 i!I \. 200 . 50· ('-1 \ \ ) ? ~? {'_,V1_" . JJ N .~ V , 100, : .L} ? 200 ') tOO '1 0; 2 3 );:!/ ). . t. \.. 50 /-,' PATlALA V', ,. /' ( 50 : L. ,r-,;) 100 "\. '1 n (' ..... J i : r'1 .~ \., ---', 'lml \ :'\. lI1. . r (_ __:__'F.~zr,;,,:'( i ~ ,. J " N C; 's~~~: fl r-.,. -V: -._._. /_...... 0 1 ~ ( ) I T RAJ A 5 T H ·;:-;·r ...... v ~. I 2 3 4 • ..." ( • "'\ ...... ".1) BATHlNOA 'V' Z Ij '" \. t.j'" .{"...... i ? .. . \ 1""", f"'j \ /' .~ • - ""' __'1.1 \ J .- ~ ~ ~ J.t '"' :I R BOUNDARV.INTERNATIONAL ..... _._._ \. ....) A n STATE/U.T...... _._._

17 DISTRICT...... _. _. _ I. NEVER MARRIED _ MALE 2. MARRIED I 3. WIDOWED C] FEMALE 4. OTHERS N NEGLIGIBLE

49 MAP 24

YOUTHFULNESS OF POPULATION, 1991

This map presents youthfulness of population in The youthfulness of population is observed to be the state as obtained through 1991 Census. The high in.the range of 24.51 and above in Firolpur. Four youthfulness of population has been worked out for each district as percentage of population in age-group districts, namely Amritsar, Patiala, Bathinda and 5-14 in total population. The figures thus obtained, Faridkot fall in the range 23.5-24.50. The range are grouped into four categories and shown on the 22.S t - 23.50 which also covers state average includes map by using black and white hatching as explained three distriCts, namely, Gurdaspur, Kapurthala and in the legend to the map. Sangrur while the remaining four districts, namely, Ludhiana, Jalandhar, Hoshiarpur and Rupnagar can be In the state, a little less than one-fourth of the seen in the lowest range of 22.50 and below. total population (23.23%) belongs to age-group 5- 14. Among the districts, it is the highest in Firozpur (25.05%) and the lowest in Rupnagar (22.04%). In The table below shows districtwise population in aU, seven districts exhibit values above and· five below age group 5· t 4 with rural urban break up in Punjab the state average. as per t 991 Census : -

State/ District Population in age-group 5-14 Total Rural Urban

PUNJAB 4,708,9 to 3,332,030 1,376,880

Gurdaspur 411,460 324,030 87,430

Amritsar 593,710 396,240 197,470 Firozpur 402,620 308,600 94,020

Ludhiana 549,440 272,550 276,89~

Jalandhar 449,660 286,480 1b3,180 Kapurthala 147,590 110,080 37,510

Hoshiarpur 323,470 274,230 49,240

Rupnagar 201,650 152,760 48,890

Patlala 451,580 322,240 129,340 Sangrur 397,110 294,970 102,140

Bathlnda 371,250 286,290 84,960

Faridkot 409,370 303,560 105,810 / , \

50 MAP 24

PUNJAB

YOUTHFULN:;:~I1991 POPULATION

10 5 0 10 20 :SO 40

KILOMETRES

BOU~DARV.INTERNAnONAL 11 :RCENTAGE OF POP • .,ATE/u.T...... _._._ ~~ OUP 11-14 TO TOT ULATION·IN AGE- DISTRICT .. :: ...... _ ...... _ a ~ AL POPULATIOfij- ...... _ . ~. ~ ~ 24.01 AND 'f0VE

~ 23.01 - 24 ISTATE AVER AGE .0023.231 , , ITID 23.00 AND BELOW

51 MAP 25

CHANGE IN YOUTHFULNESS OF POPULATION, 1981-91

This map depicts change in youthfulness of group is group more conspicuous in Gurdaspur, population during 1981-91. The proportion of Jalandhar and Kapurthala. population in age-group 5-14 to total population has been worked out for each district for 1981 and 1991 The number of districts in the highest range separately and grouped into two matching ranges. 25.01 and above slumped from six in 1981 to only Different tones of a colour have been use for depicting one in 1991 at the time of 1981 Census. Gurdaspur, 1981 figures over which 1991 figures have been Firozpuf, Jalandhar, Kapurthala, Hoshiarpur and Patiala shown by using black and white hatching as explained fell under this range while as per 1991 figures, it includes only Firozpur district. On the other hand, the in the legend to the map. number of districts in the lowest range, 23.00 and below, has risen from one (Ludhiana) in 1981 to five The overall pattern show decline in youthfulness in 1991. Five districts of 1991 in this range include of population in the state; their proportion has come Ludhiana, Jalandhar, Kapurthala, Hoshiarpur and down from 25.02 per cent in 1981 to 23.23 per Rupnagar. cent in 1991. All the districts in the state barring Amritsar and Ludhiana noticed decline in their youthful The number of districts in the range 23-01-25.00 population. The decline in the population in this age is six in 1991 Census as against five in 1981.

52 HAP 25

I

PUNJAB <¥IT \i{'1~&H .q QUctcl'1 CHANGE IN YOUTHFULNESS OF POPULATION 1981-91 1050 10203040

KILOMETRES

· R BOUNDARY. INTERNATIONAL . .. .. _o_o_ STATE/UT...... _ . _._ PERCENTAGE OF POPUlATION IN AGE­ DISTRICt ...... _._. _ GROUP 5-14 TO TOTAL POPULATION. 1981 1991 25.0 1 AND ABOVE _ ~ 25.01 AND ABOVE I (STATE AVERAGE 25.02) , 23.01 _ 25.00 ~ 23.01 - 25,00 , (STATE AVERAGE 23.231 23.00 AND BELOW CJ []J] 23.00 AND BELOW

53 MAP 26

DEPENDENCY RATIO, 1991

Districtwise dependency ratio in Punjab is shown seven districts in the state can be seen in the high range on the map as per 1991 Census. It is the ratio of of 751-800. Among them, fOUf, Patiala, Sangrur, population in age'group 0-14 and 60 + to population Bathinda and Faridkot are located in the southern part in working age-group 15-59. while three Gurdaspur, Amritsar and Hoshiarpur can be seen in the northern part. Population under age-group 0-14 and 60 + per 1000 of population in working age-group 15-59 has Dependency ratio is relatively low, 701-750 in been worked out for each district. The ratio, thus ]alandhar, Kapurthala and Rupnagaf', while Ludhiana obtained, have been grouped into four categories and falls in the lowest category oJ 700 and below. shown on the map by choropleth technique as explained in the legend to the map. Dependency ratio seem to have some relation with There are 746 dependents per 1000 of the urbanisation and industrialisation. Overall patterns population in working age group 15-59 in the state. indicate that the districts which are more industrialised This ratio varies between 824 in Firozpur district and and urbanised have lesser dependency ratio. 685 in Ludhiana district. In all, eight districts fall above and four below the state average in this regard. The table below shows district cumulativ'e population in dependent age-groups (0-14 and 60+) The map reveals that only Firozpur district falls with rural-urban break up in Punjab as per ,4991 in the highest range of 801 and above. As many as Census :-

Total population in dependent age-groups (0-14 and 60 + ) State/District Total Rural Urban

PUNJAB 8,616,590 6,210,320 2,406,,,270,. Gurdaspur 748,650 593,620 155,030 Amritsar 1,082,000 735,690 346,310 Firozpur 723,470 560,970 1162,500 Ludhiana 999,190 518,840 480,350 Jalandhar 835,210 546,300 \288,910 Kapurthala 272,300 205,810 66,490, Hoshiarpur 621,580 533,590 87,990

Rupnagar 382,310 294,750 1 87,560 Patiala 807,390 582,260 225,130 Sangrur 733,490 5,55,520 177,970 Bathinda 670,100 525,430 ~44,670 Faridkot 740,900 557,540 I 83,36Q, . I

54 MAP 26

~AB DEPENDEN~~q~ATIO 10 50 1991 10 20 30 40

KILOMETRES

POPIJI.A0-14 AND TION 60 IN AGE-GROUP POPULA TION +INPER 1000 OF 15-59. AGE-GROUP BOU~DARY, INTERNATIONAL " STATE!U T ..... _.- ~ 801 AND ABOVE DISTRICT.... • ...... _. _._.- ~751 -8l ~ (701 STAT E AVERAG 74&) ~ -750

[ill 700 AND BELOW

55 MAP 27

CHANGE IN DEPENDENCY RATIO, 1981-91

Districtwise change in dependency ratio during the dependency ratio has slumped from 874 in 1981 t 98 t -9 t is shown on the facing map. to 753 inC 1991 while the corresponding improvement in case to Sangrur is of only 19 points (775 in 1981 Dependency ratio has been worked out separately to 756 in 1991). The improvement in dependency ratio for t 981 and t 991 for each district and grouped into is noted to be higher than that of the state as a whole three comparable ranges. Different tones of green in six districts. Besides Gurdaspur they include Amritsar, colour have been used to present the picture for 198 t )alandhar, Kapurthala, Hoshiarpur and Rupnagar. over which 199 t figures have been shown by graded shades in black and white. The number of districts in the range of high dependency ratio, 801 and above has reduced from Dependency ratio in the state is declining and this eight in 1981 to only one in 1991. In the next lower is quite encouraging. It has declined from 809 in 1981 range, 751-800, the number of districts has gone up to 746 in 1991 . All the districts in the state exhibit from three in 1981 to seven in 1991. The range with this trend. However, the extent of improvement varies lowest values 750 and below witnessed an increase in considerably among the districts. In Gurdaspur district, number of districts from one in 1981 to four in 1991.

56 MAP 27

PUNJAB f.N«rr 3R1ffiJ II QHCld'1 " afANGE IN DEPENlENCY RATIO 1981-91 1050 1020"3040

KLOMETRES ., <

BOUNDARY, INTERNATIONAL. " _._._ STATE/U.T...... _._. _ _ POPULATION IN AGE-GROUPS 0-14 AND DlSTRlcT...... _._ . _ 60+ PER 1000 OF POPUlATION IN • AGE-GROUP 15-59 1981 1991 801 AND ABOVE ~ 801 AND ABOVE 1ST ATE AVERAGE 809)

751 -- 800 [=:J ~ 751 -- 800

" [ill {STATE AVERAGE 746) 750 AND BELOW l___j 750 AND BELOW

57 MAP 28

MALES IN WORKING AGE GROUP 15-59, 1991

Districtwise proportion of males in working age­ 54.47 in Firozpur. Four districts fall above and eight group 15-59 is shown on the facing map. below the state average. On the map centrally located districts of Ludhiana, Jalandhar and Kapurthala, and The percentage of males in working age-group Rupnagar constitute high range, 57.01 and above. By 15-59 to total male population of the district has contrast, the districts along the ,international border, been calculated and shown on the map by using viz. Gurdaspur, Amritsar and Firozpur stand out graded shades in black and white. Apart from this, conspicuously in the lowest range of 56.00 and below. pie diagrams proportionate to total male population The remaining five districts constitute the range 56.01- have beE!n drawn in each district and sub-divided 57.00. The districts of Patiala, Sangrur, Bathinda and to represent males in working age-group. The figures Faridkot constituting the Malwa tract and Hoshiarpur given at the· top of circle indicate total male can be seen in this range. population. The graduated circles drawn in each district 56.72 per cent of the total males in the state indicate segment of males in working age-group in total are in working age group 15-59. Among the distriCts, population. All the districts in the state have at least this percentage varies between 59.5° in Ludhiana and one-half of their male population in working age-group.

58 _MAP 28

PUNJAB 15-59 ri '* 'Cfi'T

PUNJAB !NOT TO SCAL£)

,/ MALEFIGURES POPULATION. AT THE TOP OF CIRCLES INDICATE TOTAL

FIGURES WITHIN 'n£ OF MALE POP\JLA TIO~~~~~~ INDICATE PERCENT AGE TO TOTAL MALE POPUL KING AGE-GROUP 15-59 MALE POPULATION IN , ATION. WORKING AGE- GROUP 15-59.

59 MAP 29

CHANGE IN MALES IN WORKING AGE-GROUP 15-59, 1981-91

This map shows districtwise changing pattern of In the state, the number of males in working age­ proportion of males in working age-group 15-59 group 15-59 has increased from 4,913,650 in 1981 during 1981-91 in Punjab. to 6,138,220 in 1991 resulting in an overall change by 1.74 per cent. Among the districts,' barring Sangrur The change in proportion of males in age-group which witnessed a fall of (-) 0.03 per cent, all other 15-59 to total males has been worked out as; districts in the state experienced gain in its male population in age-group 15-59 during this decade. This increase varied between 3.50 per cent in Gurdaspur and B BIJ 0.3 per cent in Patiala. In all, five districts recorded C = (A - Al x 100 percentages above and seven below the state average. Four districts in the state recorded an increase Where A and A I stands for total male of 2.01 per cent and above. Besides Gurdaspur, they population in 1991 and 1981 respectively, Band include Jalandhar, Kapurthala and Hoshiarpur. A B' indicate total male population in working age­ similar number of districts, namely, Amritsar, group of 15-59 in 1991 and 1981 respectively. Rupnagar, Bathinda and Faridkot appear under the range 1.01-2.00 per cent. The increase in proportion The figures thus obtained have been grouped into of males in age-group 15-59 to total male population three categories and shown on the map by different is observed to be relatively low in the range of 1.00 grades of shades. In addition, change in absolute per cent and below in three districts viz., Firozpur, number of males in age-group 15-59 can be Ludhiana and Patiala. visualised from side lapping bars drawn in each district. In order to distinguish between 1991 and As already explained, district Sangrur witness~d 1981 bars, the former has been sho~n in solid black fall in its male population in age-group 15-59 durihg colour while the latter has been left blank. this decade. MAP 29

PUNJAB ~ 1S-59 ri eli ~ ~ 3W! cpt .q 'l~"'1 .qqfhht'1 CHANGE IN MALES IN WORKING AGE-GROUP 15-591981-91 10 5 0 10 20 30 40

KLOMETRES

'9 ( ., () ~

PERCENTAGE CHANGE IN PROPORTION OF FEMALE BOUNDARY, INTERNATIONAL ..... _._._ POPULATION IN WORKING AGE- GROUP 15-59 TO TOTAL STATE/O.T...... _._._ FEMALe POPULATION _ B " DISTRICT ...... _._._ INCREASE DECREASE i§ 7 _ 2.01 AND ABOVE mlOO AND BELOW ~8 6 !I~ e ir .. .. ~ ~ 1.01 _ 2.00 . (ST~TE AVERAGE 1.74 ) ;a ~ [II] 1.00 N-lD BELOW ~t n • YEAR SCAlE OF BARS

61 MAP 30

FEMALES IN WORKING AGE GROUP 15-59, 1991

The map presents proportion of females in districts, the percentage of females in working age in working age-group 15-59 by districts in Punjab as per total female population is the highest in Jalandhar 1991 Census. (58.79) and is closely followed by Ludhiana (58.32). Firozpur (54.80), on the other hand, lies at the tail. The percentage ·of females in working age group 15-59 to total females has been calculated for each Centrally located districts of Ludhiana and district and shown on the map by choropleth technique Jalandhar can be noticed in the highest rang~ pf 58.01 by arranging the values in three different categories. and above. As many as six districts reveal percentages Further, circles proportionate to total female varying between 57.01-58.00. The western part of population have been drawn in each district and sub­ the state covering districts of Amritsar, Firozpur, divided to represent the share of females in working Bathinda and Faridkot exhibit low values in the range age group. 57.00 and below. Likewise, the proportion of females in working age-group the female population in the Out of 9,445,030 females in Punjab, 5,412,000 districts also varies appreciably as can be noticed from pertain in to 15-59 age-group. This makes 57.30 per the size circles drawn on the map. This, however, is cent of the total females in the state. As such, the related with the total population of the district. proportion of females in working age-group is higher Amritsar has the highest number while Kapurthala is than that of their male counterpart. Among the placed at the bottom.

62 MAP 30

PUNJAB 15-59 ri ~ "tfi"fi m ~ crt .q fup:IT 9445030 FEMALES IN WORKING AGE-GROUP 15-591991 105010 20 3040

KLOMETRES

BOUNDARY, INTERNATIONAL PERCENTAGE OF FEMALE POPU­ " STATE/U.T..... ::::: =:-.------1600000 LATION IN WORKING AGE-GROUP 15-59 TO TOTIIL FEMALE POPU f' DISTRICT ...... _.=:= LATION. f - ~ 58.0( AND ABOVE

FIGURES AT THE TOP OF CIRCLES INDICATE TOTAL FEMALE ~ 57.01 - 58.00 POPULATION (STATE AVERAGE 57.30) FIGURES WIJ'HIN THE SECTORS IND)CATE PERCENTAGE OF 57.00 AND BELOW FE¥ALE POPULATION IN WORKING'AGE-GROUP 15-59 TO ITIIJ TOTAL FEMALE POPULATION.

63 MAP 31

CHANGE OF FEMALES IN WORKING AGE-GROUP 15-59, 1981-91 . •

This map portrays districtWise changing pattern The regional patterns, as. observed from the facing of female population in working age-group 15-59 map reveal that the increase in proportion of females during 198 1-91 in Punjab as recorded at the 1991 in age-group 15-59 is 2.20 per cent and above in four Census. The cartographic technique used in preparation districts. Besides Gurdaspur, they include Amritsar, of this map is same as explained in map no. 29. )alandhar and Rupnagar. The female population in age-group 15-59 in the . The increas~ in female population in working ag.e~ state has increased 4,357,960 in 1981 to 5,412,00Q in 1991. As such, the female population in this group is in the range of 1.40-1.99 in Firozpur, working age-group in the state increased by 1.80 per Kapurthala, Hoshiarpur and Patiala districts. cent during this decade. Among the districts, this increase varied between 3.17 per cent in Gurdaspur and 0.75 The loWest range of 1.39 and below also covers per cent in Ludhiana district. Six districts each recorded four districts. Apart from Ludhiana, they include percentages above and below the state average. Sangrur, Bathinda and Faridkot.

64 MAP 31

PUNJAB 15-5? ri eli ~ ~ . ~ em 1l ~-qqfh'd"1 CHANGE IN FEMALES IN WORKING AGE-GROUP 15-591981-91 10 5 0 10 20 30 40

K~OMETRES ~ .

l~i

PERCENTAGE CHANGE IN PROPORTION OF MALE POPULATION IN WORKING AGE· GROUP 15-59 TO TOTAL MALE rOPULATION

~ 2.20 iND ABOVE

~ L40/- 2.19 (STATE AVERAGE 1.801 ITID 1.39 AND BELOW

6S MAP 32

URBAN MALES IN WORKING AGE-GROUP t 5-59, 1991

Districtwise percentage of males in working age­ districts, namely, Ludhiana, Kapurthala and Rupnagar. group 15-59 among total males in urban areas is This proportion varies between 58.01-60.00 in five depicted on the map. The cartographic technique districts viz., Gurdaspur, Amritsar, ]alandhar, Patiala adopted in preparation of this map is as explained under and Bathinda. As many as four districts display map no. 28. percentages in the lowest range of 58.00 and below and they namely are Firozpur, Hoshiarpur, Sangrur and According to 1991 Census, merely three-fifths Faridkot. (59.26%) of the total urban males belong to age­ group 15-59. This percentage is the highest in Ludhlana district (61.84) and the lowest in Firozpur The total male population among the districts in district (56.70). The districts which show percentages the state also varies considerably as can be noticed from higher than the state average include Ludhiana, the size of circles drawn. It is the highest in Ludhiana Jalandhar, Kapurthala, Rupnagar and Patiala. (688,970) and the lowest in Kapurthala (91,210). It signifies that the number of urban males in Ludhiana The proportion of urban males in working age­ district is more than seven times bigger than that of group 15-59 is high, 60.01 and above, in three Kapurthala district. '(,

66 MAP 32

"Y INTERNATlONAl. .... _._.-_. _._ BOU~DAR • STATE/U.T.•. , ..... _._._ .. DISTRICT...... '"

I THE CIRCLES INDICATE TOTAL MALE FIGURES• AT TOP OFAREAS. INDICATE GE TOTALOF URBAN POPlA.ATION ~I1~URBAN THE SECTQRS AGE-.GROUPPERC~~~O 15- MALEMALSFIGURES, POPULPO~TION'IN WIT rIoN IN URBANWORK~EAS ____-== _------=::=

67 MAP 33 CHANGE. IN URBAN MALES IN WORKING AGE-GROUP 15-59,1981-91

The changing pattern of urban males in working while the decline varied between (-) 3.53 per cent age-group 15-59 during 198 t -9 t is shown on the in Rupnagar and (-) O. I 3 per cent in Bathinda district_ map. The cartographic technique adopted in this case is as explained in map no. 29. Only two districts., viz., Gurdaspur and Kapurthala can be seen in the highest range of 2.01 and above, and. an equal number of districts (Jalandhar and The state experienced an increase of 0.57 per Hoshiarpur) appear in the following range of cent in its number of urban males, in working age­ 1.01-2.00. The lowest range, 1.00 and below; group 15-59 during 198'1-9 t. Out of 12 districts in incorporates four districts which includes Amritsar, the state four experienced decline in their urban males Firozpur, Sangrur and Faridkot. under this age group. These districts include l.udhiana, Rupnagar, Patiala and Bathinda, The remaining eight Four districts in the state experienced decline in districts noticed increase in their urban males in their urban males. This decrease was more than one -working age group. This increase was the highest in per cent in Rupnagar district while it was below in three Kapurthala (2.71) and the lowest in Sangrur (0. I 4), districts, namely, Ludhiana, Patiala and Bathinda.

68 / MAP 33

! PtMJAB 15-5,9 ri ~ ~ tOnr aw:r "CPt II ~ ~ 1l 4R4ti.. " CHANGE IN URBAN MALES IN WORKING AGE GROUP 15-59 1981-91 IO!S 0 10 20 30 40

KLOMETRES

R

BOUNDARY, INTERNATIONAL DECREASE .. STATE/U.T ..... ::::: =._ .....i DISTRICT...... _: =: = ~ 2.0' AND ABOVE r=-=l~ III AND ABOVE ~'.0'_2.00~ ~I II ,.00I AND BELOW

OJ] 1.00 AND BELOW " (S TATE AVERAGE 0 .57)

YEAR SCALE OF BARS

69 MAP,34

RURAL MALES IN WORKING AGE-GROUP 15-59, 1991

The facing map shows proportion onu raf_1n ales, highest range of 56.01 and above. Likewise, ,the in working age-group 15-59 in total rural' miles by' northern and noitlf-eastern part covering Cfistricts of districts in the state as recorded at the 1991 Cen·s,us., Gurdaspur, Hoshiarpur and Rupnagar and Faridk6t can The technique used on this map is similar to the ~nj:! b,~,~e~n under the range 55.01-56.00. The districts explained under map no. 28. bf1Xmrits,ar ane! Firozpur' in:the weSt and Patiala in the. soutb;ia~i}~f~jn \theJowest range'of 55.00 and ;elow. In the state, rural males in age-group 15-59 constitute 55.65 per cent of the total males in rural '·JJ1ere is considerable variation in the size of rural areas. This percentage ranges between 57.22 per cent males in working' age-group in the districts. The circles in Ludhiana and 53.77 per cent in Firozpur district:, drawn on the map bring 6ur clearly the extent of this As many as seven districts fall above and five below variation. The number of rural males in the working the state average. age-group Is the~ largest in Amritsar district and the I sm'3l1est in Kapurthala. In fact, the size of rural male~ The central and south-central parts of the state in ,;,!orldng age-group in the largest district (Amritsar) covering districts of Ludhiana, Jalandhar,. Kapurthala, tS; mar~ than three tini'es the smallest district Sangrur and Bathinda emerge conspicuously in the (Ka'pl1rthala). "'",-,,' ,< ~.

70 MAP 34

JAMMU & ./

7600290

A R BOUNDARYII • PERCENTAGE 0 INTERNATIONAL POPULATION IN F RURAL MALE TOTAL RUR~L ______MALE ~QPULA nON It STATE/U.T. GROUP 15-59 T WORKING AGE 1200000 DISTRICT...... POPULATION IN a TOTAL MAL~ ~ R1ALAREAS

~ 56.01 AYO ABOVE

FIGURES AT TH POPULATION E TOP OF CIRC ~55.0l(STATE AVER- FIGURES WIT IN, RURAL AREAS LES INOICATE TOT AGE56.00 55.651 RURAL MALEHltJ THE SECTOR~ AL MALE [ill] 55.00 AND BE LOW TO TOTAL MA~~P~~:~~":T IN W~~~~~EA::RCENTAGE OF RURAL MALE \ ION IN RURAL A -GROUP 15-59 IN AGE-GROUPPOPULATION _ REAS. 15-59 MAP 35

CHANGE IN RURAL MALES IN WORKING AGE-GROUP IS-59, 1981-91

The change in rural males in working age-group The increase in proportion of rural males in agE 15-59 during 198 t -9 t by districts in the state is group t 5-59 was in the highest range of 3.01 ani depicted on the facing map. The cart<~graphic above in four districts -which besides Gurdaspur technique used in presentation of this data is simi~ar: includes ;all of three districts 'namely, 'Jalandha~ to the one explained under map no. 29. . Kapurthala and Hoshlarpur of ".'Hist" Doab. Fiv districts in the state, exhibit values in the range 1.01· The state recorded an overall intr.ease ,of 2.11 3.00'::and-'#ley ri3;mely, are Amritsar, Ludhlana per cent in rural mi'es in working a&e-gJ:'()tlP 15'-59 ,Rupnagar; Bathfnda!"nd, Farldkot. Firozpur and Patial during this decade. 7>.11 the districts hi the state barring can be seen in the lowest range of 1.00 and belm Sangrur noticed increase in rural males in this age­ while Sangrur displays decrease which was below on group. This increase varied between 3.85 per cent in per cent. Gurdaspur and 0.70 per cent in p'atlala. Sangrur district witnessed a marginal detline in its rural males 'The side lappln~ bars drawn within one district in working age-group 15-59 to the ext-ent of (-) 0.09 snow. absolute num,ber of rural males In working age­ per cent. group' -for 1981 i and 1991.

72 MAP 35

15-59ri~=~ ~~.q q~cH1'1 3W!cpt-q CHANGE IN IN WORKINGR~~:L MALES 15-59 1981-91 -GROUP

to 5 0 to 20 30 40

KILOMETRES

BOUNDARY" • INTERNATIONAL " STATE/U.T. • ..•. _._._ DISTRIct...... -._ _ • -.-_

13 MAP 36

URBAN FEMALES IN WORKING AGE-GROUP IS-59, 1991

This map exhibits urban females in working age­ extending from north-west to south-east and covering group 15-59 by districts in Punjab as revealed by districts of Gurdaspur, Amritsar, Ludhiana, Jalandhar, 1991 Census. The cartographic technique used in this Hoshiarpur and Patiala can be seen in the range 59.01- map corresponds to the one explained in map no. 28. 60.00. The south-western part of the state encompassing districts of Firozpur, Sangrur, Bathinda, In the state, nearly three-fifths (59.93%) of the Faridkot, and Kapurthala -appear under the lowest state urban females belong to working age-group 15-59. range of 59.00 and below.

This percentage is the highest in Rupnagar district There is a marked disparity in the size of urban (61.69) and the lowest in Sargrur (57.12). Out of females in working age-group among the districts 12 districts in the state, seven fall above and five below as can be seen from the map. Their number is the the state average. highest in Ludhiana and the lowest in Kapurthala. Infect, the size of urban females in working age­ Rupnagar district solely appears under the highest group in Ludhiana district is more than seven times range, 60.01 and above while the entire region to that of Kapurthala.

74 MAP 36

BO UNDARY, INTERNA~NAL::::: =:=:= PERCENTAGE OFWORKING URBAN FEMALE AGE- STATE/U. . .. _._ • PO",-",,,". TOTAL FE",LE :: DISTRICT...... _ . E POPULATION POPULAGROUP 15-59 TION JkBAN. AREAS TO"L U"'_AN_'"",-__ '00000 m!§l ,J.", 'NO ABOVE ---- 300000

----- 100 000 ~ 59 .01 - 60 .00 IRCLES INDICATE TOTAL FEMALE HE' TOP OF' THE C URBAN FEMALE --- D1TI AND BELOW · . 59 .00 ERAGE 5693 ; ~~Tf;NFIGUR~S WITHIN TN ':C~O:~~CATEU~~~~~~~g.fALWORKING AGE-GRO FEMALE ·• . .• POPULATION . I STATE AV • INURBAN AGE- FGER~t~EI5_59 POPULATIONPOPULA nON ~ URBAN AREAS.

75 MAP 37

CHANGE IN URBAN FEMALES IN WORKING AGE-GROUP 15-59, 1981-91

The map shows change in urban females in recorded increase more than the state average while five working age-group by districts in the state as recorded fall below. at the 1991 Census. The cartographic technique followed in this map is as adopted for map no. 29. Two districts in the state recorded increase in the range 2.01 and above. Besides Rupnagar, it includes Hoshiarpur district. Three districts, namely, Gurdaspur, The proportion of urban females in working age Firozpur and ]alandhar following the range 1.01 -2.00. group 15-59 in the state has increased by 1.36 per cent during 1981 -91. All the districts in the state The maximum number of districts (7) can be seen experienced increase in the proportion of urban in the lowest range, 1.00 and below. Districts of females in this age-group. The increase was the Amritsar and Kapurthala in the northern half and maximum in Rupnagar district (3.31) and the minimum Ludhiana, Patiala, Sangrur, Bathinda and Faridkot in in Patiala district (0.38). Seven districts in the state the southern half appear under this range.

76 MAP 37

CHANGE IN URBAN FEMALES IN WORKING AGE-GROUP 15-59 1981-91 105010203040

KLOMETRES ., (

9OUNOARY.INTERNATIONAL. .... _._._ PERCENTAGE CHANGE IN PROPORTION OF STATEjU.T...... _._._. URBAN FEMALE POPULATION IN WORKING AGE- GROUP 15-59 TO TOTAL URBAN " DISTRICT...... _. _._ FEMALE POPULATION

2.01 AND ABOVE

I 1.01 _ ' 2.00 (STATE AVEIlAGE 1.061

1.00 AND BELOW in"iii ~!!! YEAR SCALE OF BARS

77 MAP 38

RURAL FEMALES IN WORKING AGE-GROUP 15-59, 1991

The proportion of rural females in working age­ five districts and can be seen running north-south in group 15-59 is shown on the map by districts in the an elongated belt covering districts of Ludhiana, state as revealed by 1991 Census. The method Jalandhar, Kapurthala, Hoshiarpur and Sangrur. An adopted in representing the data is similar to the one equal number of districts can be noted in the range explained under map no. 28. 56.01-57.00. They include Gurdaspur in the north, Rupnagar and Patiaia in the east and south-east and In the state, rural females in working age-group Bathinda and Faridkot in the south. The lowest range 15-59 constitute 56.63 per cent of the total rural of 56.00 and below covers Amritsar and Firozpur females. Among the districts, this percentage varies districts lying to the west. between 58.32 per cent in Jalandhar district and 53.99 per cent in Firozpur district. Seven districts The absolute number of rural females varies fall above and five below the state average. considerably among the districts. The biggest district (Amritsar) in almost more than 3Y2 times larger that The highest range of 57.01 and includes above the smallest district (Kapurthala).

78 MAP 38

JAMMU

-'

FIGURES AT E - FEMALE PO;['t TOP OF CIR FIGURES WITHIN A~ION IN RUR~C~SR~~ICA TE TOTAL TAGE OF RURAL FHE SECTORS INDICA S. AGE,GROUP I EMALE POPU TE PERC EN- IN R~RAL AR:~~9 TO TOTAL F~~~~~ POPULATIONIN WORKING

79 MAP 39

CHANGE IN RURAL FEMALES IN WORKING AGE-GROUP 15-59, 1981-91

This map shows changing pattern of rural females The percentage increase in the highest range 2.01 in working age-group 15-59 at district level in Punjab and above can be seen in five districts covering as revealed by 1991 Census. The map has been prepared Gurdaspur, Amritsar, Jalandhar, Kapurthala and as per the method described under map no. 29. Rupnagar. The entire southern portion covering Firozpur, Patiala, Sangrur, Bathinda and Faridkot During 1981-91, the rural female population in districts, and the Hoshiarpur district in the north-east can be seen in the range 1.01-2.00. Ludhiana district age-group 15-59 has changed by 1.90 per cent. All alone falls in the lowest range of 1.00 and below. the districts in the state experienced increase in their female population in rural areas under this age-group. The side-lapping bars drawn within the districts This increase was the minimum in Gurdaspur district aim to indicate the absolute number of rural females (3.55) and the minimum in Ludhiana (0.72). Five in age-group 15·59 at the 1981 and 1991 Censuses. districts in the state show increase above the state The length of the bars reflects that the gap in the average, while remaining seven fall below the state figures of 1981 and 1991 is, by and large, in the average. same ratio among all the districts in the state. MAP 39

81 MAP 40

URBAN POPULATION, 1991

This map shows tahsilwise proportipli or'urban The areal variations indicate that the" percentage of population in total population in Punjab as per 1991 urban population is very high (40.01 % and above) in Census. four tahsils viz., Amritsar, Ludhiana, Jalandhar and Patiala. The high percentage of urban population in the range The percentage of urban population 'to ~otal of 35.01 and 45.00 is noticed in Bathlnda tahsil. population has been worked out for each tahsil. The percentages thus obtained are grouped into six ranges and t.l ~.hsjrs in the state fall in the range 25.01-35.00. shown on the map by using graded shaded in black. a~d_ They' cover three tahsi,ls of Sangrur district, two of i white as explained in the legend to fhe map. Firozpw district an,d 'One each of Gurdaspur, Ludhiana, Hoshiarpur" Rupnagar, :P~tiala and Faridkot districts. but of 20,281,969 persons in the state, 5,93,225 are residing in urban areas. In other words, 29.55 per The maximum. nUJ;nber of tahsils (14) can be seen cent of the state's population is urban by residence. As under the f~nge 15.01-25.00 and they include three such, Punjab state is comparatively more urbanised than tahsils of Patiala district, two each of Gurdaspuf, Rupnagar the country as a whole where 25,73 per cent of the and Fariqkot district and one each of Firozpur, Ludhiana, population is urban. . Jalandhar, Kajmrthala and Bathlnda districts. Among th(;! tahsils, the percentage of urban ,The urbanisation l¢veJ is low in the range of 5.01- population varies betw~en 68.34 pe'r cent in, Ludhiana 15'.00 in t 1 tdhsils, namely, Tarn Taran and ·Patti and 3.73 per cent in Baba Bakala (District Amritsar).: (Amritsar), Zira (Firo~pur), Samrala (Ludhiana), Phillaur Three tahsils in the state have more th~1l1 one-half ofth~ir 'and Nakodar' (Jalandha'r), $ultanpur Lodhi (Kapurthala), population as urban. Besides Ludhiana, they include Dasua (Hoshiarpur), Sunam (Sangrur) and Mansa and Amritsar and Jalandhar: Incidentally, all these three have Rampura Phul (Bhatinda). one Municipal Corporation town each. On the contrary, the urban population constitutes less than one-tenth of The urbanisation level is veiy loW 5.00 per cent and the total population in four tahsils, namely, Baba Bakala, , 'below in Ajnala and Baba Bakala tahsils .(Amritsar district) Ajanala ana, 'Jarn Taran (Amritsar DIstrict) ,!lnd and Garhshankar tahsil of Hoshiarpur district. Garhshankar (Hoshiatpur District). One tahsil In the state, The following table shows dlstrictwise percentage of viz., Balachaur (Hoshiarpur District) is 'entirely rlJra'J. in~ urban pOPIJ!ation to iotal population as :'per the 1981 all, 10 tahsils fa-II above and 35. below the state average. 'and' 1991 Censuses : - ' "

Percentage of Urban Population State/District 1981 1991

PUNJAB 27.68 29.55 Gurdaspur 21.69 22.00 Amritsar 32.97 34.09 Firozpur 22.85 23.91 Ludhlana 42.04 50.28 Jalandhar 35.32 35.96 Kapurthala 29.97 25.76 Hoshiarpur 14.42 15.27 Rupnagar 29.59 25.37 Patiala 25.59 29.90 ~angrur 22.81 24.44 Bathinda 22.68 22.51 Faridkot 23.87 25.41

82 MAP·40

.PUNJAB , ~ ll1'1fi@H ~- ' if .,. URBAN POPULATION >f , -' 199-1' , ~ ri ;, ' 10:5 () 10 ' 20 '30. 40" .y~ ~~ ," KILOMETRES> .-<;: (\ 1-

.,. ",'.' ()

~ PERCENTAGFoP' URBAili 'PC>PU- LATION TO TOTAL POPULATION 1991 to ~ 45.01 AND ABOVE ~ 35.01 _ 45.00 'BOUNDARY,INTERNATIONAL. ... . 25.01 - 35.00 STATE/U.T ...... ~ DISTRICT ...... 15!01 _ 25.00 TAHSIL. .. , ...... OJ] ~ ' 5.01 _ is.OO C3. 5. 00 AND BELOW ~ ENTIREL Y RURAL

83 MAP 41

CHANGE IN URBAN POPULATION, 1981·91

The map portrays change in urban population in Punjab (Firozpur), Bamala (Sangrur) and Moga (Faridkot) fall in during 1981-91 at tahsil level. The percentage change in the high range of 40.01-50.00 per cent. urban population has been worked out as : The tahsils which experienced urban growth rate varying between 30.01 and 40.00 per cent number seven and spread Urban Population in 1991- Urban Population in 1981 over, two in Ludhiana district and one each in Amritsar, ----~------~------xIOO Urban Population in 1981 Firozpur, Hoshiarpur, Patiala and Sangrur districts. In all 1 5 tahsils exhibit an urban growth rate higher than that of the The percentages thus obtained are grouped into six State as a whole. different ranges exhibiting 'increase' and two showing The urban growth rate is low, 10.00 per cent and below, 'decrease' and are shown on the map by using different grades in Batala tahsil of Gurdaspur district and Fatehgarh Sahib of black and white hatching. This apart, the tahsil with no tahsil of Patiala district. It varies between 10.01 and 20.00 urban population, as per 1991 Census, is distinctly marked per cent in 11 tahsils distributed over two each in Amritsar as 'Entirely Rural' on the map. and Jalandhar districts; and one each in Gurdaspur, Ludhiana, In the State the urban population has increased by 28.95 Kapurthala, Hoshiarpur, Patiala, Bathinda and Faridkot district. per cent during 1981-91. In absolute terms Punjab's urban Fourteen tahsils fall in the range 20.01-30.00 per cent. population has increased from 4,647,757 in 1981 to Five tahsils in the State experienced deceleration in their 5,993,225 in 1991. urban population during 1981-91. In Nakodar (Jalandhar), Among the 46 tahsils, 40 experienced 'increase' and Kapurthala and Phagwara (Kapurthala) the urban population 5 tahsils recorded 'decrease' in their urban population during declined by over 10 per cent, while in Sunam (Sangrur),and this decade. The remaining one tahsil is entirely rural. Talwandi Sabo (Bathinda) the extent of decline was 10 per cent or below. The decrease in urban population in these Tahsils which recorded increase display a great disparity tahsils is primarily attributed to the declassification of Notified in their urban growth rate. The growth in urban population Area Committees (NACs) of 1981 at the time of 1991 is the highest (82.88%) in Kharar tahsil (Rupnagar) and the Census. lowest (4.05%) in Fatehgarh Sahib tahsil (Patiala). Balachaur Tahsil in Hoshiarpur district has no urban Two tahsils namely, Kharar and Ludhiana exhibit a very population as per 1991 Census and is thus shown as "Enti~ely high growth rate of 50.01 % and above. The proximity of Rural" on the map. Kharar to the Chandigarh Union Territory which is the administrative headquarters of Punjab, Haryana and The pace of urbanisation in Punjab and its cpnstituent Chandlgarh, and the Industrial growth In Ludhiana, besides districts has slowed during 1981-91 with the exception of other factors, have attributed to rapid urban growth in these Ludhiana and Firzopur districts, as is envisaged from the table tahsils. In addition, four tahsils, viz., Gurdaspur, Zira below.

SI. Urban population Urbanlgrowth rate No. State/District 1991 1981 ,1971 1981-91 1971-81 PUNJAB 5,993,225 4,647,757 1,216,179 28.95 44.51 1. Gurdaspur 386,412 328,268 249,OQ4 17.71 ,31.79 2. Amritsar 853,831 721,629 535,470 18.32 ~4.77 3. Firozpur 384,400 298,071 231,550 28.96 28.73 4. Ludhiana 1,242,781 764,140 494,062 62.64 1 54.66 5. Jalandha,r 728,802 612,591 437,164 18.97 40.13 6. Kapurthala 166,605 163,418 99,670 1.95 163.96 7. Hoshlarpur 222,138 179,620 127,223 23.67 41.18' 8. Rupnagar 232,317 154,638 82,595 50.23 87.22 9. Patiala 566,973 464,295 316,309 22.11 46.7,8 10. Sangrur 417,994 321,64] 232,896 29.96 33. t'o 11. Bathinda 351,133 295,877 182,274 18.68 62.~2 11. Faridkot 439,8~9 343,569 227,882 28.02 50:77

84 MAP 41

JAMMU

85 MAP 42

GROWTH, OF URBAN POPULATION BY SIZE CLASS OF URBAN AREAS, 1901-91

This map shows the growth of urban population Census of 1991. The size of urban population under by size class of towns in Punjab during 1901-91. class I towns during this period increased from 162,429 in 1901 to 324,624 in 1991. The Districtwise vertical bars proportionate to total proportion of urban population in class I towns in urban population for each decennial year from 1901 total urban population has increased from 7.38 per to 1991 have been drawn. Each bar has been sub­ cent in 1901 to 54.16 per cent in 1991. This signifies divided into five segments for representing population that more than one-half of the urban population in under class I, II, III, IV, V and VI towns. The the state Is residing in 10 class I towns out of which population of class V and VI towns have been grouped one (Ludhiana), has a population of over one million. together for the purpose of t~is map. The vertical scale drawn to the left of each diagram indicates There were only two class II towns in the state absolute number. at the time /of 1901 Census and together they contained a population of 121,280. The number of The urban population in the state has increased class II towns fluctuated between 2 and 4 until 1951. from 934,766 in 1901 to 5,993,225 in 1991 and Since then, the number has gradually increased to 1~ the corresponding increase in the number of towns at the 1991 Census and they contain an urban is from 76 to 120. population of 1,193,171 which constitutes nearly one­ fifth (19.91 %) of the urban population in the state. The decade 1901-11 witnessed a decline in Its urban population mainly due to famines and epidemics The number of class III towns has increased from which took place in the state during this period. The four to 190 1 ~o 25 in 1991. Interestingly, the subsequent decades recorded increase in their urban proportion of urban popu"lation under this class' of population. This increase was gradual till 1951 when towns has declined from 15.67 per cent in 1901 to the urban population in the state reached 1,989,267 12.92 per cent in 1991. which further increased to 5,993,225 to 1991. Obviously, post-independence period recorded Although, the number of class iv towns has grown accelerated growth in the urban population of the state from 14 in 1901 to 46 in 1991 , yet, their proportion in comparison to the pre-independence period. in urban population has slumped from 20.45'per cent to 10.82 per cent during this period. \ Amritsar was the only class I town in the state until 1931. With the addition of Ludhiana and The towns under class V and class VI towns Jalandhar, their number increased to 3 at "the time numb'ered 55 in 1901 which has reduced to 21 in of 1941 Census. The post-independence Census of 199 ~ and the proportion of urba'n\ pOPula~ion under 1951 also recorded only three class I towns in the these classes of towns has declined from 33.53 per state and this number increased to 10 at the last cent in 1901 to 2.19 per cent in 199(

86 MAP 42

SIZE... CLASS OF URBAN AR BOUNDARYII • INTERNAnONAL STATE/U.T...... _._._ ~;F:::;::::~q ~LASS lEAS. DISTRICT ..... _. _ • OPULATION 100 00 ...... _ CLASS U 'Of AND ABOVE (POPULATION 50 ObO _ ClASS'" I - 99 999) (POPULA lION 20 000 ~ CLASS N - 49999) (POPULATION 10 000 .. CLASS V AND - 19 999) IPOPULA liON 9999VI ==______AND BELOW)

87 MAP 43

GROWTH OF URBAN CENTRES, 1981-91

The map represents growth of urban centres per ceni:. Among them five are class I, 12 are class during 1981-91. For this purpose the towns have been II, nine are class III, 25 are class IV, four are class represented by way of different symbols according to V and one town pertains to size class VI. Further, their size class of population as detailed in the legend 18 of these towns can be seen under the range 30.0 t of the map. The new towns added at the 1991 Census - 40.00 per cent and the remaining 38 fall in the are distinguished by marking red outline of the symbol category 20.01-30.00. used. likewise, the urban centres showing negative growth are differentiated by broken red coloured The growth rate is low in the range of 10.01- outline of the symbol used. Six distinct black and white 20.00 per cent in 3.3 towns among which two are shades to represent "Gain" and two for "Loss" have class I, three are class II, nine are class III, 12 are been used as explained in the legend. class IV, six are class V and one is class VI. During 1981-9 t the urban population in the state Very low growth rate of t 0.00 per cent and has grown by 28.95 per cent. The towns among below is the characteristic of six towns which in order themselves, however, exhibit great disparity in their of their growth rate are; Batala (Gurdaspur), Sirhind growth rates. Out of 120 towns, 108 noticed increase (Fatehgarh Sahib), Urmar Tanda (Hoshiarpur), Sri and five witnessed decrease in their population. The Hargobindpur (Gurdaspur), Nakodar (Jalandhar) and remaining seven are new towns added at the 1991 Bassi (Patiala). Further, one of these six towns is class Census. Further, the growth rate among towns which I, two each are in the size class III and IV and one observed increase varies between 142.52 per cent in town belongs to class VI. SAS Nagar (Mohali) in Rupnagar district and 1.37 Five towns in the state witnessed decline in their per cent in Batala town of Gurdaspur district. population during 1981-91. The loss was 25.0 I per The growth rate was very high in the range of cent and above in two towns while it was 25.00 per 50.01 per cent and above in seven towns which in cent and below in case of three towns. Among these order of their growth rate are; SAS Nagar (Mohali), towns one each has class III and class IV status and Patran (Patiala), Bamala (Sangrur), Ludhiana, the rest three are class VI towns. I Gobindgarh (Patiala), Ahmedgarh (Sangrur) and Among the seven newly added towns two are class Rupnagar. According to size class one each of these IV, four are class V and one is class VI. towns belongs to class I and IV, two are class (( towns and three towns have class III status. The table below shows number of towns and growth rate of population during 1981-91 according Among the six towns which exhibit a growth rate to size classes of towns. No direct relationship is of 40.01-50.00 per cent one each can be seen under observed in the growth pattern of towns under various size class I, II and III and the other three belong to size classes. The growth rate is the fastest in class (I class IV. category, followed by class I and class IV. The Majority of the towns (56) in the state recorded remaining three size classes witnessed substantial fall a moderate growth rate varying between 20 and 40 in their population.

Number of town Population Growth rate Size Class 1991 1981 1991 1981 (%)1981-91

2 3 4 5 6 , 10 7 3,246,224 2,155,714 \ 50.59 II 18 10 1,193,171 668,780 78.41 III 25 27 774,453 940,482 ( - ) 17.65 IV 46 36 648,230 524,505 23.59 V 14 40 102,945 301,905 (-)65.90 VI 7 14 28,202 56,371 ( ~ ) 49.97 All Classes 120 134 5,993,225 4,467,757 28.95

88 ( MAP 43

PUNJAB ~ al:ibl-\il"i-:a;....·G!f(""' ~ GROWTH OF URBAN CENTRES 1981-91 10 50 10 20 30 40

1(l..000TRES

BOUNDARY.INTERNATlONAl...... ___._ ~ 40.01 - 50.00 STATE/U.T. ....•. , . . ___ ._ SIZE CLASS OF teAN CENTRES 30.01 .- 40.00 DlSTRlCT ...... _._ . _ mm 100 000 AM> ABOVE o ~ 20. ~ - 30.00

50000 - 99999 o ITIIIIII1IO.OI - 20.00 URBAN CENTRES WITH NEGATIVE GROWTH RATE ARE OUTlINED IN BROKEN RED LINE • 0 20000 - 49999 1::: ::::110.00 AM> BELOW UA - teAN AGGLOMERA TJON N D. 10000 - 19999 CoT. -' CENSUS TOWN. V 'VI 0 9999 AM> BELOW c=J NEW TOWNS

89 MAP 44

TOWNS DECLASSIFIED DURING 1981-91

The map exhibits towns which existed at the 1981 districts and one each in Gurdaspur, ludhrana, Census but lost their urban status and were declassified Hoshiarpur, Rupnagar, Patiala and Bathinda districts. at the 1991 Census. AIr such towns are shown on Thus, all the districts in State barring Firozpur, the map by using solid black circles according to the experienced declassification of town/towns at the size-class of population as in 1981. 1991 Census.

In all 21 Notified Area Committees (NACs) According to 1991 Census all these 21 NACs which existed at the 1981 Census stood declassified together have a population of 121,001 and this makes as rural at the 1991 Census. Among them one was 2.60 per cent of the total urban population of the class IV, 12 had class V status and 8 belonged to State. The table below indicates districtwise population class VI. Further, among the declassified towns five of the declassified town/towns as percentage of total are in Kapurthala district, three each in Amritsar and population of the district concerned as per 1981 Faridkot districts, two each in Jalandhar and Sangrur Census.

Population of declassified Number Total population town/towns as perc~ntage SI. of declassified of the declassified of urban population of No. State/District towns, 1991 town/towns, 1981 the district, 1981

2 3 4 5

1. Gurdaspur 2,660 0.81 2. Amritsar 3 22,176 3.07 3. Ludhiana 5,148 0.67

4. Jalandhar 2 11,196 1.~3 '\ 5. Kapurthala 5 25,014 15.31 6. Hoshiarpur 6,630 3.69 7. -Rupnagar 4,692 3.03 8. Patiala 4,900 1.06 I 9. Sangrur 2 13,459 4.18 10. Bathinda 10('454 3.53;

11. Faridkot 3 14,672 \ 4.27 "- 1 I Total 21 / 121,001 2.60 MAP 44

JAMMU I & _,J\ PUNJAB KASHMIR.r \ _,.J "I,w a1q.H~H1 ~ '-. t I . TOWNS DECLASSIFIED ~l..a v _.I DURING 1981-91 JNAROT r -s­ jjANAL SJNGHL1 ;- 1050 10 20 30 oW ~ ,,-I / 1- KLOMETRES r'-~,.J" ~., ~ • -'-._ C' rr \ -s. r AJNALA \ ., i ~ r~ ( CI) •.) \ ..0 ~ \ ~ ,\.. NAOALA .',BEGOWAL " ., (. ••BHULATH \ () 'J .DHLWAN • ~ (f' ( (',\ oS' • CHOLAeSAHS • TALWANDI CHAUI?RIAN \..-r' ~ -s- , KhEM KARAN "Ir1r-) 1- ~ ~,. ~ ,,~') -.MALSIAN BALACHAUR 7 ~ . J . 't. U.T. OF '-' CHAMKAUR SAHIB '-. CHANDIGARH ;.J' • 'I..."<'~,l ~r ~~ r I N HATHUR 0 \A, ./ "., BARRlW ALA . '" q~, e ~ ('r LAKHEWAU • 7 • 1 / ~\ ~ ~ v \ . J / 1 ~ ~ A ~ ) I' GHAGGA (.~~ ',,..,' / KLLlANWAU TALWANDI SASO • i t__ .___ .__ . ./_."... e i + RAJ ~ 5 T H AN t...... _. ~".) MOONAK KHANA~\ 1 . ....,.J • KALAN ~ ~J\ t"""-_.,,j""'\j to , ~ ~ L ~ I~ / '7 "",_) . A BOUNDARY, INTERNATIONAL. .... _._._ POPULATION SIZE CLASS " STATE/U.T...... _._._ I AS PER J98I CEHSUS I CLASS IlZ" (10000 - f999 ) • CLASS:lZ (5000 - 9999 ) • CLASS:lZ[ (BELOW 5000) I. •

91 MAP 45

FUNCTIONAL STRUCTURE OF URBAN CENTRES (CLASS I), 1991

The map shows functional structure of class I towns/ functional group is taken into account so that their total urban agglomerati~ns in the state on the basis of 1991 makes 60 per cent of more of the total main workers. Census. All such towns are then designated as "bi-functional". In case the total of two functional groups does not amount The Census of India classifies main workers into nine to 60 per cent of the total main workers then the third industrial categories viz., [-Cultivators; II-Agricu[tura[ predominant functional group is considered and the town Labourers; III-Livestock, ,Forestry, Fishing, Hunting and is classed as "Multi-functional". Plantations, Orchards and allied activities; IV-Mining and Quarrying; V-Manufacturing, Processing, Servicing and According to 1991 Census there are 10 class I towns/ Repairs (a) Househo[d industry; (b) Other than household urban agglomerations in Punjab State. All these urban centres industry; V[ -Constructions; VII-Trade and Commerce; are marked on the map by circles proportionate to their VIII-Transport, Storage and Communications, and [X-Other population size. The predominant functional groups of urban services, For the purpose of this map all these nine categories centres are shown by symbols of black and white shades are regrouped into followiJ:1g six predominant functional as detailed in the legend of the map. groups: Out of 10 class I urban centres two are monofunctional Functional Group Industrial Category and eight are bi-functional. No class I town of Punjab falls 1. Primary [, II and III in the category of multi-functional. 2. Mining [V Ludhiana and Pathankot are the two mono-func~ional 3. Industrial V [Veal & V(b}] and V[ towns, the former is industrial while the later is coriutiercial in nature. 4. ,Commercial VII 5. Transport VIII Among the eight bi-functiona[ towns, Bata[a, Amritsar, Abohar and )a[andhar are commercia[-cum-Industri,a[, 6. Services IX Hoshiarpur, Bathinda and Moga are commercia[-cum­ Percentage of main workers, under each of the services while Patia[a is services-cum-commercial in nature. predominant functional group, to total. main workers is T!1~_map reveals that among the six broad functional worked out for all the .class I urban centres in the state. - groups Industria[, Commercial and Services activities If the percentage of main wo'rkers ,under any of the dominate the scene in class I urban centres of lunjab. functional group forms 40 per cent or 'more of the total main workers it is designated as "Monofunctional". If, The table below indicates percentage of mkin ~orkers however, the percentage figure does not constitute 40 per under each industrial category to total main workers in class cent of the total main workers than the next predominant -f urbaJ"l; centres of Punjab. I v I SI. Name of Class I Total Main Percentage of l1'lain workers under each Industrial ca~gory - town Workers II III IV I V(a) V(b) VI VII I VIII I IX \, 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 II 12 13 ? , I 1. Ludhiana 343,359 1.32 4.88 1.97 0.19 44.50 6.32 20.47 6.23 1 14.12

2. Amritsar 213,459 2.16 5.81 0.65 0.0,6 0.23 28.43 3.26 30.32 \7.45t' 21.69, 3. JaIandhar 153,755 1.40 3.01 0.64 ~I 4.55 25.93 3.65 26.45 :7.68, 26.68~ 4. Bathjnda 45,780 3.41 2.88 1.84 01 1.32 15.63 4.22 26.25 11~91 3~.36 5. ~tiaIa 74,682 1.47 2.94 1.62 2.65 15.28 4.84 26.98 6.22 '38.0Q 6. Pathankot 34,425 1.66 4.40 0.84 0.09 0.46 10.23 7.61 29.95 13.19 31.57 i I 7. Batala 28,615 7.17 5.79 0.13 0.02 0.82 22.95 3.49 27.91 8.99 22.43, 8. Hoshiarpur 36,217 3.97 7.96 2.25 0.04 2.64 18.79 3.46 26.34 6·16 2~.39 9. Abohar 31,580 4.76 7.86 1.40 0.01 2.56 23.36 3.80 29.68 6.74 20.33 I to, Moga 33,017 5.81 11.79 0.70 0.00 1.83 14.28 1.75 26.42 7.08 30.34

92 MAP 45

JAM M U, I & ,,,J\ PUNJAB KASHMIR.r \ ~~ (~-I) qft Cfllqitctifi ~ ~"l t_..-' ~'- V FUNCTIONA~ STRUCTURE OF URBAN ~ Sti ,,,,,/ CENTRES (CLASS I ) 1991 J t1 -S-., 1050 10 20 30 40 t>- ILl i 'Co KLOMETRES ~,..J'" PATHMt(O~' :V ,,. .\ U.A. , . c- ~rr .--1 . ("'.'-.) (\. -s- ,r 1,.'" _} \., j '--.., ! r~ < V) (. 1...... BATAlA \ ' , \~ u·A.l W. \ .0 \ "\. ~.iJ. ::: " ~ /y ~"\ ::~ ~ -y ./ s:. '\ HOSHARPUR " () ,./ ~) , ~ / . (f\ ~ J- '--<; ~ "'...... U >

't U.T.OF

('--'-'_'_'- ...... ;._., > ,/ ...... LUDHANA .'-. fN } (}--~ ¥ 6i'lt r, .,..1 I ( ~f'''- v\

'j ... . r'_"(W::: ... . ~ .::: ? BATHNlA >

PREDOMNANT FUNCTIONS. ~ SIZE OF POPULATION OF ~ BOUNDARY: INTERNAnONAL .•••. _._.~ CLASS y_ ~~ _~~::ooo W N>lJSTRIAl STATE/U.T ...... _._. ._ " DISTRlCT ...... _. _._ ®t~ CD SERVICES U. A.- URBAN AGGlOMERATION

j ,

93 MAP 46

IN-MIGRANTS, 1991

This map depicts in-migrants by sex and place Among the rural in-migrants, females of birth for rural and urban areas in Punjab according outnumbered males considerably as against 584,290 to 1991 Census. male the number of female in-migrants is 1,450,260 in-migrants in rural areas. The number of female in­ On the map, total in-migrants have been shown migrants to rural areas was almost 2 Y2 times more by circles proportionate to their number in each than their male counterpart. The female in-migrants district. These circles are divided into two sectors for outnumbered the male in all the districts in the state. representing rural and urban in-migrants and these sectors have been further sub-divided for representing Among the urban in-migrants, 673,070 are male share of male and female in-migrants. In order to and 90~,630 females. Although, as true in case of differentiate rural in-migrants from urban, the former rural areas, number of female in-migrants is more than has been shaded. In the background, percentage of their male counterpart, yet, the gap between the two in-migrants in total population has been shown by is considerably smaller in case cf urban areas in grouping them into different ranges as explained in comparison to rural. the legend to the map. In order to depict percentage of total in-migrants The total in-migrants in the state number to total population, the percentages have been group,ed 3610250 out of which 2034550 are in the rural areas into four categories. The highest category of 25.01 and t 575700 in urban areas. Thus, the proportion and above includes Kapurthala and Rupnagar districts of in-migrants to total population is 17.80 per cent. and another two districts, namely, Ludhiana and Patiala Among the districts, Ludhiana leads with regards to fall in the next rangejof 20.01-25.00. The maximum, number of in-migrants. This district received 596020 number of districts, (5) can be seen in the range' in-migrants and is followed by Patiala and Jalandhar 15.01-20.00 and they include Firozpur, Jal~ndhar, 395770. Further, number of in-migrants in urban Hoshiarpur, Bathinda and Faridkot. The proportion areas exceeded the rural in Gurdaspur, Amritsar, of il!-migrants- is 15 per cent or below in Gurdaspur, Ludhiana and Jalandhar. Amritsar and Sangrur districts. MAP 46

PUNJAB 1'\ amtcm11 3.610250 IN-MIGRANTS / /1991 105010203040

KILOMETRES

PUNJAB I NOT TO SCALE )

., <> ~

,.

BOUNDARY.INTERNATIONAL ..... _._.~ A STATE/U.T...... _._._ IN-MIGRANTS PERCENTAGE OF IN:,GRANTS TO " DISTRICT ...... _._._ 600000 TOTAL POPULATION/.. 300·000 ~ 25.01 AND ABOVE 150000 ~ 20.01 - 25.00 " FIGURES AT TI£ TOP OF THE CfiCLES INDICATE TOTAL iN-MIGRANTS WHILE THOSE WITHIN/ ITIJJ 15.01 - 20.00 OU~IDE THE SECTORS SHOW PERCENTAGES M - MALE o 15.00 AND BELOW F - FEMALE

95 MAP 47

RURAL IN-MIGRANTS TO TOTAL RURAL POPULATION, 1991

This map shows districtwise rural in-mig~ants in per cent moved from urban to rural. The remaining the state according to place of birth. 14.92 per cent are unclassified. Among the districts, the percentage of rural to rural in-migr~nts varies The rural in-migrants have been classified as rural between 84.13 in Sangrur district and 54.57 in to rural, urban to rural and uncla~sified. In each Gurdaspur district. As regards urban to rural district, circles are drawn proportionate to total rural movement, Rupnagar (20.41) recorded the maximum in-migrants and divided into three sectors to indicate while Firozpur (8.94), the minimum.- The proportion the aforesaid three categories. Further, percentage of under unclassified category varies between 29.89 per rural in-migrants to [otal rural population has been cent in Gurdaspur and 3.58 per cent i~ Bathinda worked out and shown on the map in the background district. by way of choropleth' technique. For depiction of regional variations in proportion Out of rural population of 14,288,744 in the of rural in-migrants, the districts have been grouped state, 1,939,730 (13.58%) are in-migrants. Among into four categories. The highest category of 18.01 the districts,. Patiala district reported the maximum and above covers two district, namely, Kapurthala and while Amritsar recorded the minimum number. The Patiala. An equal number of districts fall in the range variation in the size of rural in-migrants in the districts 15.01-18.00 and they include Firozpur a,ild can be vividly seen from the size of circles drawn. Rupnagar. Maximum number of districts, viz., six, can be seen under the range 12.01-15.00 while two Among the rural in-migrants in the state, 71.79 district, Gurdaspur and Amritsar emerge under th~ pel' cent moved from rural to rural and 13.29 lowest category of' 12.00 and below. MAP 47

PUNJAB ~ mt:ftur 'l1 '1 ft&ll .q 1.:I1lftur 3Uw:mfl '" RURAL IN-MIGRANTS TO TOTAL 1939730 RURAL POPULATION 1991

105010203040

KILOMETRES

~ PUNJAB < ( NOT TO SCALE )

TOTAL RURAL IN-MIGRANTS

------240000 ------160000

BOUNOARY.INTERNATJONAL ..... _._._ ,. ---- 80 000 STATE/U.T..• . •....• _._._ PERCENTAGE Of RURAL IN-MiGRANTS DISTRICT...... _. _. _- TO TOTAL RURAL POPULATION ~ 18.01 AND ABOVE

fiGURES AT THE TOP OF THE CIRCLES INDICATE TOTAL 15.01 18.00 RURAL TO RURAL N-MIGRANTS RURAL IN-MIGRANTS WHILE THOSE WITHIN/AGAINST THE ~ ~ SECTORS SHOW PERCENTAGES. []]]] 12.01 15.00 C> URBAN TO RURAL IN-MIGRANTS CJ. 12.00 AND BELOW • UNCLASSIFIED IN-MIGRANTS

97 MAP 48

URBAN IN-MIGRANTS TO TOTAL URBAN POPULATION, 1991

This map shows urban in-migrants to total urban Out of the total in'migrants, the mpvement of population by districts in the state as per 1991 Census. nearly two-fifths (38.44%) was from rural to urban The cartographic technique used in the preparation while corresponding figure of movement from urban of this map is similar to the one explained under map is 45.34%. The proportion of urban to urban in­ no. 47. migrants is more than rural to urban in-migrants in all the districts except Hoshiarpur, Sangrur and Punjab has an urban population 5,993,225 out Bathinda. of which 1,670,520 (27.87%) are in-migrants. Out of the total urban in-migrants, more than one-fourth 16.22 per cent of the urban in-migrants are noted are in Ludhiana district alone and majority of which as unclassified and the highest proportion of such in­ is in Ludhiana Municipal corporation which is famous migrants is noted in Gurdaspur, followed by Amritsar for its hosiery activity. The size of urban in-migrants and Jalandhar. among the district varies between 438,530 in Ludhiana and 62,160 in Kapurthala district. The Among the urbanities, more than one-fourth circles drawn within the districts clearly indicate the (27.87%) are in-migrants. This percentage is the variation in the urban in-migrants. maximum in Rupnagar district and the minimum in Amritsar. Based upon proportion of urban in-migrants, Out of 1,670,520 urban in-migrants, 642,090 the districts have been grouped into four categoriEls. moved from rural to urban areas and 757,490 moved from urban to ur·pan areas. As many as 270,940 in­ Among the 12 districts in the state, Rupnaga~ migrants fall und~r the unclassified category. As such, alone falls in the highest range of 40.<11 and above. the movement from urban to urban was more than The next range of 3'0.01 and 40.00 includes three rural to urban. A similar pattern has been observed districts namely, Ludhiana, Kapurthala and Patiala. As I in all the districts barring Sangrur and Bathinda where many as six districts can be noted in the range 20.01 - the number of rural to urban in-migrants exceeded 30.00, while the lowest range of 20.00 and below urban to urban. includes ~wo_districts, viz., Gurdaspur and Amritsar.

98 MAP 48

PUNJAB ~ ~ ;jf.Hi&U .q ~ ~mcufll '" URBAN IN-MIGRANTS TO TOTAL URBAN POPULATION 1991 1670520 10 5 0 10 20 30 40

KILOMETRES

"V ( PUrWAB I NOT TO SCALE I

.. TOTAL URBAN IN-MIGRANTS ---- 450000

R 150000 BOUNOARY.INTERNATIONAl ..... _._._ STATE/U.T...... _._._ PERCENTAGE OF URBAN IN-MIGRANTS 50000 II DISTRICT • ...... _ . ___ ._ TO TOTAL URBAN POPULATION

~ 40.01 AND ABOVE

~ 30.01 - 40.00 ~ URBAN TO URBAN IN-MIGRANTS FIGURES AT THE TOP OF THE CIRCLES INDICATE TOTAL 20.01 - 30.00 RURAL TO URBAN IN-MIGRANTS URBAN IN-MIGRANTS WHILE THOSE WITHIN/AGAItiST DJJJ ~ THE SECTORS SHOW PERCENTAG~S. f: : : : : : :1 20.00 AND BELOW ... UNCLASSIFIED IN-MIGRANTS

99 MAP 49

INTER-DISTRICT MIGRA TION, 1991

This map shows inter-district migration in Punjab In the state, out of the total of 6,937,610 according to 1991 Census. migrants share of in-migrancs and out-migrants is 3,610,250 and 3,327,360 respectively. As such, On the map, circles proportionate to gross there are 282,890 net migrants in the state and this migrants (in-migrants + out-migrants) have been constitutes 1.39 per cent of the total population. drawn in each district. These circles are split into two Among the districts, six each experienced "gain" and segments to represent share of in-migrants and out­ "loss" in their percentage of net migrants in tocal population. Three categories under "gain" and two for migrants. Each of these segments is further sub-divided "loss" have been formed and shown on the map as in order to present their rural and urban components. explained in the legend. In the background, the percentage of net migrants to total population has been shown by choropleth Six districts which experienced gain in the number technique_ The net migrants are worked out as the of migrants include, Firozpur, Ludhiana, Jalandhar, difference between in-migrants and out-migrants and Kapurthala, Rupnagar and Patiala, The gain was 10.01 this difference could yield "gain" or "loss". As such, per cent and above in Kapurthala district, whiie four separate categories have been made to indicate gain districts fall in the range 5.01-10.00. One distriCt, namely, )alandhar falls in the range of 5.00 and below. and loss in this regard. Six districts which recorded loss, include Inter-district migration is mainly associated with Gurdaspur, Amritsar, Hoshiarpur, Sangrur, Bathinda those persons who migrate from one district to another and Faridkot. T~e first two districts noticed a loss in the within the state and is linked with the socia-economic range of 5.01 per cent and above, while the remaining factors. four experienced loss in the range 5.00 and below.

100 MAP 49

! PUNJAB 6937610 atr: fuR;rr ~ INTER-DISTRICT MIGRATION 1991 10 5 0 10 20 30 40

KLOMETRES

PUNJAB ., (NOT TO SCALE) (

BOUNDARY.INTERNAnONAL. .... _._._ PERCENTAGE OF NET MIGRANTS TO TOTAL STATE/U.T...... _._._ GROSS MIGRANTS 1991 POPULATION DISTRICT...... _. _ ._. 1200000 GAIN LOSS

600000 ~ 10.01 AN> ABOV, f:~:-~ 5.01 AND "OV' FIGURES AT THE TOP OF CRCLES INDICATE GROSS 300000 ~ 5.01 - 10.00 ••• 5.00 AND BELOW MIGRANTS. THE PERCENT AGE FIGURES OF IN-MiGRA­ 150000 NTS/OUT -r.'IGRANTS IN RURAL/URBAN AREAS TO GROSS MIGRANTS ARE WRITTEN INSIDE OR AGAINST f\ 00 A~D BELOW Tt£ RESPECTIVE SECTORS. ITIIJ MAP 50

INTRA-DISTRICT MIGRATION, 1991

The map shows intra-district migration in Punjab total migrants (48.88%) resided elsewhere within the as per 1991 Census. district of enumeration. This percentage varies between 66.14 per cent in Amritsar district and 27.80 per The percentage of migrants who resided elsewhere cent in Kapurthala district. in the district of enumeration to total migrants has been worked out for each district. The percentages The "Bari Doab" containing districts of Gurdaspur obtained have been grouped into four different and Amritsar can be seen in the highest range of 60.01 categories and shown on the map by using dark to and above. Another four districts which display a high light hatching as explained in the legend to the map. percentage in the range of 50.01-60.00 include The movement of people within the district of Hoshiarpur, Sangrur, Bathinda and Faridkot. All these enumeration is termed as intra-district migration and six districts recorded percentages higher than the state is mainly influenced by factors, such as, marriage, as a whole. education etc. Four districts, viz., Firozpur, ]alandhar, Rupnagar Out of 6,937,610 total migrants in the state, and Patiala fall in the range 40.01-50.00 while the 3,391,390 resided elsewhere in the district of remaining two, Ludhiana and Kapurthala can be seen enumeration. In other words, nearly one-half of the in the lowest range of 40.00 and below.

102 MAP 50

PlDIJA8 MH H'IR Cfi mmFr INTRA-DISTRICT MIGRATION 1991 10 5 0 10 20 30 40

KILOMETRES ~d.

ITIIJ 40.01 - 50.00

I: -: -: -: I 40.00 AND BELOW

103 MAP 51

MIGRANTS RESIDING UPTO 4 YEARS, 1991

This map shows districtwise migrants residing upto migrants in rural and urban areas is narrower in 4 years in Puniab as recorded at the 1991 Census. Amritsar, Ludhiana/ Jalandhar and Rupnagar districts. Infect, in Ludhiana district, the number of urban On the map, migrants residing upto 4 years have migrants residing upto 4 years (64.69%) is nearly been shown by proportionate circles. These circles double than that of its rural counterpart (35.31 %). are divided into two sectors for representing the share This is mainly due to the influx of migrants to Ludhiana of rural and urban migrants and _the sectors are further Municipal Corporation which has a world wide famous sub-divided for representing proportion of males and centre for hosiery. females separately. In order to differentiate rural sector from the urban, the former has been shaded. In the Nearly, one-fifth (19.74%) of the total migrants background, percentage of migrants residing upto 4 in the state are residing upto 4 years. This percentage years to total migrants (all durations) has been shown is the maximum in Rupnagar (25.34%) and the minimum in Faridkot district (17.56%). Evidently the by choropleth technique. percentages show a wide variation in the districts. To Out of 6,937,610 migrants in the state, portray these regional variations, districts have been 1,369,780 migrants are residing upto 4 years. The grouped into four ranges and shown on the map by number of migrants residing upto 4 years in the state using black and white shades as explained in the legend. varies considerably among the districts in the state Four districts namely, Firzopur, Kapurthala, as can be observed from the size of circles drawn in Rupnagar and Bathinda fall in the highest range of each district. Their number is the maximum in 20.76 per cent and above; and the next category Ludhiana district and the minimum in Kapurthala of 19.76-20.75 per cent covers only Patiala district. district. Infect, the number of such migrants in All these five districts display percentages higher thal} Ludhiana district is almost four times larger than that that of the state as a whole. of Kapurthala district. The range 18.76-19.75 per cent includes four Among the migrants residing upto 4 years/ districts, na~ely, Amritsar, Ludhiana, Jalandhar and 822/650 (60.06%) are in rural areas and 39.94 per Sangrur, while the lowest range of 18.75 per cent cent in urban areas of the state. The gap in the and below has three districts viz., Gurdaspur, proportion of migrants residing upto 4 years to total Hoshiarpur and Faridkot.

104 MAP ~51~::::=- __

1369780

\ MIGRANTS RESIDING " . PERCENTAGEum , 'EARS OF TOTAL MIGRANTS BOUN' • JE/U'. ...••..•.... _._.- (i~~. "OR""____ '~~O"'~.up~ __ "0000, YEAR' =~ ".76 A/TONO ASOVE DARY INTERNATI.ONAL.. -.-.- ~"•• _____ 10000, ~ '9.7, ~ 20." .. STA ...... _ . _.- ___ 50000 19.75 • D"TR~T...... ______= ,.." E~RAGE 19.74 I S INDICATE TOTAL E TOP OF CIRCLE WHILE THOSE FIGURES UPTO 4 PERCENTAGES F ISTAT MIGRANTSA~E~~ING THE SECTORSYEAR~W SH ~ M-MALE URBAN M RURAL F -FEMALE om 18.75 AND BELOW WITHIN/AGAINST • ___-==:=:=::

105 MAP 52

MIGRANTS RESIDING 5 TO 9 YEARS, 1991

The map depicts districtwise migrants residing (64.1 3%) is significantly higher than that of its rural upto 5 to 9 years in Punjab as revealed by 1991 counterpart (35.87%). The other districts where gap Census. in the rural-urban percentage is relatively narrow includes Amritsar, Jalandhar and Rupnagar. On the l1.1ap, migrants residing upto 5 to 9 years have been shown by proportionate circles which are In the state, 15.27 per cent of the total migrants divided into two sectors in order to present share of are residing upto 5 to 9 years. Among the districts, rural and urban migrants. These sectors are further this percentage varies between 18.69 per cent in sub-divided to indicate the share of males and females Rupnagar and 13.05 per cent in Gurdaspur. In order separately. Further, to differentiate the rural sector to present the variations, districts have been grouped from urban, the former has been given shade. In the into four categories as explained in the legend to the background, percentage of migrants residing upto 5 map. The highest category of 16.51 per cent and to 9 years in total migrants (all durations) has been above includes Rupnagar and Bathinda districts, and depicted by way of graded shades in black and white. three districts viz., Ludhiana, Patiala and Sangrur fall Among the 6,937,610 in the state, 1,059,130 in the next range of 15.51-16.50. All these five are residing upto 5 to 9 years. This number varies districts display percentages higher than the state considerably among the districts in the state as can average. be visualised through the size of circles drawn in the Seven districts in the state reveal percentages districts. Their number varres between 153,320 in below tlie state average. Among them, four fall in Ludhiana and 35,830 in Kapurthala. the range 14.51-15.50 and three can be seen in Among the total migrants residing upto 5 to 9 the range 14.50 and below. The districts which fall years. 649,150 (61.29%) are in rural areas and in the range 14.51-15.50 cover all the three districts 38.71 per cent in urban areas indicating that quite of 'Bist' Doab. viz., Jalandhar, Kapurthala and a considerable proportion of population migrates to Hoshiarpur and Firozpur district. The range 14.50 rural areas. Ludhiana is the only district in the state and below fovers Gurdaspur and Amritsar districts where percentage of migrants to urban areas of 'Bari' Doab and Faridkot.

106 · MAP 52

PUNJAB 5 ~ 9 ri Ocn R~mpti~ ~ mnm 1059130 MIGRANTS RESIDING 5 TO 9 YEARS 1991 10 5 0 10 20 30 40

KILOMETRES

PUNJAB '9 (NOT TO SCALE) (

PERCENTAGE OF MIGRANTS RESIDING 5 TO 9 YEARS TO BOUNDARVtINTERNATIONAL ..... _._.- TOTAL MIGRANTS STATE/U.T ...... _o_._ MIGRANTS RESIDING 5 TO 9 YEARS DISTRICT...... _. _. _ ~ 16.51 AND ABOVE

~ 15.51 -;- 16;50

~ 14.51 - 15.50 FIGURES AT THE TOP OF THE CIRCLES INDICATE TOTAl.. ------20 000 (STATE AI/ERAGE 15.271 MIGRANTS RESIDING 5 TO 9 YEARS WHILE THOSE M-MAL£ WITHIN/AGAINST HE CIRCLES SHOW PERCENTAGES F-FEMALE OIIJ 14.50 AND BELOW "

107 MAPS3

MIGRANTS RESIDING 10 YEARS AND ABOVE, 1991

This map reveals districtwise migrants residing 10 gap in the percentage of rural-urban components of years and above in Punjab as per 1991 Census. :nigrants residing 10 years and above. Infect, in Ludhiana, the urban migrants (53.02%) have an edge On the facing map migrants residing upto 10 over their rural counterpart (46.98%). The rural­ years and above have been shown by circles drawn urban gap in the number of migrants is comparatively proportionate to their total number of migrants. These narrower in all the districts reflecting that the urban circles are divided into two sectors to represent rural­ areas which provide various employment opportunities urban migrants, and the sectors have been further sub­ are attracting more people than their rural counterpart. divided for representing share of males and females separately. For convenient understanding of the The males residing 10 years and above constitute readers, the rural sector has been differentiated from nearly three-fifth (58.68%) of the total migrants in the urban by giving shade in case of the former. The the state. Among the districts, this percentage ranges percentage of migrants residing upto 10 years and between 62.71 per cent in Jalandhar and 51.55 per above in total migrants (all durations) is also shown cent in Rupnagar. Eight districts in the state exhibit in the background through choropleth technique. percentages higher and four below the state average. These percentages have been grouped into four ranges Out of 6,937,610 total migrants in the state, and presented on the map as detailed in the legend. 4,070,740 are residing 10 years and above. The number is the maximum in Ludhiana (510,310) and The highest range 6 t .51 and above includes three the minimum in Kapurthala (141,670). The size of districts, namely, Amritsar, Jalandhar and Hoshiarpur. circles drawn in the districts reveals that the variation Another two districts also display relatively high in the number of migrants residing 10 years and above percentages in the range 60.01-61.50 per cent whioh is not as sharp as observed on the previous two maps namely, are Firozpur and Sangrur. indicating migrants residing upto four years and migrants residing 5 to 9 years. Three districts in the state viz., Gurdaspur, Kapurthala- and Bathinda can be seen in the range Among the migrants residing 10 years and above, 58.51-60.00 per cent while four districts fall in the 2,808,600 (68.99%) are in rural and 1,262,140 10V{est range of 58.50 and below. The di~tricts (31.01%) are in urban areas. All the districts in the cdnstituting the lowest range include Ludhiana, state barring Ludhiana and Jalandhar display a wide Rupnagar, Patiala and Faridkot.

108 MAP 53

JAMMU PUNJAB & 10 wi om ~ atfuq; ~ tic6' f.:rcm:f m KASHMIR 4070740 qffi~ MIGRANTS RESIDING 10 YEARS AND ABOVE 1991

1050 10203040

KLOMETRES ., <

)

PERCENT AGE OF MIGRANTS RESIDING 10 YEARS AND BOUNOARY.INTERNAnONAL ..... _._._ ABOVE TO TOTAL MIGRANTs MIGRANTS R£SlIlING 10 YEARS AND ABOVE STATE/U.T...... _._._- Jt DJSTRICT...... , ...... _. __ 61.!!1 AND (ABOVE ------260 000 I 60.01 - 61.50 ------130 OO(). FIGURES AT THE TOP OF THE CIRcLt.S INDICATE TOTAL MIGRANTS RESIDING 10 YEARS AND ABOVE WHILE THOSE 58.!!1 - 60.00 WITHIN/AGAINST THE SECTORS SHOW PERCENTAGES. (STATE AVERAGE 58.68) 58.50 AND BELOW

III .. ECONOMIC ASPECTS MAP 54

. MAIN WORKERS, MARGINAL WORKERS AND NON-WORKERS IN TOTAL POPULATION, 1991

The facing map shows distribution of main among males and 4.24% among females are the main workers, marginal workers and non-workers in total workers which rises to 95.55 and 5.22% under age­ population by districts in the state. group 25-29; 97.35 and 6.35 in age-group 30-34; and 97.58 and 7.18% in age-group 35-39. For this map, data on main workers, marginal Thereafter, the proportion of main workers among workers and non-workers in age-group 0-4, 5-14, 15- males and females in higher age~groups start declining. 19, 20-24, 25-29, 30-34, 35-39, 40-49, 50-59 It is 96.62% among males and 7.16% among females and 60 + have been compiled for males and females in age-group 40-49 which further reduces to 91.71 separately in each district. The data, thus obtained, and 4.29% in age-group 50-59. Among the senior are represented by drawing pyramids indicating citizens in age-group 60+, 52.95% among males absolute number of male and female population in and 1.62% among females are reported as main different age-groups. Each pyramid is further divided workers. into three divisions for showing proportion of main workers, marginal workers and non-workers. These The marginal workers in the state constitute a three categories have been differentiated from each small fraction in total population. There are only other by giving different hatchings in black and white. 163,615 marginal workers among which t 0,491 are In the preparation of this map. "age not stated" has females and 153,124 are males. There are more not been considered. number of marginal workers among females. the different age-groups do not show any striking feature According to 1991 Census, the population of with regard to proportion of marginal workers as can Punjab is 20,281,969 out of which, 10,778,034 be noted from pyramids drawn on the map. are males and 9,503,935 are females. Among the .' males, 1,236,330 and among females, 1,080,350 There are 14,019,980 non-workers in the state, belong to age-group 0-4 and obviously all are non­ out of which, 4,934,691 are males and 9,085,289 workers. In the population under age-group 5-14, are females. The non-workers constitute 69.12 ,per 121,850 (4.84%) among males and 12,350 cent of the total population in the state, 45.78 per (0.56%) among females are main workers. The cent among males and 95.60 per cent among females number of workers shows sharp increase in the are, reported as non-workers. This shows 'tha,t the population under age-group 15-19, 544,450 proportion of non-workers among females is more than (47.92%) among males and 25,780 (2.67%) among double; that of males. females in age-group 15- 19 are main workers. The further age-groups show gradual increase till it reaches By and large, the pyramids drawn in the districts age-group 35-39. In age-group 20-24, 85.13% exhibit' a similar pattern.

112 MAP 54

PUNJAB ~ \i1::Hil.c41 ~ ~1«lqlf.flCfi CfiTlf cnr-t ~ am- CfiTlf "'I' m ~ MAIN WORKERS, MARGINAL WORKERS AND NON-WORKERS IN TOTAL POPULATION 1991 105010 20 3040 o fOOO 2000 250 KlLOME,.RES (PERSONS IN 'OOQ) PUNJAB

\ .... '':--.I '-._._. --

. .~ --_ ._._.-...... '(

BOUNDARY, INTERNATIONAL.. ... _._._ STATE/U.T ...... _._._ DISTRICT...... " ..... _._._ .. MAIN WORKERS /

III NON-WORKERS , !

MARGINAL WORKERS At«> FEMALE MAIN WORKERS ARE NEGLIGIBLE.

113 MAP 55

RURAL MAIN WORKERS, MARGINAL WORKERS AND NON-WORKERS, i 991

This map shows proportion of rural main workers, start declining with increasing age-group. 96.86 per marginal workers and non-workers by districts in Punjab cent among males and 5.01 per cent among females as recorded at the 1991 Census. The method adopted in age-group 40-49; and 92.87 per cent among males in presenting the data on the map is similar to the and 3.49 per cent among females in age-group 50- one explained in map no. 54. 59 are working. Among the senior citizens in age­ group 60+. 54.60 among males and 1.50 per cent Punjab State has a rural population of among and 1.50 per cent among females are main 14,288,744 including 7,569,423 males and workers, An interesting feature in this regard is that 6,719,321 females. Among the rural males, 887,760 the proportion of rural male main workers under each and among rural females, 776,660 belong to age­ age-groups is higher than that of the total population, group 0-4 and all of which are apparently non-workers. while among rural females main workers, it is less than In age-group 5-14, 5.75 per cent among males and the total population under all age-groups except 5- 0.64 per cent among females are main workers. Age­ 14 and 15-19 in the state. group 15-19 shows a sharp rise in its male and female population. In this age-group, 53.44 per cent among Out of 163,615 marginal workers, 157,633 are in rural areas out of which 9,352 are males and 148 males and 2.84 per cent among females are reported are femal€s. The number of marginal workers, though as main workers which further increases to 89.06 per insignificant, is considerably higher among rural females cent among males and 3.82 per cent among females under each age-group than that of males. in age-group 20-24 .. These percentages show a gradual increase till it reaches the age-group 35-39 wherein Out of the total 14,019,980 non-workers in thE1 97.72 per cent among males and 5.23 per cent among state, 9,828,361 including 3,402,786 males and females are main workers. Thereafter the percentages 6,425,575 females are residing in rural ar~as.

114 MAP 55

PUNJAB ~ ~,ft"lqIPtCfl 'qillf CfiR qffi afu­ qiP:Pi m qffi RURAL MAIN WORKERS, MARGINAL WORKERS AND NON-WORKERS 1991 10 5 0 10 20 30 40

KLOMETRES 2000 1000 0 0 1000 2000 (PERSONS IN_ PUNJAB

., () ~

( F~LE !,-.~ ~O '- ON'OOOI '-'''!SANGRUR

100 200 \-; ~/'7

BOUNDARY, INTERNATlONAl. .... STATE/U.T•...... DISTRICT...... •..••.. " MAN WORKERS I .. I III NON-WORKERS

MARGINAL WORKERS AND FEMALE MAIN WORKERS ARE NEGLIGIBLE.

115 MAP 56 .URBAN MAIN WORKERS, MARGINAL WORKERS AND NON-WORKERS, 1991

This map shows districtwise proportion of main per cent among males and 11.27 per cent among workers, marginal workers and non-workers in Punjab females are recorded as main workers. The percentage as per 1991 Census. The cartographic technique used of main workers in age-group 40-49 slightly declines in the preparation Of this map is same as explained to 96.09 among males. However, it shows a rise in under map no. 54. case of females where 12.37 per cent are reported as main workers. The percentage of main workers As expected, the entire population in age-group in both the sexes further declines with the growing 0-4 in urban areas in non-working. In the age-group age-groups. In 60 +, 47.60 per cent among males 5-14, 2,67 per cent among males and 0.37 per cent and 1.98 per cent among females are main workers. among females are main workers. This percentage rises to 34.10 per cent among males and 2.21 per cent The proportion of marginal workers in urban areas among females in age-group 15-19 which further is almost negligible under all the age-groups. sharply increases to 76.21 and 5.24 per cent respectively in age-group 20-24. The successive age­ Out of 14,019,980 non-workers in the state/ groups show gradual increase in their percentages till 4,191,619 (comprising 1,531,905 males and the age-group 35-39. In age-groups 35-"39, 97.30 2,659,714 females) are residing in urban areas.

116 MAP 56

I PUNJAB ~ ~ttl'hURtq) Cfi1lf m ~ • qi'('q;r~~ URBAN MAIN WORKERS, MARGINAL WORKERS AND NON-WORKERS 1991

(J'eRSOIIS .. '000) PUNJAB

BOUNDARY.INTERNATIONAL ..... _._._ STATE/U.T ...... _._._ MAIN WORKERS II 'DISTRICT...... _. _._ -__11 NON/WORKERS

,I MARGINAL WORKERS AM) FEMALE MAIN WORKERS ARE I'£GUGlBLE

117 MAP 57

MAIN WORKERS IN AGE-GROUP 15-59/ 1991

This map reflects main workers in age-group per cent in urban areas. Among the districts, the 1 5-59 by districts in Punjab as per 1991 Census. percentage of main workers in age-group 15-59 varies considerably. In order to present regional variations, On the map, proportionate circles representing districts have been grouped into three ranges and total main workers in age-group 15-59 have been shown on the map by way of graded shaded as drawn in each district. These circles are sub-divided explained in the legend to the map. into two sectors for representing percentage share of rural and urban main workers in this age-group. In Each category covers four districts each Firozpur, order to differentiate the rural and urban sector, the Ludhiana, Bathinda and Faridkot fall in the highest former has been shaded. The figures at the top of category of 49.0 I and above, while Amritsar, each circle pertain to number of main workers in age­ Kapurthala, Patiala and Sangrur can be seen in the group 15-59. Besides, percentage of main workers range 47.01-49.00. Relatively low percentage h{ the in age-group 15-59 to total population in range 47.00 and below is observed in Gurdaspur, corresponding age-group has been worked and shown Jalandhar, Hoshiarpur and Rupnagar. on the map by ChOi opleth technique. The proportion of rural and urban component According to 1991 Census the state's population of main workers seem to have direct bearing with .the is 20,281,969 out of which 11,550,220 belongs to size of urban population in the state. In Ludhiana, age-group 15-59. Out of 11,550,220 persons in which is the most urbanised district in the state, has this age-group, 5,509,740 are main workers. As such, 52.89 per cent of the main workers in age-group 15· the main workers in age-group constitute 47.70 per 59 residing in urban areas. On the contrary, cent of total population in the corresponding age­ Hoshiarpur which is the least urbanised district in the group. Among the main workers in age-group IS-59, state has only 16.53 per cent of the main workers 69.58 per cent are residing in rural areas and 30.42 in urban areas.

118 MAP 57

PUNJAB 15-59 3W! ~ 11 ~ Cfi1lf ~ ~ MAIN WORKERS IN AGE­ 5509740 GROUP 15-59 1991 105010 20 3040

KILOMETRES

., PUNJAB (NOT TO SCALEI (

RAJASTH · .- AN",", -

BOUNDARY,lNTERNATlONAl pERCENTAGE OF MAIN WORKERS TO TOTAL POPULATION IN AGE-GROUP .. DlSSTATE/U.r•.• •. ::::: =:=:=' NUMBER OF MAIN WORKERS 15-59 I n TRlCT ...... ". _._,_ ----- 800000 E 49.01 AND ABOVE

-FIGURES AT nlE TOP OF CIRCLES INDICATE TOTAL ~ 41.01 - 49.00 (STATE AVEIlAGE 47.701 MAIN WORKERS IN AGE-GROUP 15-59. 47.00 AND BELOW FIGU~ES INSIDE THE SECTORS INDICA TE THE OJIJ PERtENToAGE OF MAIN WORKERS IN AGE-GROUP. 15-59 IN RURAL AND URBAN AREAS, . \

119 MAP 58

MALE MAIN WORKERS IN AGE-GROUP 15-59, 1991

This map depicts proportion of male main workers covers the entire south-western region which includes in age-group 15-59. The cartographic technique used Firozpur, Sangrur, Bathinda and Faridkot. On the other in the preparation of this map is as explained under hand, Gurdaspur, Jalandhar, Hoshiarpur and Rupnagar map no. 57. exhibit low percentages in the range of 84.00 and below. Amritsar, Ludhiana, Kapurthala ~nd Patiala fall Out of the total of 20,281,969 in the states, in the average range of 84.0 t -87.00. 10,778,034 are males'among which 6,138,220 I (56.95%) are in the age-group t 5-59. Male main Out of the total male main workers in age-group workers in age-group 15-59 from 85.20 per cent of 15-59 in the state, 70.29 per cent are residing in the male population in this age-group. The percentage rural areas and 29.71 per cent are residing in the of male main workers in male population in age-group urban areas. The overall pattern with regard to 15-59 varies considerably among the districts in the state. Based on these percentages, districts have been grouped distribution of male main workers in rural and urban into three ranges and shown on the map by using graded areas correspond to the total main workers. In shades as explained in the legend to the map. Ludhiana district, more than one-half of the male main workers (52.37%) are in urban areas while the All these three categories cover four districts each. corresponding figure in Hoshiarpur district is ,only The highest category of 87.0 t per cent and above 15.88 per cent.

120 MAP 58

PUNJAB ( NOT TO SCALE )

INTERNATIONAL ..... _:_._ _.- E MAIN WORKERS BOU~OARY. STATE/U.T ...... =. _. _ TOPERCENTAGE TOTAL PO ~~L~~~iIN AGE-GROUP .. DISTRICT ...... 15-59. .i ~ 87.01 AND AtlOVE , I 8401 - 87.00 TOP OF CIRCLES INDICATE15 59 TOTAL ~ (STA'TE AVERAGE' 85.Z0\ FIGURES AT IN PERCENTAGE T~~ERS AGE-GROUP/TE-TH~ 84.00 AND 8ELOW MALE t,1,AIN we, THE CIRCLES INDIC~OUp 15-59 IN RURAL DIIJ MALE MAIN FIGURE;S INSIDE WORKERS IN _____ OFAND UR8AN AREAS. ME-~ --===

2 MAP 59

FEMALE MAIN WORKERS IN AGE-GROUP 15-59, 1991 ..

This map shows female main workers in age-group Rupnagar districts. On the other hand, it is low, 5.00 15-59 by districts in Punjab as per 1991 Census. The and below in Gurdaspur, Ludhiana and Sangrur. The technique used on the map is similar to the one maximum number of districts (6) can be seen in the explained in map no. 57. range 5.01-6.00 and they include Amritsar, Jalandhar, Hoshiarpur, Patiala, Bathinda and Faridkot. Out of 9,503,935 females in the state (5,412,000) belong to age-group 15-59. Among the 56.37 per cent of the female main workers to females in age-group IS-59, 279,990 (5.17%) are total female population in this age-group are residing main workers. Obviously, female participation in the in rural areas while the corresponding percentage in state is very low. In order to represent spatial pat­ the urban areas is 43.63. This shows that rural-ur­ terns, districts have been grouped into three ranges and shown on the map by using black and white graded ban gap in the proportion of female main workers is shades as explained in the legend. considerably lower than that of their male counter­ part. This rural urban gap in the percentages is High female participation rate in the range of appreciably narrow in case of Amritsar and Jalandhar 6.01 and above is noticed in Firozpur, Kapurthala and districts.

122 MAP 59-======___

B INTERNAnONAL ....• _. .-• _ OUNDARY, _.__ " STATE/U.T...... _._ " DISTRICT. . • . .. . _

TI;IE TOP OF CIRCLES INDICATE9 TOTAL FEMALE FIGURES ATERS IN AGE-GROUP 15-5. THE PERCENTAGE OF 01 - 6.00 MAIN WORK THE CIRCLES INDICA TE 59 IN RURAL AND ~ (STATE5. AVERAGE 5.17 J FEMALE MAIN WOR FIGURESURBAN AREAS INSIDE KERS IN AGE-GROUP 15- ____-==== ITIC 5.00 AND BELOW

123 MAP 60

MALE AND FEMALE MAIN WORKERS CLASSIFIED BY INDUSTRIAL CATEGORIES, 1991

The industrial structure of male and female Bathinda district (70.00%) leads among all the workers classified by industrial categories is shown on districts in the state with regard to proportion of main the map by pyramids. The nine Industrial categories workers engaged in primary sector. It is followed by have been grouped as primary, secondary and tertiary Firozpur, 69.19 per cent, Faridkot 68.35 per cent as explained below and these three categories have and Sangrur 68.15 per cent. On the contrary, the been distinguished from each other by using different . proportion of main workers in primary sector is noticed shades. to be low in Jalandhar, 45.40 per cent, Rupnagar 42.12 per cent and Ludhiana 38.11 per cent. I. Primary : (i) Cultivators; (ii) Labourers; (iii) Live Stock, Forestry, Fishing, Hunting In the state, 14.83 per cent of the main workers and Plantations, Orchard and Allied are engaged in secondary sector and among them, Activities; and (iv) Mining and 12.28 per cent are engaged in manufacturing, Querying. processing, servicing and repairs and 2.i 5 per cent in construction activity. The shal=e of males and females II. Secondary: (v) Manufacturing, Processing, Servicing being 14.34 and 0.47 per cent respectively. Ludhiana and Repairs. district (29.57%) leads among all the districts while (a) Household industry; and (b) Other Faridkot has only (7.88%) of the main workers than household industry. engaged in this sector. Jalandhar, Kapurthala, Rupnagar and Patiala also indicate substantial (vi) Constructions. proportion of workers in this sector of economy. III. Tertiary (vii) Trade and Commerce, I 29.06 per cent of the main workers in the state (viii) Transportation, (iv) Other services. are engaged in tertiary activity. The share of males and females being 26.68 and 2.38 per cent respectively. Out of 6,098,374 main workers in Punjab, Among them, 10.54 per cent are engaged in trad~ and 3,419,897 (56.07%) are engaged in primary commerce, 3.83 per cent in transportation, storage and sector, the share of male and female being 54.58 communication and 14.69 per cent in other services. and 1.49 per cent respectively. Within this primary Rupnagar 39.60 per cent has the highest ~roRortioh sector, 31.44 per cent are cultivators, 23.84 per of main workers in tertiary sector. Among the other cent, agricultural workers, 0.81 per cent are districts exhibiting values higher than the state average, engaged in live stock, forestry, fishing, hunting, and Jalandhar, Ludhiana, Gurdaspur, Amr!tsar and plantations, orchards and allied activities and Hoshiarpur can be seen. On the contrary, Firozpur, negligible proportion of 0.009 per cent is engaged Sangrmr, Bathinda and Faridkot have I~ss than one-fourth in mining and querying. of the main workers engaged in chis, sector.

124 MAP 60

PUNJAB

ath;ilPI(f) ~ cti ~ ~ (1N'000 ) ~<.fi"T1lm~~~~ MALE AND FEMALE MAIN WORKERS CLASSIFIED BY INDUSTRIAL CATEGORIES 1991 10 5 0 10 20 30 40

KILOMETRES PERCENTAGE PUNJAB

INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURE ~ BOUNOARY.INTERNATJONAL ..... _._._ I CULTIVATORS .. STATE/U.T ...... _._._ ., PRIMARY II AGRICULTURAL LABOURERS III LIVESTOCK, FORESTRY, FISHIIIG, HUNTING " DlSTRICT...... ~ .... _._._ AN) PLANT ATIONS, ORCHARDS AND ALUED ACTIVITIES ' IV MNING AND QUARRYING / ABSOLUTE AND PERCENTAGE SHARE OF WORKERS IN DIFFERENT INDUSTRIAL CATEGORIES ARE SHOWN BY MANUFACTURING, PROCESSING, SERVICING SECONDARY Y THE SCALE ABOVE AND BELOW Tf£ BAR DIAGRAM AND REPAIRS 101 HOUSEHOLD INDUSTRY RESPECTIVELY .. (hI OTHER THAN HOUSEHOLD INDUSTRY VI CONSTRUCTION N-NEGUGIBLE

125 MAP 61

URBAN MALE AND FEMALE MAIN WORKERS CLASSIFIED BY INDUSTRIAL CATEGORIES, 1991

The industrial structure of urban male and female activity in urban areas is insignificant. main workers classified by industrial categories is shown on the map by pyramids. The nine industrial categories Three out of every 10 urban main workers, have been grouped as primary, secondary and tertiary 30.03 per cent are engaged in secondary sector of activities and are shown on the map by using different .economy. Among the districts, this percentage is shades as explained in the legend. noticed to be the highest in Ludhiana (46.80%) while Faridkot district (18.41 %) is placed at the bottom. Out of 1,795,624 urban main workers in Punjab, Besides Ludhiana, Kapurthala (34.12%) and Jalandhar 225,569 (12.56%) are engaged in primary sector, (31.32%) display percentages higher than that of the 539,118 (30.03%) in secondary sector and state as a whole. Among males, 29.27% of the urban 1,030,937 (57.41 %) are engaged in tertiary sector. main workers are engaged in secondary activities and This shows that the urban male main workers are the corresponding figures among females is only mainly engaged in tertiary or secondary activities. 0.76% in the state.

Nearly one-eight (12.56%) of the urban main The urban main workers are predominantly workers are engaged in primary activities. This engaged in tertiary sector as they account for 57.41 percentage is the highest in Sangrur (25.25) and the per cent of the total urban main workers. Among the lowest in Rupnagar (5.79). The districts which have districts, this percentage is the highest in Gurdaspur atleast one-tenth of their urban main workers engaged (68.76%) and the lowest in Ludhiana (43.23%). in primary activity include Gurdaspur, Amritsar, Barring Ludhiana, all the districts in the state have Firozpur, Kapurthala, Hoshiarpur, Patiala, Sangrur, more than one-half of the urban main workers engaged Bathinda and Faridkot. Between males and females in in this sector of economy. Between the two sexes, the state, the percentage of urban main workers in 51.88 per cent of the male and 5.53 per cent of primary sector is 12.17 and 0.33 respectively. the female urban main workers are engaged in tertiary Evidently, the representation of females in primary activities.

126 MAP 61

JAMMU PUNJAB & at'EllPICfI m ~ ~ ~ ~ CfiTll m m ;pTft

o 10 PERCENTAGE PUNJAB

INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURE I CUL TIVATORS II AGRICUl TURAl LABOURERS BOUNDARY.INTERNATIONAl ..... _._._ III UVESTOCK. FORESTRY. FISHING, HUNT~G STATE/U.T ...... _._._ AND PLANTATIONS,ORCHARDS AND ALLIED ACTIVITIES DISTRICT ...... _. _'_._ IV MINING AND QUARRYING

V MANUFACTURING. PROCESSING,! SERVICING ABSOLUTE AND PERCENT AGE SHARE OF WORKERS IN SECONDARY AND REPAIRS DIFFERENT INDUSTRIAL CATEGORIES ARE SHOWN BY (a) HOUSEHOLD INDUSTRY THE SCALE ABOVE AND BELOW THE BAR DIAGRAM .. (b) OTHER THAN HOUSEHOLD INDUSTRY RESPECTIVR Y VI CONSTRUCTION

~ VII TRADE AND COMMERCE N-NEGUGIBLE tf~ TERTIARY VIII TRANSPORT, STORAGE AND COMMUNICATIONS I)( OTHER SERVICES

127 MAP 62

RURAL MALE AND FEMALE MAIN WORKERS CLASSIFIED BY INDUSTRIAL CATEGORIES, 1991

The industrial structure of rural male and main workers engaged in primary sector in the state female main workers classified by industrial is 72.30 and 1.94 per cent respectively. categories is shown on the map through pyramids. The industrial categorie~ have been grouped into Secondary activity engages only 8.51 per cent primary, secondary and tertiary activities and shown of the rural main workers in the state. Among the on the map by using different shades as explained districts, this percentage is the highest in ]alandhar in the legend to the map. (14.07) and the lowest in Firozpur. Between males and females, the proportion of rural main workers Nearly three-fourth (74.24%) of the rural main engaged in secondary sector in the state is 8.15 and workers in the state are engaged in primary sector 0.36 per cent respectively. and within the primary sector, they are mainly engaged as cultivators (42.82%) and agricultural workers Tertiary sector has engaged t 7.25 per cent of (30.75%). Among the districts in the state, the rural main workers in the state. Among the percentage of rural main workers in primary sector districts, Rupnagar (29.92%) ranks the highest and varies considerably. It is the highest in Firozpur is followed by Hoshiarpur (25.56%) and Gurdaspur (85.02%) and the lowest in Rupnagar (59.08%). (22. t 8%). The percentage is observed to be the Besides Firozpur, Sangrur (81.10%), Bathinda lowest in Firozpur distriCt (10.42). Between mates (84.43%) and Faridkot (84.38%) have a high and females, the proportion of rural main workers proportion of rural workers engaged in this activity. engaged in tertiary sector in the state is t 6. t 7 and Between males and females, the proportion of rural t .08 per cent respectively. I

128 MAP 62

PUNJAB ;'::;\1 ~':~!I;~t(1 ~~ ( ",'000 ) RURAL MALE AND FEIIALEMAIN WORKERS ClASSIFIED BY INDUSTRIAL CATEGORIES 1991 10 5 0 10 20 30 40

KILOMETRES o PERCOITAGE PUNJAB

, \

'( INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURE BOUNOARy,'NTERNATIONAl. .... _._._ A ClILTlVATORS STATE/U.T...... _._._ AGRICULTURAL LABOURERS rs LIVESTOCK, FORESTRY, FlS GI.~TJNG " DISTRICT...... _._. _ AND PLANTATIONS, ORCHAR S ANI) ALLIED ACTIVITIES --- {: MINING AND QUARRYING MANlFACTURING, PROCESSING, SERVICING , ABSOlUTE AND PERCENT AGE SHARE OF WORKERS IN I AND REPAIRS DIFF!RENT INDUSTRIAL CATEGORIES ARE SHOWN BY .. SECONDARY {(:l HOUSEHOlD INDUSTRY THE SCALE ABOVE AND BELOW THE BAR DIAGRAM (bl OTHER THAN HOUSEHOLD INDUSTRY RESPEqTIVEl Y VI CONSTRUCTION \ N-NEGLlGIBLE TRADE AND CO_RCE FJ;~~Wl91 TERT~Y {~ TRANSPORT, STORAGE AND COMMUNICATIONS OTHER SERVICES

129 MAP 63

MAIN WORKERS WITH EDUCATIONAL lEVEL, 199 J

The map shows districtwise main workers according other words, one-fourth of the total urban main workers to their educational levels in Punjab as obtained at the are primary and middle passed. Main workers with 1991 Census. educational level, matriculation etc., constitute 30.69 per cent of the total main workers. In absolute terms, Data have been compiled for total urban main the number of main workers with matriculate/Secondary workers and total rural main workers according to their level of education is 552,860 in the state. 247,200 educational levels for each district and is shown on the urban main workers (13.72%) are holding atleast map by drawing side lapping bars. The educational levels graduate degree signifying that one out of every seven have been classified as; (1) Primary and Middle; main workers in urban areas in a graduate. As many {2} Matriculation/Secondary /H igher Secondary /I nter­ as 61,780 (3.43%) main workers in urban areas are mediate/Pre-University, non-technical diploma certificate literates without educational level. Interestingly, in urban not equal to degree and technical diploma or certificate areas, more than one-fourth (27.08%) of the main not equal to degree; (3) Graduate degree; and above; workers are illiterate. (4) Literates (without educational level) ; (5) Illiterates. For easy distinction, rural and urban bars have been given The trends show that majority of the main workers distinct colours. in urban areas of Punjab are holding educational level Among the total main workers in the state in rural equivalent to Matric/Secondary/Higher Secondary etc. areas, 1,163,770 (26.92%) have attained primary and and this trend is observed among all the districts in the middle level of education, 819,920 (18.97%) are state. Matriculate etc. and 105,400 (2.44%) have graduate The map reveals that in rural areas, the majority degree or above. 176,320 persons (4.08%) in the state. of main workers are holding primary and middle levels Though literate, are without educational level, of education while in urban areas, it is the matric/ 2,057030 , main workers are illiterate and they constitute 47.59 per cent of the total main workers in rural areas. Secondary educational level. The proportion of literates / Obviously, the majority of rural main workers are having without educational level is more in rural areas as primary and middle level of education and this trend compared to the urban signifying that the oral system is observed among all the districts in the state. of education is more prevalent in rural areas. The proportion of illiterates among main workers is In urban areas of the state, 451,710 (25.08%) significantly higher in rural areas in comparison to the are holding primary and middle level of education. In urban.

1:1> MAP 63

(ltrOOOl ~ PUNJAB ~ 'm' ~ ~ ~ Cii1'1f ~ ~ 2000 ,= ~ 4iIQ4i("l14111 ~ ::t"~€Q1 ~

MAIN WORKERS WITH EDUCATIONAL I2SO LEVELS 1991 1000 105010 20 3040 '9 = KLOMETRES c- ~ -s. 250 '9 0 < PUNJAB

BOUNOARY.INTERNA11ONAL ..... _ . _ ._ STATE/U.T ...... _ . _ ._ EDUCATIONAL LEVELS DlSTRlCT... .. _...... _ . _ . _ - I. PRIMARY AM) MlOOlE 2.MA TRlCULATIONISECOND~Y,HIGI-£R- SECONOARY I wrERMEDIA TEIPRE-IHVERSITY ,NOH-TEctNCAl DIPlOMA CERTFICA TE NOT EQUAL TO DEGREE Af() TEONCAL DIPlOMA OR CERTFICATE HOT EQUAl _ IMAL TO DEGREE. 3. GRADUA TE DEGREE AM) ABOVE. 4.UTERATESIWITHOUT EDUCATIONAL LEVELl URBAN 5.LUTERATES. MAP 64

CULTIVATORS IN TOTAL WORKERS IN AGE-GROUP IS-59, 1991

The facing map shows cultivators in total workers of 35.01 and above. Incidentally, all these four in age-group 15-59 by districts in Punjab as per 1991 districts form part of Malwa region where the size of Census. agricultural holdings is relatively bigger. The range 25.01-35.00 includes six districts - Gurdaspur, The percentage of cultivators to total main Amritsar, Kapurthala, Hoshiarpur, Rupnagar and workers in age-group 15-59 has been worked out Patiala while Ludhiana and Jalandhar can be seen in for each district. These percentage have been grouped the lowest range of 25.00 and below. into three ranges and shown on the map as explained in the legend. In addition, absolute number of culti­ The number of cultivators also shows a great vators in this age-group is shown by drawing solid bars variation as can be seen from the bars drawn in each in each district. district. This number is the maximum in Sangrur (191,670) and the minimum in Kapurthala (51,030). In Punjab, out of 5,509,740 main workers in age-group IS-59, 1,656,050 (30.06%) are culti­ Administratively, the state has three divisions, vators. This percentage varies considerably among the namely, Jalandhar, Patiala and Firozpur and the districts. It is the highest in Bathinda (42.19%) and number of districts they contain is 5,4 and 3 the lowest in Ludhiana (19.05%). Four out of 12 respectively. These divisions do not show much districts in the state recorded percentage higher than disparity with regard to number of cultivators. Out the state average. of the total cultivators in age-group 15-59,577,210 (34.85%) are in Jalandhar division, 538,010 Four. districts viz., Firozpur, Sangrur, Bathinda and (32.49%) are in Patiala division and the remaining Faridkot located in the south exhibit a high percentage 540,830 (32.66%) are in Firozpur division.

132 MAP 64

JAMMU

BOUNDARY.. • IN TERNATIONAL If " STATE/U.T .. .. . _._. DISTRICT ...... A ~.~".: ...... _._.= - .

133 MAP 65

CULTIVATORS IN RURAL POPULATION, 1991

The districtwise distribution of cultivators in rural The percentage of cultivators is high in the range population is shown on this map. It covers two aspects; of 25.01 and above in two districts. Besides Bathinda, (i) proportion of rural cultivators by districts has been it includes Firozpur district. The percentage varies grouped into four categories and shown on the map between 20.01 to 25.00 in three districts, namely, by black and white hatching; and (ii) districtwise circles Amritsar, Sangrur and Faridkot. The maximum number have been drawn proportionate to total cultivators and of districts (5) fall in the average category of 15.01- the same have been divided into two sectors for 20.00 and they include Gurdaspur, Ludhiana, representing share of male and female cultivators. Kapurthala, Rupnagar and Patiala. Jalandhar and One-fifth (19.82%) of the rural population in Hoshiarpur can be seen in the lowest range of 15.00 age group 15-59 is recorded as cultivators. This and below. percentage is the maximum in Bathinda district (26.46) and the minimum in Jalandhar district The absolute number of cultivators in rural (14.66). Among the districts, five fall above and seven population can be visualised from the size of the below the state average. graduated circles drawn in the district.

134 MAP 65

PUNJAB lJ'flftuT 'it"'~€41 .q q;1~(1q:;H 1588010 ClLTIVATORS IN RURAL POPlLATION 1991 105010 20 3040

KLOMETRES

Pl&JAB !NOT TO SCAlE)

PERCENTAGE OF CQ. TIVATORS IN TOTAL RmAL POPILUJON BOUNDARY. INTERNAnONAL . . . . . _._._ A IN AGE-GROIJ> 15-59 STATE/U.T...... _._._ DISTRlct ...... _._._ TOTAL RURAL CUI.. TIVATORS ~ 25 .01 AN) ~OVE

~ 20.01 - 25 .00

(STATE AVERAGE r9.82l OJ]] 15.01 - 20 .00 FIGURES AT THE TOP OF THE CIRCLES INOICATE TOTAL CUlTIVATORS IN RURAL AREAS. PERCENT AGE FIGURES GIVEN INSIDE THE CIRCLES INDICATE I: -: .:- :I 15.00 AN) BElOW PERCENTAGE of MALE ANI> FEMALE CULTIVATORS IN WORKJNG AGE-GROUP 15~ 59 IN RURAL AREAS.

135 MAP 66

MALE AND FEMALE CULTIVATORS, 1991

shows districtwise proportion of male above in four districts, viz., Firozpur, Sangrur, Jltivators to male and female workers Bathinda and Faridkot. Infect, the entire south­ I age-group J 5-59 together with their western block emerges out with high values. The bers. maximum number of districts (6) can be seen under the range 25.01-35.00. The remaining two districts nap, the absolute number of male and ludhiana and Jalandhar fall in the lowest range 25.00 tors in age-group 15-59 has been shown and below . . diagrams while the percentage of male :ultivators to their respective male and The female main workers in age-group, t 5-59 workers in age-group 15-59 has been are 279,990 among which 32,220 are cultivators. and shown on the map by choropleth In percentage terms, they constitute 11.51 per cent . explained in the legend to the map. of the total female workers in age-group 1 5- 5 9. firozpur is the only district where more than one-fifth :ate out of 5,229,750 male main workers, (20.79) of the total female main workers in the age­ are cultivators. This reveals that nearly group have been recorded as cultivators. By contrast, ; 1.05) of the male main workers in age­ the share of female cultivators is less than 5 per cent ~ are cultivators. Among the districts, this in ludhiana (4.51 %) and Jalandhar (4.69). I fluctuates between 43.51 per cent in nd 19.70 per cent in Ludhiana. Four The highest range, 15.01 and above includes four amely Bathinda, Sangrur, Firzopur and districts, namely, Firozpur, Sangrur, Bathinda and ;splay percentages higher than the state Faridkot. Incidentally, in respect of males also, all these i1e the remaining eight districts fall below districts have high participation rate as cultivators. An erage. Infect, the male cultivators constitute equal number of districts fall in the range, 10.01 and two-fifths of the male main workers in 15.00 which also cov~rs state average. The lowest e-group 15 -5 9 • Apparently, the districtwise range of 10.00 and below also includes four districts, I the proportion of male cultivators is quite namely, Amritsar, Ludhiana, Jalandhar and Patiala. us. There seems a close similarity in the regional patterns of male and female cultivators, although, there is a lroportion of male cultivators among male considerable gap in the participation rate between the (ers in age-group 15-59 is high, 35.01 and two.

116 MAP 66

JAMMU I

W J " 1630 ~ 1620

KL OMETRES ., 1570 ., (

1)., ~PUNJABI I () ~

BOUNOARY. INTERNATIONAl.. ... _._._ PERCENTAGE OF MALE PERCENTAGE OF FEMALE STATE/U.T ...... _._._ eLL TIVATORS eLL TIVATORS DISTRlCT...... '. _ . _. _ o 35.01 AM) ABOVE ~ 15.01 AN> ABOVE

25.01 - 35.00 ~ 10.01 - 15.00 GIl (STATE AVERAGE '31.05) ~ (STATE AV£RA GE LSD c=J 25.00 AM) BElOW [ill 10.00 AN) BElOW

137 MAP 67

AGRICULTURAL LABOURERS IN TOTAL AGRICULTURAL WORKERS, 1991

This map portrays proportion of agricultural per cent and above in Jalandhar district. Infect, this labourers to total agricultural workers for each district is the only district in the State having more than one­ in the State. The agricultural workers for this purpose, half of its agricultural workers recorded as agricultural include cultivators and agricultural labourers. labourers. The high range of 45.01-50.00 per cent covers Gurdaspur and Amritsar districts of "Bari" Doab The maps shows two aspects; (i) proportion of and Hoshiarpur district of "Bist" Doab apart from agricultural labourers to total agricultural workers by centrally located district of Ludhiana. The south­ choropleth technique; and (ii) number of agricultural western districts of Firzopur & Faridkot, Patiala district labourer by way of bar diagram. in south-east and Kapurthala district exhibit a low Out of 2,932,150 agricultural workers in the percentage of agricultural labourers in the range of State. 1,276,100 are agricultural labourers. In other 40.01-45.00 while very low percentage of 40.00 words, 43.52 per cent of the agricultural workers in and below is observed in Rupnagar, Sangrur and the State are working as agricultural labourers as per Bathinda districts. 1991 Census. This percentage varies between a maximum of 50.83 per cent in Jalandhar district and The overall patterns indicate that the districts 37.44 per cent in Rupnagar district. constituting Malwa belt exhibit low proportion of agricultural workers while the districts compriSing The spatial patterns at district level reveal that "Bari n Doab and "Bist Doab have higher percentage percentage of agricultural labourers is very high, 50.01 of agricultural labourers.

\

138 MAP 67

- ., . (

SCAlE OF BARS

NDARY INTERNATIONAI... ___ _ _ ._._ ~ SO.a AM) ABOVE SOU .. - • STATE I U. T_ . .. .. ______._ - DlSTRlCT. _____ ... _. .. _ __ __ ~ ·45_a _ !5O.OO

~ 4Oa_45.OO ~ ISTilTE AVERAGE 43.5 om 40.00 AM) BELOW

139 MAP 68

NON-AGRICULTURAL WORKERS IN PRIMARY SECTOR, 1991

This map portrays districtwise proportion of non­ at the top of the circles indicate total workers in agricultural workers in primary sector in Punjab as primary sector while the percentage figures shown revealed by the 1991 Census. The primary sector of within the circles relate to share of Industrial category . economy includes four industrial categories viz., III and IV in primary sector. (i) cultivators; (ii) agriculturallabourersj (iii) livestock, forestry, fishing, hunting and plantation, orchards and In Punjab state, 1.46 per cent of the main allied activitiesj and (iv) mining and quarrying. workers in the primary sector are engaged in non­ agricultural activities. This percentage varies between This map reveals two components of non­ 3.79 per cent in Ludhiana district and 0.59 per cent agricultural workers in primary sector, First, it indicates in Faridkot district. Three districts fall above and nine percentage of non-agricultural workers (industrial districts below the state average. category III and IV) to total main workers in primary The highest range of 2.01 per cent and above sector (industrial category I, ", III and IV); and includes Ludhiana and Hoshiarpur while seven districts second, share of industrial category III and IV in total fall in the range of 1.01-2.00 per cent and they workers in primary sector. include Gurdaspur, Firozpur, Jalandhar, Kapurthala, Patiala, Sangrur and Bathinda. The percentage of non-agricultural workers to total main workers in primary sector has been Three districts, namely Amritsar, Rupnagar and calculated and grouped into three ranges and shown Faridkot fall in the lowest range of 1.00 and below. on the map by different tones of green colour as detailed in the legend to the map. In addition, circles Among the non-agricultural workers in primary proportionate to number of non-agricultural workers sector, the majority of the workers is engaged in live in primary sector have been drawn in each district stock, forestry, fishing, hunting and plantation, and divided into sectors for representing persons orchards and allied activities while share of workers engaged in Industrial category III and IV. The figures engaged in mining and quarrying is rather small.

140 MAP 68

49858 PUNJAB ~aall~~ NON-AGRICULTURAL WORKERS IN PRIMARY SECTOR 1991 1.20 10 5 0 10 20 30 40

KLOMETRES 98.80

"V PUNJAB ( (NOT TO SCALE!

PERCENTAGE OF NON-AGRICULTURAl BOUNOARY.INTERNATIONAL.. .. . _._._ WORKERS TO TOTAL MAIN WORKERS STATE/U.T ...... _._. _ 12000 PERCENTAGE OF NON-AGRI­ DISTRICT ...... _._ . _ CUL TURAL WORKERS 8000 LIVESTOCK. FORESTRY. FISHING. HUNTING AND .. 2.01 AND ABOVE C> PLANTATIONS, ORCHARDS AND ALLIED ACTIVITIES 4000 1.01 -- 2.00 .. MINING AND QUARRYING ISTATE AVERAGE 1. 461 c:=J 1.00 AND BELOW -- 1000 FIGURES GIVEN AT THE TOP OF CIRCLES INDICATE THE TOTAL NUMBER OF NON-AGRICULTURAL WORKERS IN PRIMARY SECTOR

141 MAP 69

MAIN WORKERS IN MANUFACTURING, PROCESSING, SERVICING AND REPAIRS, 1991

The map shows three components; (a) percentage of 10.0 t - t 3.00 per cent. By contrast, proportion of main workers engaged in manufacturing, processing, of main workers under this category is observed to servicing and repairs [Industrial Category V(a) + be low, 10 per cent or below in Gurdaspur, Sangrur, V(b)] to total main workers; (b) percentage of main Firozpur, Bathinda and Faridkot districts. Among them, workers engaged in manufacturing, processing, the former two Gurdaspur and Sangrur fall in the range servicing and repairs other than household industry of 7.01- t 0.00 per cent while the latter three districts [Industrial Category V(b)] to total main workers; and exhibit a percentage of 7.00 and below. (c) main workers engaged in manufacturing, processing, servicing and repairs. Among the total main workers, 668,052 are engaged in manufacturing, processing, servicing and Out of 6098374 main workers, 81084 are repairs in other than household industry. In other engaged in manufacturing, processing, servicing and wordS, one out of every 9 main workers (10.95%) repairs in household industry and 668052 are engaged is engaged in this category. Among districts in the in other than household industry. As such, 749136 State, percentage of main workers in household main workers (12.28%) are engaged in manufacturing, industry varies between 25.29 per cent in Ludhiana processing, servicing and repairs. Among the districts and 4.94 per cent in Bathinda. The map reveals that in the State, this percentage varies between 25.78 all the districts in the state, barring Bathinda recorded per cent in Ludhiana district and 6.28 per cent in atleast 5 per cent of its main workers engaged in Bathinda district. In order to present spatial variation, household industry and these districts have been shown the districts have been grouped into four categories by using red Hat colour. and shown on the map through choropleth technique. The number of persons engaged in Besides Ludhiana where non-fourth (25.78%) of manufacturing, processing, servicing and repairs is the main workers are engaged in manufacturing, the maximum in ludhiana, 199132 and the processing servicing and repairs Jalandhar and minimum in Bathinda, 305 t 5. The disparity in their Kapurthala fall in the highest range of 13.01 per cent numerical strength of workers under this category and above. Another four districts, namely, Amritsar, can be observed from the size of circles marked Hoshiarpur, Rupnagar and Patiala fall in the high range on the map in each district.

J42 MAP 69

PUNJAB / fq f"'ii1i 0 I. :afll~t fliafftil aTtt ~ c)) ~.q~~~~~ '" MAIN WORKERS IN MANUFACTURING, PROCESSING, SERVICING AND REPAIRS 1991 10 5 0 10 20 30 40

KILOMETRES

BOUNDARY, INTERNATIONAL .. . . . _. _._ PERCENTAGE OF INDUSTRIAL WORKERS STATE/U.T...... _._._ TO TOTAL MAIN WORKERS

tt DISTRICT...... _. _ . _ SIZE OF INDUSTRIAL WORKERS ~ 13.01 ~ ABOVE ~~~~ 2::: em ~T~TE -;;;A:'~e ) - -.. 50000 ~ 7 1000 ---- 25 000 ~ .01 - .

. ITIIJ 7.00 AI«! BELOW DISTRICTS WITH PERCENTAGE OF FACTORY WORKERS AS FIVE PER CENT AND ~RE IN INDUSTRIAL CATEGORY VCbIARE SHADED BY RED COLOUR.

J43 MAP 70

MAIN WORKERS IN CONSTRUCTIONS, TRANSPORT, STORAGE AND COMMUNICATIONS, 1991

The map shows percentage of main workers in Among the districts in the State, the percentage constructions, transport, storage and communications of main workers in constructions, transport, storage to total main workers by districts in the State. For and communications varies between a maximum of this purpose, the percentages have been grouped into 9.07 per cent in Ludhiana and 3.68 per cent in three different ranges and shown on the map through Faridkot district. Out of 12 districts in the State, six each lie above and below the State average. graded shades. In addition, the number of main workers engaged in this activity has been shown by The percentage is observed to be high, 7.01 and way of graduated circles drawn in each district. above in four districts. Besides Ludhiana, they include Gurdaspur, Jalandhar and Rupnagar. The south­ Out of 6098374 main workers in the State, western part comprising of districts of Firozpur, 389832 are engaged in constructions, transport, Sangrur, Bathinda and Faridkot exhibit a low storage and communications and this makes 6.39 percentage of 5.00 and below. The remaining four per cent of the total main workers. Between these districts, namely, Amritsar, Kapurthala, Hoshiarpur and two categories, 2.56 per cent of the main workers Patiala fall in the range 5.01-7.00. are engaged in constructions (industrial category The disparity in the absolute number of workers VI) and the remaining 3.83 per cent are engaged engaged in constructions, transport, storage and in transport, storage and communications (industrial communication at district level is quite marked as can category VIII). be observed from the size of circles drawn in each district.

144 MAP 70

JAM M U &

PERCENTAGE OF MAtoI WORKERS IN CON­ BOUNOARY. INTERNAnONAL .... . _._._ STRUCTIONS.TRANSPORT.STORAGE AND STATE/U.T...... _ . _._- COMMUNICATIONS. " DISTRICT ...... _ . _ . _ NUMBER OF MAIN WORKERS m 7.01 AN~ ' ABOVE --80 000 ~ 5.01 _. _ 7.00 - 40000 (STATE AV ERAGE $ .391 -20000 5 .00 AND BELOW - 10 000 [JTIJ

145 MAP 71

MAIN WORKERS IN TRADE AND COMMERCE, 1991

The map shows districtwise percentage of main percentages higher and seven districts lower than the workers engaged in trade and commerce as recorded state average. at the t 99 t Census. For this map, districts have been grouped into four different ranges and shown on the In order to exhibit areal disparities, districts have map by using different grades of black and white been grouped into four ranges. Three districts fall in hatching. In addition, the number of workers engaged the highest range of 1 1.5 t and above. Apart from in trade and commerce is shown by solid circles. Ludhiana, they include Amritsar and Jalandhar districts. The percentage of main workers in trade and Among the 6098374 main workers in the State, 643254 are engaged in trade and commerce activity commerce is observed to be high, 10.01-1 1. 50 in (industrial ca~egory VII). This signifies that one-tenth two districts, namely Kapurthala and Patiala. Three (t 0.55%) of the total main workers in the State are districts, viz., Rupnagar, Bathinda and Faridkot fall in engaged in this activity. It is the maximum (13.63%) the lowest category of 8.50 and below. The remaining in Ludhiana district and the minimum in Faridkot four districts, viz., Gurdaspur, Firozpur, Sangrur and district (8.39%). In all, as many as five districts exhibit Hoshiarpur fall in the range 8.5 t - 10.00.

146 MAP 71

~ PERCENTAGE OF MAIN WORKERS IN BOUNDARY, INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND COMMERCE TO TOTAL MAIN WORKERS .. STATE/U.T.· ... . :::: : _._.- MAIN WORKERS ENGAGED IN n DISTRICT...... _. _.- TRADE AND COMMERCE _ ._ . ~ 11.51 AND ABOVE ----120000 ~ 10.01 _ 11.50 -···60000 (STATE AVERAGE 10.55) ..··30000 ~ 8 .51_IO.oo -.. 15000 . [OJ] 8 .50 AND BELOW

147 MAP 72

MAIN WORKERS IN SERVICES, 1991

This map depicts percentage of main workers in higher percentage of main workers engaged in "Other n nOther Services to total main workers at district level Services" in comparison to the districts located in the in Punjab as per 1991 Census. southern part. In order to display regional variations in According to the industrial classification "Other this regard, based on the percentages, districts have been Services n (Industrial Category IX) mainly includes grouped into four categories and shown on the map as persons engaged in (a) public service; (b) educational explained in the legend. and scientific services; (c) medical and health; and The highest category of 20.01 and above includes (d) personal and other miscellaneous services. The only one district viz., Rupnagar. The high proportion percentage of main workers engaged in "Other of main workers engaged in "Other Services" appears Services" to total main workers has been calculated primarily due to its proximity to Chandigarh which for each district and represented on the map by provides them ample employment opportunity in this choropleth technique. sector. Out of 6,098,374 main workers in the state. The next category of 16.01-20.00 per cent 896,255 are engaged in "Other Services". In other includes, three districts, all located in the northern half words, nearly one out of every seven main workers of the state and, namely are; Gurdaspur, Jalandhar (14.70%) in the state is engaged in this activity. and Hoshiarpur. Rupnagar (26.S7%) is the only district in the state where more than one fourth of the total main workers Maximum number of districts (S) is noticeable are engaged in nOther Services". By contrast, in in the range t 2.0 t -16.00. They include Amritsar, Sangrur (9.90%), less than one-tenth of the main Ludhiana, Kapurthala, Patiala and Faridkot. workers, are occupied in "other services". In all, five districts in the state recorded percentages higher than The districts of Firozpur, Sangrur and Bathinda the state average and the remaining seven fall below can be seen in the lowest range of 12.00 and below. the state average. The table below shows districtwise number of A glance on the map would reveal that, in general, workers engaged in "Other Services" by sex "in the the districts located in the northern half of the state have state.

Main workers engaged in "Other Services" (Industrial Category I:X)

State/District Persons Males I Females

2 3 4

PUNJAB 896,255 765,573 130,682 Gurdaspur 90,649 81,147 9,502 I Amritsar 112,802 95,198 17,604 Firozpur 52,947 45,999 6,9.48 Ludhiana 103,609 85,480 18,129 lalandhar 97,988 81,872 16,11q Kapurthala 28,415 23,923 4,492 Hoshlarpur 78,109 68,304 9,~o.5 Rupnagar 71,541 62,444 9,097 Patlala 87,514 73,004 14,51q Sangrur 5'2,336 45,363 tt 973 Bathinda 51,608 43,982 ~,626 'Faridkot 68,737 58,857 P,880

148 , MAP 72

PERCENTAGE 0 ~THER SERvfCE~1N WORKERS WORKERS TO TOTAL

~ 20.01 AND ABOVE

~ 16.01 _/20.00

~12.01ISTATEAvrn AGE16.00 t4.70) ITID 12.00 AND BELOW

149 MAP 73

NON-WORKERS BY AGE, SEX AND LITERACY, 1991

This map depicts districtwise distribution of non­ in Bathinda district (34.29%). As many as seven workers by age, sex and literacy as recorded at the districts fall above and five below the stage average. 1991 Census. More than one-half of the total non-workers are The percentage of non-worker literates to total literate in four districts, namely, Ludhiana, ]alandhar, non-workers in each district is shown by different tones Hoshiarpur and Rupnagar which can be seen in the of orange colour by grouping them into three ranges highest range of 50.01 per cent and above on the as explained in the legend to map. Besides, pyramids map. In another four districts, namely, Gurdaspur, are drawn by proportionate bars to show total non­ Amritsar, Kapurthala and Patiala, the corresponding workers by sex under respective age-groups. In the percentage is comparatively low and fall in the range pyramid, share of male population in each age group of 40.01 and 50.00. The range of 40.00 and below has been shown by solid black colour white the includes districts of Firozpur, Sangrur, Bathinda and remaining area of the bar represents female population Faridkot. which is shown in black and while hatching. As expected, between the two sexes, the highest Out of the total population of 20,281,969 in proportion of non-workers is recorded in the age-group the state, 14019980 (69.12%) are non-workers. 0-14. Among males, 26.24 per cent and among Among the non-workers, 45.51 per cent have the females, 23.54 per cent in age group 0-14 are non­ ability to read and write with understanding. The working. The proportion of non-workers for both males percentage of literates among non-workers is the and females is observed to be the lowest in age group highest in Hoshiarpur district (54.50%) and the lowest 30-34.

150 MAP 73

JAMM U PUNJAB & 3w:f, m-lWf am- ~ ell ~~~~~ '" NON-WORKERS BY AGE, SEX AND LITERACY

1991 3SO 280 "'" 14() 70 0 70 140 210 280 350 105010 20 3040 (f>ERSOHS IN '0000)

KL OMETRES PUNJAB

., o ~

BOUNDARY.INTERNAnONAL .. . . . _._._ STATE/U.T...... _ ___ _ PERCENTAGE OF NON-WORKER LITER­ DISTRICT ...... _. _._ ATES TO TOTAL NON-WO~S

50.01 AND ABOVE:

.. MALE 40.01 -- 50.00 (STATE AVERAGE 45.50

[21 FEMALe 40.00 AND BELOW

151 MAP 74

NON-WORKERS BY MAIN ACTIVITIES, 1991

This map shows non-workers by main actMties and engaged in household duties is the maximum for both sex by districts in the state as per the 1991 Census. males and females (98.1 7) and the minimum (10.47) in age-group 5-14. Among female non-workers, the The structure of non-workers in each district is percentage of female non-workers engaged in represented by pyramids. Horizontal bars have been household duties is exceptionally high. Infect, in drawn for males and females separately according to age-group 20-24 and SO-59, 9 out of 10 females their absolute number. Each bar has been divided into are engaged in household duties. four parts to show main activities of non-workers, such as, household duties, students, dependents etc. ,These Nearly, one-third (34.19%) of the total non­ divisions have been distinguished from each other by workers are full-time students and the corresponding giving different types of hatching in black and white percentages for males and females are 60.42 and as explained in the legend to the map. The scale at 21.90 respectively signifying that the proportion of the bottom and top of each pyramid indicates absolute non-workers recorded as students among males is number and percentages respectively. nearly three times than that of females. Among different age-groups, this percentage varies In the state, 11,604,710 have been recorded considerably. Among males, it is the highest as non-workers. Among them, 3,701,070 are males (82.47%) in age-group 15-19 while among males, and 7,903,640 are females. Out of the total main it is the highest (60.58%) in age-group 5-14 indicating workers in the state, 45.12 per cent are engaged in that females drop out from school quite early, in household duties; 34.19 per cent are studentsi 19.69 comparison to males. per cent are dependents. Nearly one-fifth (19 .69%.) of the total nor­ A little less than one-half (45.12%) of the total workers in the state are dependents. The proportion non-workers in the state are engaged in household of dependents among males in age-group 60+ is duties. Between the two sexes, the percentage for significantly higher in comparison to females. It is the males and females is 4_54 and 64.12 respectively maximL!m jn both males and females in age-group indicating the striking difference between the two. 66 +. Interestingly, the proportion of dependents Among different age-group, the percentage of non­ among males (82.24%) in age 60+ is significantly workers among males is the highest (39.79) in higher than that of the females (47.72%). All the age-group 35-39 and the lowest (1. 80) in age-group age-groups barring 5-14 indicate higher percentage 5-14. Among females, percentage of non-workers -of dependents among males.

152 MAP 74

JAMMU I PlIUAB & KASHMIR ~ (fi(4CfiHi4l ell ~ qill{ ';f'CfiB~ . NON-WORKERS BY MAIN ACTIVITIES 1991 1050 10 20 30 40

KLOMETRES PUNJAB

MAIN tCTl\llTES BOUNDARY. INTERNATIONAL .. STATE/U.T..... ::: .. _._.- .. HOUSEHOLD DUTES " DISTRICT . . _o_o_ .- ..... ~ ...... _ o_o_ .. FlU. Tt£'STlJOENTS

PERCENTAGE AM) ABSOLUTE P:'!3iR DEPEM>~TS AND INFANTS t4 MAI'I ACTlVITES ARE SHO SHARE OF NON-WOOKERS WN AND BElOW TI-£ BAR OIAGRA BY TI-£ SCALE ABOVE M RESPECTIVEL Yo L_] OTHERS

N-NEGI..)6IllE

153

IV- SOCIO-CULTURAL ASPECTS MAP 75

SCHEDULED CASTES, 1991

This map shows districtwise distribution of district can be seen under this range. Scheduled Castes in the state as per 1991 Census. The percentage of Scheduled Caste population to total Seven tahsils which fa1l in the range of 30.01· population has been grouped into five ranges and 35.00 per cent include three tahsils of Ludhiana shown on the map through graded shades. Further, district, two tahsils of Amritsar district and one tahsil the absolute number of Scheduled Castes in each tahsil each of Gurdaspur and Faridkot district. is also shown by solid circles drawn proportionate to their population size by grouping them in five As many as 18 tahsils fall under the category of categories as explained in the legend of the map. 25.01 -30.00 per cent. They include all the four tahsils of Bathinda district, three tahsils each of Amritsar, According to 1991 Census, 28.31 per cent of Patiala and Sangrur district, two tahsils of Kapurthala the state's population belongs to Scheduled Castes. district and one each of Firozpur, Hoshiarpur and Among the tahsils in the state, proportion of Scheduled Rupnagar district. Caste population varies between a maximum of 44.36 per cent in Phillaur (District Jalandhar) and a minimum The proportion of Scheduled Caste population is of 15.99, per cent in Fazilka (District Firozpur). In noted to be comparatively low in the range of 20.01- all, 26 tahsils exhibit percentage higher and 20 lower 25.00 per cent in nine tahsils covering two tahsils each than the state average. of Gurdaspur, Firozpur and Rupnagar and one tahsil each of Hoshiarpur, Patiala and Sangrur district. The proportion of Scheduled Caste population is observed to be very high in the range of 35.01 Three tahsils, namely, Fazilka, Patiala and per cent and above in 9 tahsils. All the four tahsils Ludhiana exhibit proportion of Scheduled Caste of Jalandhar District, Hoshiarpur and Garhshankar population in the lowest range of 20.00 and below. tahsils of Hoshiarpur district, Faridkot and Muktsar The table below shows districtwise number and tahsils of Faridkot district and Phagwara of Kapurthala percentage of Scheduled Caste population in Punjab.

Scheduled Caste Percentage of Scheduled Caste State/District Total population population . population in total population

2 3 4

PUNJAB 20,28.,969 5,742,528 28.l. I Gurdaspur 1,756,732 433,827 24.70 Amritsar 2,504,560 701,444 28.01 Firozpur 1,607,817 350,461 21.80 Ludhiana 2,471,594 611,399 24.74 ]alandhar 2,026,787 792,098 39.08 Kapurthala 646,647 190,484 29.46 Hoshiarpur 1,455,028 484,876 33.32 Rupnagar 915,603 224,982 24.57 Patiala 1,896,242 447,607 23.60 Sangrur 1,710,120 45~,856 26.83 Bathinda 1,559,963 456,596 29.27 Faridkot 1,730,876 589,898 H.08

156 MAP 75 ~~~== __I !

150001 - 200 000 ,,

157 MAP 76

GROWTH OF SCHEDULED CASTES, 1981-91

This map shows tahsilwise growth of Scheduled 8 tahsils among which two each fall in Firozpur, Caste population in Punjab during 1981-91. The Kapurthala and Patiala districts and one each is located tahsilwise percentage growth rate of Scheduled Caste in Jalandhar and Rupnagar districts. population has been grouped into five categories and depicted on the map by different shades of black and 20 tahsils fall in the range 25.01-30.00 per white hatching as explained in the legend to the map. cent. All the four tahsils of Sangrur district, three tahsiIs each of Hoshiarpur and Bhatinda district, two During 1981-91, the Scheduled Caste population tahsils each of Rupnagar, Patiala and Faridkot distrkts in Punjab has increased by 27.28 per cent as against and one each of Gurdaspur, Amritsar, Ludhiana and Firozpur can be seen on the map under this range. an overall increase of 20.81 per cent. During this decade, the growth rate of Scheduled Caste population The growth rate of Scheduled Caste population is the maximum in Ludhiana (44.84%) and the is relatively low in the range of 20.01-25.00 per minimum (14.58%) in Amritsar district. cent in 11 tahsils covering three tahsils of Jalandhar district, two each of Amritsar and Ludhiana districts Three tahsils in the state experienced a very high and one each of Firozpur, Kapurthala, Hoshiarpur and growth rate of Schedule Caste population in the range Patiala districts. of 35.01 per cent and above. BE:sides ludhiana, Bathinda and Faridkot tahsils fall in this category. The lowest category of 20.00 per cent and below covers four tahsils, namely, Gurdaspur and Batala The growth rate of Scheduled Caste population (Gurdaspur district) and Tarn Taran and Patti is observed to be high, 30.01-35.00 per cent in (Amritsar district).

158 MAP 76

PI;:RCENTAG CASTE POPU'U~~~EASE IN SCHEDULED

~ 35.01 AND ABOVE

~ 3O.01!- 35.00

25.01 3 ~ [STATEAVERAGO.OOE 27.281 ITID 20.01 _ 2 5.00 I: -: -: -:120.00 AND ...." .. LOW

159 MAP 77

LITERACY OF SCHEDULED CASTES, 1991

The map shows districtwise literacy rate of In order to present regional variation in this Scheduled Caste population in Punjab as recorded at regard, districts are grouped into four categories. the 1991 Census. Literacy is observed to be significantly high,S 5.0 1 and above in three districts. Besides Hoshiarpur, Percentage of literates to total Scheduled Caste they include Jalandhar and Rupnagar. It is high in population (excluding age-group 0-6) has been worked the range of 40.01-55.00 in another three districts out and shown on the map by way of graded shades which namely are, Gurdaspur, Ludhiana. and as explained in the legend to the map. Further, solid Kapurthala. By contrast, the remaining six districts coloured vertical bars have been drawn in each district have relatively low literacy rate. It is 25.01-40.00 to indicate the numerical strength of Scheduled Caste literates in the district. in Amritsar, Patiala and Sangrur while Firozpur, Bathinda and Faridkot can be seen in the lowest According to 1991 Census, 5,742,528 persons range of 25.00 and below. belong to Scheduled Castes out of which 1,080,782 are in age-group 0-6. Among the Scheduled Castes, The number of literates among Scheduled Castes 1,915,554 are literates. As such, the literacy rate among also varies significantly as can be Qbserved from the Scheduled Castes is 41.09 per cent as against 58.51 size of bars drawn in the district. The number of per cent for the total population in the state. Among Scheduled Caste literates is 372.011 in Jalandhar while the districts, the variation in Scheduled Caste literacy it is only 75.830 in Bathinda district. rate is noted to be significant. It is the maximum in Hoshiarpur (63.82%) and the minimum in Bathinda By and large, it is observed that districts with high (20.68%). Incidentally, both these districts present literacy rate in total population also exhibit high extremes of values in total literacy also. Six districts literacy in their Scheduled Caste population as can each fall above and below the state average. be observed from the table given below :

State/District Literacy Rate in Total Population Scheduled Caste Population

2 3

PUNJAB 58.51 41.09 Gurdaspur 61.84 47.60 Amritsar 58.09 33.71 Firozpur 48.00 24.40 Ludhiana 67.35 50.58 Jalandhar 68.14 54.61 Kapurthala 63.31 47.82 Hoshiarpur 70.74 63.82 Rupnagar 68.45 57.38 Patiala 68.62 38.53 Sangrur 46.16 27.15 Bathinda 43.03 20.68 Faridkot 49.42 24.27

la> MAP 77

PUNJAB ~"1't1filn ~ II mamrr SCAlE Of BARS "'''' LITERACY OF SCHEDULED 400 CASTES 1991 10 $ 0 10 X> 30 40 ~ 300 o 9 ;;; 200 w._ « '",_w :::; 100

BOUNDARY, INTERNAnONAl. . .. . PERCENTAGE OF TOTAl sct£DULED _o_o_ CASTE UTERATES TO TOTAL STATE/U.T...... _._._ SCI£DULED CASTE POP\JlATION .. DISTRICT...... _ . _. _ ( EXCLUDING AGE-GROIP 0-6 ,

55.01 AND ABOVE

40.01 - 55.00 ( STATE AVERAGE 4109 I

25.01 - 40.00

25.00 ANO BELOW

161 MAP 78

MAIN WORKERS, MARGINAL WORKERS AND NON-WORKERS IN SCHEDULED CASTES, t 991

This map depicts proportion of main workers, largest district is more than four times bigger than marginal workers and non-workers among Scheduled the smallest district. The circles drawn in the districts Caste population at district level in Punjab. The illustrate extent of variation of Scheduled Caste Scheduled Caste population in the districts has been population in the districts. Further, the share of female shown by graduated circles drawn proportionate to workers and also the marginal workers is rather small total Scheduled Caste population. These circles have as can be observed from sectors drawn within the been divided into three sectors representing main circles. Among the Scheduled Castes in the state, workers, marginal workers and non-workers in 29.67 per cent main workers, 1.04 per cent, marginal Scheduled Caste population. These sectors have been workers and 69.29 per cent are non-workers. Among further sub-divided into two to represent share of males the main workers, the share of males and females is and females, and for clear distinction, females division 28.11 and 1.56 per cent respectively. has been differentiated by giving black dots. In the background of the map, percentage of main workers The maximum number of districts (5) can be seen to total Scheduled Caste population has been shown in the high range of 30.0 I and above. They include by choropleth technique. Amritsar, Firozpur, Sangrur, Bathinda and Faridkot. Four districts, namely, Ludhiana, Jalandhar, Kapurthala According to 1991 Census, Scheduled Caste and Patiala appear under the range 28.01-30.00, population in Punjab is 5,742,528. Among the while the remaining three districts namely, Gurdaspur, districts, their population size varies between 792.098 Hoshiarpur and Rupnagar exhibit percentages in the in Jalandhar and 190.484 in Kapurthala. Thus, the category, 28.00 and below. MAP 78

PUNJAB ( NOT TO SCALE)

~ . INTERNATIONAL ... .. STATE/U.T...... _.=:= _ CHEOULED CASTE BOU~OARY. =:_._ TOTALA~ION 1991 DISTRICT...... ~ MAIN POPUl 800 000 PERCENTAGE OF~TION ' . WORKERS N SCHEDU..ED CAS • NON- :F:: M.. WORKERS WORKERS . .. . : •• £: ~ 30.0I.MD ABOVE TOP OF CIRCLES ~ TE .._:£ , M . . 200000 FIGURES AT THEED CASTE ~ NlICA TE ...... GE29.671 TOTAL SO£OU_"":1>£""'-" _ ...... _ ~ (STATE AVERA 3000 100000 ~ 28.01- • THE ~ NON-WORKERS WORKERSPOPULATION . CASTEFIGURES ~GE OF MAN W~ED ~~ ~WQRKERS=--___-==:::: ITJJJ 28.oo.MD BElOW

J63 MAP 79

TEN NUMERICALLY MAJOR SCHEDULED CASTES, 1991

This map represents districtwise distribution of first Ad Dharmi is the third largest caste having a 10 numerically major Scheduled Castes in Punjab population of 911,057 which amounts to 15.87 per according to 1991 Census. The distribution of these cent of the total Scheduled Caste population of the state. 10 castes is shown by using different symbols in black Ad Dharmis are mainly concentrated in Jalandhar and and white as explained in the legend to the map. Hoshiarpur districts as they contribute 52.55 per cent and 38.32 per cent of the total Ad Dharmi population According to 1991 Census, 37 castes have been in the state respectively. This signifies more than 90 per recognised as Scheduled Castes in Punjab State. All these cent (90.87%) of state's Ad Dharmi population is 37 castes have a total population of 5,742,528. The residing in these two districts. first top 10 ranking castes includes, 1. Mazhabi, 2. Chamar, ]atia Chamar, Rehgar, Raigar, Ramdasi, Ravidasi, Balmikis (which includes Chuhra and Bhangi also) 3. Ad Dharmi, 4. Balmiki, Chuhra, Bhangi, 5. Bazigar, with a numerical strength of 646,431 is the fourth largest 6. Dumna, Mahasha, Doom, 7. Megh, 8. Sansi, Bhedkut, group. It accounts for 11.26 per cent of the total Manesh, 9. Bauria, Bawaria, 10. Dhanak. These 10 castes Scheduled Caste population in the state. The main areas together account for 94.46 per cent of the total of their concentration are districts of Patiala, Kapurthala, Scheduled Caste population in the state. Firozpur and Ludhiana and these four districts together Mazhabi is the most dominant caste among contain nearly one-half (47.00%) of the total Balmiki population of the state. Scheduled Castes. It has a population of 1,766,361 which makes nearly one-third (30.76%) of the total It is significant to note that the aforesaid four castes Scheduled Caste population in the state, Their main areas account for more than four-fifths (83.22%) of the total of concentration are the districts of Amritsar, Faridkot, Scheduled Caste population in the state. The share of Bathinda, Jalandhar, Firozpur, Sangrur, Gurdaspur and remaining six major castes appearing on this map in total Ludhiana. Scheduled Caste population is 11.26 per cent and their The chamar caste which also includes Jatia Chamar, individual share in total Scheduled Caste population is Rehgar, Raigar, Ramdasi, Ravidasi constitutes the second Bazigar (2.82%), Dumna, Mahasha, Doom (2.74%), largest group. In absolute terms, 1,454,340 persons Megh (1.83%), Sansi, Bhedkut, Manesh (1.45%), fall under this group which makes one-fourth (25.33%) Bauria, Bawaria (1.43%) and Dhanak (0.99%). of the Scheduled Caste population of the state. Among Interestingly, the aforesaid data reveals that the first the districts, their main concentration is observed in top 10 ranking castes account for 94.48 per cent of Ludhiana (373,813) and Sangrur (260,360) and both the total Scheduled Caste population while the remaining these districts together account for more than two-fifth 27 castes account for only 5.52 per cent. I (43.61 %) of the total Chamar in the state. Among other districts having considerable number belonging to this The table below shows population and percentage caste, Rupnagar, Bathinda and Gurdaspur can be noted. share of first 10 major Scheduled Castes in the state.

Percentage share in Rank Name of the Scheduled Castes Population, 1991 total SC population

2 3 4 1. Mazhabi 1,766,361 30.76 2. Chamar, jatia Chamar, Rehgar, 1,454,340 25.33 Raigar, Ramdasi, Ravidasi 3. Ad Dharmi 911,057 15.87 4. Balmiki Chuhra, Bhangi 646,431 11.26 5. Bazigar 162,000 2.82 6. Dumna, Mahasha, Doom 157,099 2.74 1. Megh 105,064 1.83 8. Sansl, Bhedkut, Manesh 83,030 1.45 9. Rauria, Bawaria 82,132 1.43 10. Dhanak 56,874 0.99

164 MAP 79

PUNJAB 10~~~ TEN NUMERICALLY MAJOR SCHEDULED CASTES 1991 10 5 0 10 20 30 40

KILOMETRES

MAJOR SCHEDULED CASTES • MAZHABI BOUNDARY, INTERNATIONAL ..... _._._ • CHAMAR,JATIA CHAMAR STATE/U.T.. " ... _._._ • AD-DHARMI DISTRICT...... _. _._ o BALMlKI,CHUHRA BHANGI ~ BAZIGAR L}" DUMNA,MAHASHA, DODM o MEGH ONE SYMBOL REPRESENTS 10 000 PERSONS. o SANSI,BHEDKUT,MANESH 6. BAURIA,BAWARIA X DHANAK I , !

165 MAP 80

RELIGIONS, 1991

This map shows percentage distribution of Christians, Buddhists and Jains together account for population in Punjab by religions as recorded at the 2.51 per cent of the total population of the state and 1991 Census. their share is 1.18, 1. 11, 0.12 and O. tOper cent respectively. A negligible proportion of population was In order to represent this data, squares are drawn recorded as "Other religion" (0.01%) while 0.07 per proportionate to total population in each district. Each cent of the population did not state their religion. of these squares has been divided into 100 small squares each representing one per cent of the total Among the districts in the state, Sikhs constitute population. Sikhs, Hindus, Muslims, Christians, more than three-fourths of the total population in Buddhists and )ains are the major religions, However, Faridkot (80.14%), Amritsar (78.63%) and Bathinda on the map, due to cartographic difficulties, Jains and (78.40%). Apart from this, Sangrur (72.75%) also Buddhists are grouped together. Likewise, due to has a very high proportion of population professing insignificant number under categories "Other religions" Sikh religion. On the other hand, the proportion of and" Religions not stated", these two have also been Sikh population in total population is less than one­ grouped together for the purpose of this map. half in Hoshiarpur (42.12%) and Jalandhar (44.01%). Besides Gurdaspur (46.24%) and Firozpur Out of 20,281,969 persons in the state, (42.01%) have a fairly high proportion of Hindus. 12,767,697 are Sikhs, 6,989,226 are Hindus, Among Muslims, the highest concentration is observed 239,401 are Muslims, 225,163 are Christians, in Sangrur district where they account for 7.15 per 24,930 are Buddhists and 20,762 profess Jain cent of the total population of the district. Patiala religion. In the state, 883 persons were recorded (1.61 %) and Rupnagar (1.29%) are the other two as professing "Other religion" while t 3,906 did not districts in the state where their srare exceeds one state their religion. In other words, 62.95 per cent per cent in total population. The concentration of of the total population in the state profess Sikh religion Christians is noted in Gurdaspur where their share in which is the most dominant religious group in the state. total population is 6.86 per cent. Amritsar (1.70%) Hindus, which account for 34.46 per cent of the total and Firozpur (1.16%) are the other districts where population is the second largest religious group in the the share of Christians population is more than one state. This shows that Sikhs and Hindus together per cent. Among Buddhists and ]ains, the share of constitute 97.4 t per cent of the total population in their population in total population is less than one the state. The minority religious group viz., Muslims, per cent in all the districts in the state.

166 MAP 80

PUNJAB 20281969 qtf RELIGIONS 1991 10 5 0 10 20 30 40

I(IL<»oIETlIES

PUNJAB ( NOT TO SCALE)

;" ! ~_r- -' - _.---..._/_'_./" ~'\..f j '1 ,,_ "-'--.

DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION BY RELIGIONS R BOUNDARY.INTERNATIONAL. .... _._._ NUMBER OF PERSONS I } 'I j SIKHS STATE/U.T. _._ ... _.. _ ___ _ 3000000 DISTRICT ...... • •• ••• _._. _ 2400000 .. HINDUS 18QOOOO MUSLIMS 1200000

FIGURE AT THE TOP OF EACH SQUARE REPRESENTS THE TOTAL 600000 CHRISTIANS POPULATION OF THE DISTRICT. CJ EACH SMALL SQUARE REPRESENTS ONE PERCENT OF THE JAINS AND BUOHtSTS POPULATION .. Colour for Musli~s in Gurdaspur district may be OTHERS read for Christians and vice versa

167 MAP 81

GROWTH OF POPULATION BY RELIGIONS, 1981-91

This map shows growth of population by religions amounting to an increase of 12.73 per cent. Among during 1981-91 in Punjab. the districts, Ludhiana recorded the highest increase (45.59%) while in Amritsar district, the Hindus Districtwise percentage growth of different population has declined by (-) 1.14 per cent during religions has been calculated and shown on the map the decade. Besides Amritsar which experienced by bars drawn proportionately to the percentage decline in its Hindu population, the increase was below increase or decrease. The bars above the X-axis indicate the state average in seven districts. increase while those below the X-axis denote decrease in the population of the religion. The population professing Muslim religion has risen from 168,094 to 239,401 during 1981-91. Sikhs constitute 62.95 per cent of the total Thus, the Muslim population in the state has increased population in the state. This is the most dominant by 42.42 per cent during this decade. The Muslim religious community in the state. It has increased from population more than doubled (an increase of 10,191,141 in 1981 to 12,767,697 in 1991. 126.93%) in Ludhiana district while the increase in During this decade, Sikh population increased by Gurdaspur was only 13.75 per cent during this 25.18 per cent which is higher than the overall decade. In all, six districts each recorded growth rate increase of 20.81 per cent in the total population above and below the state average. The districts which of the state. Among the districts, this community recorded increase higher than the state average include recorded an increase varying between 36.46 per cent Ludhiana (126.930,,0), Amritsar (83.73%), Jalandhar in Rupnagar district and 18.98 per cent in Amritsar (60.23%), Rupnagar (54.62%), Bathinda (49.300,,0) district. The percentage increase in population and Kapurthala (46.1 3%). professing Sikh religion was higher than the overall I increase in population in nine districts which, in order, The Christian population in the state increased are Rupnagar (30.46), Patiala (33.61), Ludhiana by 21.75 per cent during 1981-91. This increase was (30,63), Firozpur (28.82), Sangrur (26.70), the highest in Ludhiana (81.530,,0) while Kapurtha[a Hoshiarpur (25.56), Kapurthala (25.25), Bathinda district noted decline in its Christian population. (22.93) and Faridkot (22.53). As many as seven districts in the state witnessed an increase of more In the state, the Buddhists have increased by than 25 per cent. 3020.15 per cent while the Jains suffered a decline by (-)23.24 per cent in their population. The Hindus constitute the second largest religious abnormal increase in Buddhist population during this community in the state. Their number has increased decade is mainly due to conceptual change adopted from 6,200,195 in 1981 to 6,989,226 in 1991 at the 1991 Census.

168 MAP 61

4000 z 3000 ~ 2000 PUNJAB ~ 1000 "-0 IL 7S Uql"jtiH ,iHa€CH cpt ;;;; GROWTH OF POPULATION BY RELIGIONS 1981- 91 IOS0 10 20 "30 40

KLOMETRES

<

REl..IGIONS J SIOlS BOUNDARY,INTERNATlONAL .. . .. _._._ 21ftXJS 3 IoI.ISL.IoIS STATE/U.T...... _._._ 4 CKlIST)AHS DISTRICT...... •.. .. _ ._._ SBlIXHSTS 6 ,JAMS 7 OTl£R RElIGIONS AM>PERSUA~ * POPULATION EMERGED FfR?T TIME 8 RELIGION NOT STATED

169 MAP 82

DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION BY MAJOR LANGUAGES, 1991

This map represents districtwise distribution of being spoken in the state. This percentage varies population by language mainly spoken in the household between 97.10 per cent in Sangrur and 80.52 per in Punjab as recorded at the 1991 Census. cent in Firozpur district. The districts with percentage higher than the state average include, Amritsar, The percentage share of population by language Jalandhar, Kapurthala, Hoshiarpur, Rupnagar, Patiala, mainly spoken in the household to total population Saj:jgrur, Bathinda and Faridkot. of the district has been calculated. In all those cases where the percentage of language mainly spoken to Hindi is the second important language being total population is less than one per cent, the same spoken in the state. Out of the total population have been clubbed together and grouped as "Other 1,478,993 (7.29%) speak Hindi language. Gurdaspur languages" . (10.97%), Firozpur (19.14%) and Ludhiana (11.00%) are the only three districts which have The maior speakers of language are shown by tint, atleast one-tenth of their population speaking Hindi colour whHe the speaker of other languages. whose language. By contrast, this percentage is less than five share is more than 6ne per cellf are sboWn, by 'Suitable in Amritsar (4.06%), Kapurthala (4.79%), Bathinda hatching as explained in the legend. All other languages (4.34%) and Faridkot (4.40%). whose cumulative share comes to less than one per cent have not been shown on this map. The above discussions revealed that 99.51 per cent of the population in the state speaks either Punjabi Out of the total population of 20,281,969 in or Hindi. The cumulative share of all other languages the state, 18,704,461 (92.22%) speak Punjabi spoken in the state is less than one per cent of the language. Obviously, Punjabi is the dominant language total population.

170 MAP 82

JAMMU & KASHMIR

DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION BY MAJOR LANGUAGES 1991 105010 203040

KLOMETRES

PERCENTAGE OF POPULAnON SPEAKING MAJOR LANGUAGES BOUNOARY.INTERNATIONAL.. . .. _._._ STATE/U.T...... _._._ ~A8I HINDI n DISTRICT •....•~ ..... _._._ 90.01 AND ABOVE

30.01 - 90.00 L:J ,, 10.01 - 30.00

1.00 - 10.00

lANGUAGES WITH SPEAKERS I PER CENT AM> BELOW HAVE NOT BEEN TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT.

171 MAP 83

LITERACY, 1991

This map depicts literacy rate by districts in the (70.74%) in Hoshiarpur and the minimum (43.03%) state as recorded at 1991 Census. in Bathinda district. In all, seven districts in the state have literacy rate higher than that of the state. The percentage of literates to total population However, in three districts, namely, Sangrur, Bathinda has been worked out for each district. These and Faridkot, the number of illiterates exceeds the percentage figures are grouped into four ranges and number of literates. shown on the map by using dark to light hatching as explained in the legend to the map. In addition, In order [0 present these variations, the districts districtwise vertical bars proportionate to total literates are grouped into four categories. Hoshiarpur district in the district are also marked in order to give an idea alone can be seen in the highest range of 70.0 I and about the absolute number of literates in each districts. above while Gurdaspur, ludhiana, Kapurthala and Rupnagar exhibit percentage in the range of 60.01 - Out of the total population of 16,975,724 70.00. (excluding age grouped 0-6) in the state, 9,932,116 are literates resulting in an overall literacy rate of The entire south-western part covering the 58.51 per cent in the state. The number of literates districts of Firozpur, Sangrur, Bathinda and Faridkot varies considerably among the districts in the state as is marked as the area with low literacy in the range can be observed from the length of bars drawn on of 50.00 and below while in two districts, Amritsar the map. This number is the maximum (1,403,640) and Patiala, it varies between 50.01 and 60.00. in ludhiana and the minimum in Kapurthala (344,009). Likewise, the percentage of literates in The table below shows districtwise literacy rate total population also varies considerably. It is maximum in Punjab for rural and urban areas separately:

Literacy rate State! District Total Rural Urban

2 3 4

PUNJAB 58.51 52.77 72.08 Gurdaspur 61.84 58.44 73.69 Amritsar 58.09 49.74 73.93 Firozpur 48.01 41.59 68.16 Ludhiana 67.35 62.95 71. 71 Jalandhar 68.45 63.99 76.37 Kapurthala 63.31 59.90 75.84 Hoshiarpur 70.74 69.22 79.16 Rupnagar 68.14 63.66 81. 15 Patiala 58.62 51.51 74.97 Sangrur 46.16 41.57 60.42 Bathinda 43.03 36.42 65.87 Faridkot 49.42 43.65 66.52

172 MAP 83

J A hi M U , SCALE OF BARS 1600 KASHMIR PUNJAB 1400

mmm 0 1200 o .p LITERACY ;;:; 1000 ~ 800 1991 >-

PERCENTAGE OF LITERATES TO TOTAL POPULATION (EXCLUDING BOUNDARY, INTERNATIONAL. .. .. _._._ A AGE-GROUP 0-6) STATE/U.T ...... _._._ 70.01 AND ABOVE .. DISTRICT...... _. _._ 60.01 _ 70.00

50.01 _ 60.00 (STATE: AVERAGE 58.511

~O.OO AND BELOW

173 MAP 84

CHANGE IN LITERACY, t 98 t -91

This map shows change in percentage of literates exhibit values higher than the state average while seven during 1981 -9 1 by districtwise in the state. fall below the state average.

The percentage of total literates to total The increase has been observed to be relatively population excluding age-group 0-6 for each district high in the range of 11.01 and above in four districts. has been worked out for 198 1 and 1991 separately Besides Hoshiarpur, they include Jalandhar, Rupnagar and intercensal change during the decade has been and Sangrur. Although, in term of literacy rate, worked out by subtracting the former from the latter. Sangrur district lies quite low among the districts, yet, The values, thus obtained, have been grouped into this district has experienced phenominal increase in three categories and shown on the map by graded its literacy rate during 1981-91. shades in black and white as explained in the legend Four districts, namely Gurdaspur, Kapurthala, to the map. Patiala and Bathinda can be noticed in the range During the previous decade, the literacy rate in 10.01 - 11.00. the state has increased from 48.17 per cent in 1981 The increase in literacy rate is relatively Jow, to 58.S 1 per cent in 1991. Thus, the literacy rate 10.00 and below in Amritsar, Firozpur, Ludhiana and in the state has improved by 10.35 percentage points Faridkot. during this decade. Among the districts, this increase I varies between 11.96 percentage points in Hoshiarpur, The table below shows total population, which incidentally is the most literate district in the population in age-group 0-6 and number of literates state, and 8.70 in Ludhiana district. Five districts by districts in Punjab as per 1991 Census.

State/District Total population Population in age-group 0-6 No. of literates

2 3 4 PUNJAB 20,281,969 1,306,245 9,932,116 Gurdaspur 1,756,732 288,919 907,672 Amritsar 2,504,560 421,904 ,209,776 Firozpur 1,607,817 294,314 630,599 Ludhiana 2,471,594 387,357 ,403,640 Jalandhar 2,026,787 305,015 ,178,537 Kapurthala 646,647 103,240 344,009 Hoshiarpur 1,455,028 224,169 870,738 Rupnagar 915,603 147,226 523,541 Patiala 1,896,242 315,970 926,283 Sangrur 1,710,120 282,560 658,915 Bathinda 1,559,963 257,505 560,435 Faridkot 1,730,876 278,066 717,971

174 MAP 84

,_-

,,

175 MAP 85

MALE LITERACY, 1991

This map shows districtwise proportion of male The male literacy rate is in the high range of literates among the total male population excluding 70.01 and above in five districts. Besides Hoshiarpur, age-group 0-6 in Punjab as revealed by 1991 Census. they cover Ludhiana, )alandhar, Kapurthala .and Rupnagar district and can be seen as a compact area The percentage of male literates to total male on the map. The districts of Gurdaspur, Amritsar and population has been worked out for each district and Patiala constitute the range 60.01-70.00. .sho~n on the map by choropleth technique. In addition, male literacy rate for rural and urban areas As true in case of overall literacy rate1n the state, separately has been shown by way of side lapping bars in case ofmale literacy too, south-western part of the in each district. In order to distinguish urban male state covering districts of Firozpur, Sangrur, Bathinda literates from rural, the bar pertaining to the former and Faridkot can be seen in the lowest range of 60.00 has been given dot shade while the bar for rural male and below. literates is left blank. In the state, rural and urban male literacy rates are 60.71 and 77.26 per cent respectively resulting The state has a male population 9,014,582 in a difference of 16.55 percentage points between (excluding age-group 0-6) among which 5,919,225 the two. As can be seen from the length of side lapping are literates. In other words, among males, 65.66 per bars drawn in the districts, the gap in the rural and cent are literates. The male literacy rate in the state urban male literacy rate is narrow in areas with higher is the maximum in Hoshiarpur district (79.31%) and literacy rate and it broadens with the decline in literacy the minimum in Bathinda district (50.55%). Seven rates. districts in the state fall above and five below the state average. All the districts in the state have more than The table below shows districtwise rural and.urban one-half of the male population as literate. male literacy rate in Punjab.

Literacy rate State/District Total Rural Urban 2 3 }J

PUNJAB 65.66 60.71 77.2.6 Gurdaspur 69.56 66.57 79.92 Amritsar 65.07 57.80 78.91 Firozpur 56.88 51.17 174.77 Ludhiana 72.47 69.93 74.89

Jalandhar 74.87 '11.34 181 ;05 Kapunhala 70.03 66.11 80.79 Hoshiarpur 79.31 78.33 84.61 Rupnagar 76.45 73.02 \86.46 Patiala 65.93 59.76 80.29 Sangrur 53.37 48.94 67.29 Bathinda 50.55 44.02 73.p Faridkot 56.43 50.84 73.10

176 · . _MAP 85_

PUNJAB SCALE OF BARS ~ 100

o PUNJAB

PERCENTAGE OF (LITERATES :~E~~~~MALE0-6) ~6~~!; EXCLUDING

~ 70.01 AND AS OVE

~ 60.01- " I STATE AVE:A~0~5.GG) [[ill 60.00 AND BELOW

177 MAP 86

CHANGE IN MALE LITERACY, 1981-91

This map shows districtwise intercensal change the state portray increase above the state average while in male literacy during 198 t ·91 in Punjab. The five fall below the state average. cartographic technique followed in this map is similar to the one explained under map no. 84. The increase is high, to. 5 1 and above in five districts. Besides Kapurthala, Patiala and Sangrur, they During 1981-91, male literacy rate in Punjab has include Hoshiarpur and Bathinda. The increase varies increased by 10.03 percentage points (from 55.56% between 9.51 and 10.50 in four districts, namely, Gurdaspur, Amritsar, Jalandhar and Rupnagar. This in 1981 to 65.59% in t 991). Thus, the increase range also includes the state average. The lowest range, in male literacy rate has been little lower than the 9.50 and below covers districts of Firozpur, Ludhiana total literacy rate (10.35 points). This increase is the and Faridkot. maximum in Patiala district (11.80) closely followed by Sangrur (11.50) and Kapurthala (11.05). As in The table below shows male population, male case of total literacy, the change is noticed to be lowest population in age-group 0-6 and male literates by in ludhiana district (7.32). In all, seven districts in districts in Punjab as per 199 t Census.

State/District Total population Population in age-group 0-6 No. of literates

2 3 4

PUNJAB 10,778,034 1,763,45'2 5,919,Z2~ Gurdaspur 923,343 153,831 535,240

I Amritsar 1,337,503 226,673 722,857 Firozpur 848,764 156,075 394,032 Ludhiana 1,340,039 206,265 821,670 \ Jalandhar 1,067,093 161,580 677,935 Kapurthala 341,030 54,946 200,341 Hoshiarpur 758,125 118,773 507,058 Rupnagar 489,671 78,115 314,649 I Patiala 1,008,576 168,969 55'3,520 Sangrur 914,361 tSO,866 4p7,478 Bathinda 829,849 138,099 3'49,676 I Faridkot 919,680 149,260 434,769

178 MA~.~6

KLOMETRES

PERCENTAGEUTERACY INCREASE IN MAlE

~ 10.51 AND ABO>IE

[]][I] 9.51 ~ ~ (STATEMRAGEIO.031 .50

~ 9.50 AM> BELOW

179 MAPS7

FEMALE LITERACY, 1991

This map shows districtwise female literacy rate toto, six districts each fall above and below the state in Punjab as per 1991 Census. average.

The percentage of female literates has been The highest range of 60.01 and above covers worked out by dividing female population (excluding three districts viz., Ludhiana, Jalandhar and age-group 0-6) by total number of female literates. Hoshiarpur. The maximum number of districts (5) can The figures, thus obtained, are grouped into three be seen in the range 50.00-60.00 and they namely, categories and shown on the map by black and white are Gurdaspur, Amritsar, Kapurthala, Rupnagar and shading as explained in the legend to the map. In Patiala. addition, female literacy rate in rural and urban areas As true in case of overall literacy rates, female is shown by side lapping bars drawn in each district. literacy is found to be the lowest in the range of 50.00 The bar pertaining to urban areas have been given and below in south-western part of the state covering dot shades in order to distinct it clearly from that of districts of Firozpur, Sangrur, Bathinda and Faridkot. the rural. In the state, 43.85 per cent of female in rural Among 7,961,142 females (excluding age-group areas and 66.12 per cent of females in urban areas 0-6) in Punjab, 4,012,891 are literates. In other are literate resulting into a gap of 22.27 percentage words, one-half (50.41 %) of the females in Punjab points between the two. Although, the gap looks have the ability to read and write with understanding. wider, yet, it has considerably narrowed down due This percentage is observed to be the highest in to sharp increase in female literacy rate in rural areas. Hoshiarpur (61.48%) and is closely followed by )alandhar (61.33%) and Ludhiana (61.23%). On the The table below shows districtwise female literacy contrary, it is the lowest in Bathinda (34.51 %). In rate in rural and urban areas :

Female Literacy Rate State/District Total Rural Urban

2 3 4

PUNJAB 50.41 43.85 66.12 Gurdaspur 53.33 49.51 66.77 Amritsar 50.10 40.49 68.26 Firozpur 38.11 30.91 60.75 Ludhiana 61.23 54.99 67.74 ]alandhar 61.33 55.91 71.09 Kapurthala 55.83 51.04 70.03 Hoshiarpur 61.48 59.43 73.07 Rupnagar 58.54 52.87 75.03 Patiala 50.53 42.08 69.05 Sangrur 37.86 33.04 52.S6 Bathinda 34.51 27.81 157.67 I Faridkot 41.50 35.51 59.14

180 I MAP 87

JAMMU SCALE OF BARS &

1050 10 20 30 40

KILOt.''mIES

'J . PERCENTAGE OF F BOUNDARY I <1 J l~X~~~~~:~~=E~;~~~~:TES " • NTEONATIONAI. " tI., ) GROUP 0-6) " STATE/U.T. • .•.. _._. \ ~ DISTRICT...... _._.- ._. R ~ ~ 60.01 AND AS· OVE ...... -.. - -

\ ~ (STATE50.01 AVERfjl6 .00 tP.GE 50.411 []]IJ 50.00 AND BElOW

181 MAP 88

CHANGE IN FEMALE LITERACY, 1981-91

This map depicts districtwise change in female Among the districts in the state, the increase in literacy during 1981-91 in Punjab. The method used percentage points varies between 14. t 2 in Rupnagar in preparation of this map is similar to the one and 9.7 4 in Amrits~r. Six districts each fall above and explained in map 84. below the state average. The increase is high in the range of 12.01 and above in three districts. Apart The female literacy in Punjab has increase from from Rupnagar, they include Hoshiarpur and 49.70 per cent in 1981 to 50.99 per cent in 1991 Jalandhar. It varies between to. 5 t and 12.00 in resulting in an increase by 11.29 percentage points Gurdaspur, Kapurthala, Patiala, Sangrur and Bathinda which is appreciably higher than the male literacy while it is observed to be low in the range of 10.50 (t 0.03). Thus, the improvement in female literacy and below in Amritsar, Firozpur and Faridkot. during the decade has an edge over its male ·counterpart. This trend is cbserved in all the districts, The table-shows ranking of districts and change barring Patiala where increase in male literacy is more in percentage points of total male and females literacy than that of females. rates.

Change in percentage points Males Females State/District Rank in literacy rate, 1991 Persons 5 2 3 4 10.03 11.29' PUNJAB 58.51 10.34 10.62 13.70 Hoshiarpur 70.74 11.96 10.30 12.24 Jalandhar 68.45 11.10 10.11 14.12 Rupnagar 68.14 10.11 7.32 10.39 Ludhiana 67.35 8.70 , 11.05 11.68 Kapurthala 63.31 10.95 9.56 10.11 Gurdaspur 61.8~ 10:07 11.80 11.21 Patiala 58.6~ 10.52 9.57 9.74 Amritsar 58.0~ 9.49 9.45 10.36 Faridkot 49.4Z 9.60 9.36 9.68 Firol.pur 48.01 9.01 11.50 11.88 Sangrur 46.16 11.42 10.57 11.62 Bathinda 43.03 10;l5

182 MAP 88

~ 12.01 AND ABOVE DJIJ 10.51 - 12.00 (STATE A~tRAGE Ilz9I I: . : . : . : I 10.50 ~D BELOW

183 MAP 89

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, 1991

Educational attainment in the state by districts Out of the total literates in the state, 4,594,430 is shown on the facing map. For exhibiting this data, (22.67%) have qualified primary and middle level. educational levels have been grouped into following Among the districts, their number varies between four categories. 635,340 in Ludhiana and 164,620 in Kapurthala district. l 1) Primary anq Middle. 2,625,520 (12.96%) of the literates have 2) Matriculation/SecondarylHigher Secondary/ attained educational level of matriculation/Secondary Intermediate/Pre-university, Non-technical diploma or school. As true in case of primary and middle level, in this case also, Ludhiana and Kapurthala exhibit two certificate not equal to degree and technical diploma extremes of the values. or certificate not equal to degree. The literates holding educational level of graduates 3) Graduate and abovej and and above number 595,330 and they constitute 2.94 per cent of the total literates in the state and in this 4) Literate (without educational level). case to Ludhiana is leading while Kapurthala is placed at the bottom. On the map, all the above said four categories are shown by columnar diagrams representing by 2,177,660 literates in the state are not possessing equally sized solid colour circle drawn in vertical any educational level and they account for a little over direction. one-tenth (10.74%) of the total literates.

184 MAP 89

PUNJAB o ~~ o EDUCATIONAL AnAlNMENT o o 1991 o 0 1lS7 O0 .8 •" O . • O. • O. • 0 • • • 0 • • • PUNJAB

BOUNDARY,INTERNATlONAl ..... _._._ STATE/U.T...... _._. _ - • MA TRICULATIONISECONDARY.I'fGI£R SECOM>ARY I lNTERMEOIA TEIPRE -lJNVERSITY;NON-TECl-NCAL. .. DISTRICT...... , '. _ . _ . _ DPLOMA OR CERTFlCA TE NOT. EQUAL TO DEGREI AND TECHNICAL DPLOMA OR CERTFICA TE NOT EQUAL TO DEGREE.

• GRAOOA IE AND ABOVE

• LITERATES (WITHOUT EDUCATIONAL LEVELl

ONE CIRCLE REPRESENTS 50000 PERSONS

185 MAP 90

URBAN LITERATES PER 1000 OF POPULATION IN AGE-GROUP 7-14 OVER 'LITERATES PER 1000 OF POPULATION IN AGE-GROUP 15-34, 1991

This map shows urban literates per 1000 of age-group 7-14 over literates in age-group 15-34. Th population in age-group 7-14 over literates per 1000 increase is the highest in Ludhiana and Sangrur districts of population in age-group 15-34, for districts in (102 each) and the lowest in Firozpur district (56). Punjab as per 1991 Census. Four districts in the state display value above and six below the state average while two districts are at par The num,ber of literates per 1000 of population with the state average. in age-group 7-14 and 15-34 has been worked out for urban areas. The excess or Deficit has been worked The excess number of literates in age-group 7- out by substracting the number of literates in age­ 14 over 15-34 is the highest. 91 and above in three districts, namely, Ludhiana, Sangrur and Bathinda. group 15-34 from that of age-group 7-14. The value, Equal number of districts fall in the range 76-90 and thus obtained, have been grouped into different ranges they include Gurdaspur, Jalandhar and Kapurthala. and shown on the map by choropleth technique as All these six districts display values higher than that explained in the legend to the map. of the state as whole.

In case of Punjab, there has been an excess of The remaining six districts fall below the state Literates per 1000 of population in age-group 7-14 average and among them, three, namely, Amritsar, over 15-34 in urban areas. The similar pattern is Patiala and Faridkot can be seen in the range 61· 75, recorded for all the districts. The state noted an while the other three viz., Firozpur, Hoshiarpur and increase of 77 literates per 1000 of population in Rupnagar lie in the range 60 and below.

186 MAP 90

~ 76 -/90 ~ ISH IE A~ERAGE 77) I [[IIJ 61 - 75

D 60 AND BELOW

187 MAP 91

RURAL LITERATES PER 1000 OF POPULATION IN AGE-GROUP 7-14 OVER LITERATES PER 1000 OF POPULATION IN AGE-GROUP 15-34, 1991

This map aims to present excess/deficit in number The highest range of 176 and above covers three of rural literates per"1 000 of population in age-group districts, namely, Patiala, Sangrur and Bathinda while 7-14 over literates per 1000 of population in age­ one district, Amritsar, appears in the range 151-175. group 15-34 by districts in the state. In case of Punjab, however, all the districts recorded excess only. The Four districts, viz., Firozpur, Ludhiana, Jalandhar cartographic technique used in production of this map and Faridkot can be seen under the average range of is the same as explained under map no. 90. 126-150 and equal number of districts fall under the lowest range of 125 and below. The districts In the state there has been an excess of 144 Constituting the lowest range include Gurdaspur, literates per 1000 of population in age-group 7-14 Kapurthala, Hoshiarpur and Rupnagar. over 15-34. Among the districts, it is the maximum The excess in number of literates per 1000 of in Sangrur (190) and the minimum in Hoshiarpur population in rural areas is almost double than that (96). Five districts reveal values higher and seven of its urban counterpart. below the state average. For understanding of regional patterns, the districtwise figures have been grouped The table below shows districtwise comparative into four ranges. picture of rural and urban areas of Punjab:-

Excess in number of literates per 1000 of population in age-group 7-14 over age-group 15-34, 1991 State/District Rural Urban

PUNJAB 144 77 Gurdaspur 123 77 Amritsar 175 70 Firozpur 145 56 Ludhiana 133 102 Jalandhar 128 77 Kapurthala 113 83 Hoshiarpur 96 52 Rupnagar 125 39 Patiala 187 67 Sangrur 190 102 Bathinda 177 92 Faridkot 126 72

188 MAP· 91

NtJAB JAMMU ~ ~ ~ ~ 15-34 at1?! qt\ , "'''Hi@Ai climam~~llm KASHMIR ~ 7-14 aTT?! ~ "''1~@41 1l ~ RURAL UTERATES PER 1000 OF PO- PULATION IN AGE-GROUP 7-14 OYER U~nSPER1~OF~T~N iN AGE-GROUP 15-34 1991 . ____... 1050 10 20 30 40 "\

1(l.0METRES 'f <

,.

EXCESS NUMBER OF' RURAL LITtR­ ATES PER 1000 OF POPULATION IN AGE-GROUP 7-14 OVER AGE-GROUP 15-34 BOUNDARY.INTERNATIONAL ..... _._._ .. !JrATE/U.T...... _._._ _ 178 AND ABOVE " DISTRICT ...... _. _._ ~ lSi _/175

[[]] I\~m: AVEIIAGlti) l..!::...!.:.:J~ 125 AND mow

189 MAP 92

PRIMARY AND MIDDLE SCHOOL ENROLMENT OF BOYS, 1991

This map exhibits percentage of boys in age-group (35.29%). Incidentally, this is the most literate district 6-14 who are attending primary and secondary schools in the state. By contrast, the percentage in this regard as per 1991 Census. is the lowest in Bathinda (20.41). Seven districts fall above and five below the state average. The districtwise percentage of boys in age-group 6-14 attending primary and middle schools to total Hoshiarpur district alone can be seen in the number of boys in this age-group has been worked highest range of 35.01 per cent and above. It is fairly out. The percentages, thus, obtained, have been high in the range of 30.01-35.00 in Gurdaspur, grouped into four categories and shown on the map Ludhiana, Jalandhar and Rupnagar districts. The range by way of graded shades in black and white as 25.01-30.06 which also includes state average has explained in the legend to the map. three districts, namely, Amritsar, Kapurthala and Patiala. In the state, 27.79 per cent of the boys in age­ group 6-14 are atten~ing either primary or middle The entire south-western portion covering districts schools. The districts among themselves display striking of Firozpur, Sangrur, BathilTda and Faridkot differences. The percentage of boys attending primary conspicuously stands out with low values, 25.00 per and middle schools in the highest in Hoshiarpur cent and below.

190 MAP 92

~ ~UNJAB ~~"QC{~fc ..,. ~ (1sctlICfif' I cwlM41 PRIM '1 14 ICfl'i SCH~~Z AND MIDDLE OF BOYS ~:;fLMENT 10 5 0 10 20 30 40

KILOMETRES

PERCENTAGE OF MIl6~14 AT. THE LEVaBOYS IN AGE -GROUP BOUNDARY.. • INTERNATIONAl DLE EDUCATION OF PRIMARY AND STATE/U.T. .. '" _._. DISTRICT ...... _. _._- ...... -,.- ~, 35.01 AND AS OVE ~ 30.01 - 35.J , ~25.01- / (STATE AVER AGE30.00 27.791 [ill] 25.00 AND BEL OW

191 MAP 93 .

PRIMARY AND MIDDLE SCHOOL ENROLMENT OF GIRLS, 1991

This map portrays percentage of girls in age-group percentage. This signifies that percentage of girls 6- t 4 attending primary and middle schools as revealed attending primary and middle schools in Hoshiarpur by t 99 t Census_ and )alandhar is nearly twice to that of Bathinda. In all, six districts each fall above and below the state The dlstrictwise percentage of girls in age-group average. 6- t 4 attending primary and middle schools to total number of girls in this age-group has been worked . The highest range of 30.01 and above covers Qut. The percentages, thus obtained, are grouped into three districts .. Besides Hoshiarpur a.no )alandhar, four categories and shown on the map by choropleth Ludhiana can be seen under this category. The technique. percentages observed to be fairly high, 25.01-30.00 in Gurdaspur, Kapurthala and Rupnagar districts. One-fourth (25.09%) of the girls in age-group 6-14 In the state are attending primary or middle All the remaining districts exhibit percentage schools. Among the districts, Hoshiarpur (32.52%) below the state average. Among them, Amritsar, emerges with the highest percentage in this regard and Patiala and Faridkot can be noted in the range 20.01- is closely followed by Jalandhar (32.51 %). On the 25.00. The lowest range of 20.00 and below includes other hand, Bathlnda (17.04%) Is marked with lowest Firozpur, Sangrur and Bathinda districts.

192 MAP 93

JAM M U ! PUNJAB & ~rr;::i- r-. Fc \"~ ,\'"1 ~,CjlUld41 '"I ("16 fui\'41 K ASH M I R .,N\l\t'v<.IVI. (fiT "114 j<:tiTl • \. PRIMARY AND MIDDLE SCHOOL ~ ~()O('... ENROLMENT OF GIRLS 1991 10 5 0 10 20 30 40

KLOMETRES

PERCENTAGE OF GIRLS IN AGE-GROUP 6-14 AT THE LEVEL OF PRIMARY AND BOUNDARV.INTERNATIONAL •.... _._._ MIDDLE EDUCATION " STATE/U.T •...... _._._ JJ DISTRICT ...... _, _. _ ~ 30.01 AND ABOVE

~ 25.01 - 3.'1.00 (STAT~ AVERfGE 25.091 ~ 20.01 - 25.00 , , DIIJ 20.00 AND BELOW

193 MAP 94

EDUCATIONAL ENROLMENT OF MALES AT HIGHER SECONDARY AND HIGHER LEVELS, 1991

This map shows educational enrolment of males at Three districts have atleast one-fourth of their higher secondary and higher levels by districts in Punjab. male population in age-group 1 5-24 at the level of secondary and higher education and can be seen on The percentage of population in age-group 15-24 the map in the category 25.01 and above. These at the level of Secondary/Higher Secondary and Higher districts, besides Rupnagar, include Hoshiarpur and education to total population in corresponding age­ Patiala. group 15-24 has been calculated for each district and shown on the map by choropleth technique. Four districts which appear in the range 20.01- Punjab state has a male population of 637.190 25.00 cover Gurdaspur, Amritsar, Jalandhar and in age-group t 5-24 out of which 135.190 (21.22%) Kapurthala. have attained secondary and higher levels of education. Among the districts, this percentage is the maximum The low percentage in the range of 20.00 and in Rupnagar (29.38%) and the minimum in Sangrur below is the characteristics of districts located in the (16.09%). In all, six districts each fall above and below south-western region including Firozpur, Sangrur, the state average. Bathinda and Faridkot. Incidentally, all these districts have relatively low literacy rate. Ludhiana, the mos~ In order to exhibit these variations, districts have urbanised and industrialisl!d district in the state can been grouped into three ranges. also be seen in this range.

194 ------, ~',, ," "

. ,"' .. I • I • • ..... ,'

~ - ~ ~'~., ...... ~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~t.~~~_~~ /' § ,,," .1 .rt~~~~~~::t~~~~~~~~~~~~~";;-,:~,,:~{.{"{~-t~~~,~~..

~ ...... Y!ty...... T...... I ~

I I • _._.~. I I I I I I I I I I I !-.__!-.~ ..... I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Ir I I I I I I I I I~.· I

, .- ' ~~~~~...

II~~ MAP 95

EDUCATIONAL ENROLMENT OF FEMALES AT HIGHER SECONDARY AND HIGHER LEVELS, 1991

This map shows educational enrolment of females counterpart (21.22). Among the districts, this at the Higher Secondary and higher levels by districts percentage is the maximum in Rupnagar (30.94) and in Punjab. the minimum in Faridkot (18.22). Seven districts fall above and five below the state average. The percentage of females in age-group 15-24 at the level of Secondary, Higher Secondary and higher Rupnagar district alone can be seen in the highest education to total female population in age-group 15- range of 30.01 and above, and another five districts 24 has been calculated for each district. The districts fall in the next range of 25.01-30.00. All these six have been grouped into four ranges and shown on the districts exhibit values higher than that of the mte map by using different grades of black and white hatching. as a whole.

Out of 541,790 females in age-group 15-24 in The lowest range of 20.00 per cent and below Punjab, 125,650 (23.19%) are at the level of comprises four· districts, viz., Firozpur, Sangrur, Secondary or higher education. As such, the Bathinda and Faridkot which is marked by relatively proportion of females in age-group 15-24 at this level low literacy rates. Amritsar and Ludhiana districts can of education is more than that of their male be seen in the range 20.01-25.00.

196 MAP 95

JAM ... U ! PlIUlB & ~ 1"m"t6!t"""'.f't~Ai aftf ~ ~ ~ KASHMIR 'Qt ~I ... tqti:fl"'l - EDUCATIONAL ENROLMENT OF "-. FEMALES AT HIGHER SECOND­ ~ ARY AND HIGHER LEVa.s 1991 1050 10 20 30 40 Kl.ONETRES .. (' GURDASPUR ~ .., (

PERCENTAGE OF FEMAlE POPll.A ::-GROUP 15-24 AT HGHER Sf.CJ:::V TlON ~AGE_~S TO TOTAl POPULA- -vnvur 15-24

~ 30.01 AI«) ABOVE •

~ 25.01 - 30.00/

~ 20.01 - 25.00 , _ (STATE AVERAGE 23.191 / IIIIJ 20.00 AND BELOW

197 MAP 96

LITERATES HOLDING NON-TECHNICAL AND TECHNICAL DIPLOMA OR CERTIFICATE NOT EQUAL TO DEGREE, 1991

This map reveals data on literates holding non­ of circles drawn in each district. Among the districts technical and technical diploma or certificate not equal in the state, the proportion of non-technical diploma to degree by districts in Punjab as recorded at the or certificate hold~rs varies between 30.08 per cent 1991 Census. in Gurdaspur and t 5.46 per cent in Kapurthala district. The· districts which reveal percentages higher On the map, circles have been drawn than the state average, besides Gurdaspur, include proportionate to total number of literates holding non­ Hoshiarpur, Bathinda and Faridkot while Patiala is at technical and technical diploma or certificate not equal par with the state average. Likewise, the proportion to degree. These circles are divided into two sectors of technical diploma or certificate holders in the state to represent proportion under technical diploma or varies between 84.54 per cent in Kapurthala and certificate not equal to degree and non-technical 69.92 per cent in Gurdaspur. In as many as seven diploma or certificates not equal to degree. Both the districts, this percentage is higher than the state while sectors have been given .different shades for easy one is at par with the state average. distinction from each other. In the ba.ckground, number of persons holding technical and non-technical In the State as a whole, there are 93 literates diploma or certificate holders per 10,000 of literates holding non-technical or technical diploma or degree in each district is shown by way of choropleth per 10,000 of population. This ratio varies technique. considerably among the districts in the state. It is the maximum in Rupnagar (t 6 t) and the minimum in In the state 92,930 persons are holding non­ Amritsar (7 t ). In order to depict these variations, the technical or technical diploma or certificate. Among figures obtained have been grouped into four categories them, 20,130 are holding non-technical diploma and and shown on the ,map as explained in the legend. 72,800 are holding technical diploma or certificate. In other words, among the persons holding non­ The highest range of t 20 and above includes technical or technical diploma or certificate, 2 t .66 Kapurthala and Rupnagar districts, and ~n equal per cent are possessing non-technical diploma or number of districts, namely, Patiala and Bathinda fall certificate and 78.34 per cent are holding technical in the next range of 100-120. This reflects that atleast diploma or certificate. one out of every 100 literates in these four districts

is holding, non-technical or technical diplor;na\ or The number of persons non-technical or technical certificate. diploma or certificate is observed to be the highest in Ludhiana (10,890) and the lowest in Firozpur The maximum number of districts (5) can be seen (4,950). Although, the districts among themselves in the range 81-100 and they, namely, are GLrdaspur, exhibit variations in the number of persons holding Jalandftar, Hoshiarpur, Sangrur an~ Faridkot. The these diploma or certificate varies, yet, the variations lowest range of 80 and below covers three [districts, are not very striking as can be observed from the size viz., Amritsar, Firozpur and Ludhiaha. I

198 MAP 9 6

JAMMV 92930

PUNJAB ( NOT TO SCAlE I

IIDU~.INIERIWlONAl!;IJ(JE/UT ..... _. ". • ~ '" 1 .. DISTRICT'• ...... • _ !tOM-NUMBERDIPLOMATE~ OR UT£RATES ALR AND TECHNIC HOLDING AL NUMBERNlCAL DlPLO:N-TEONCAL OF AND _.=.- _C~TFlCATE______12 000 ERS PER 10 000OR CERTFlCATE TECH- _ _ ~ OF lITERATE HOLD- _____ 8000 I2J AM> I S. . __ ABOVF./ ::------4000 ~ , IIIUM8ERFIGURES OFAT LTHE ,TOP OF CIRCLES :::: ~ 101 - 120 AND TECHNIC~ATES HOLDING ~NDICATE TOTAL DlP\.OMA OR CERT~~~CHNCAL . ~81- (STAGE A. VERAGE 100 93) [ill] 80 AND BELOW

199 MAP 97

LITERATES HOLDING UNIVERSITY DEGREE/DIPLOMA OF THE GRADUATE LEVEL AND ABOVE, 1991

This map indicates literates holding university more than 2 ~ times larger than the rural graduates. degree/diploma of the graduate level and above in However, in Hoshiarpur district, the proportion of districts of Punjab as recorded at the t 991 Census. rural graduates in total literates exceeds that of the urban. The gap in the proportion of rural-urban The number of literates holding university degree graduates is narrower in Gurdaspur and Kapurthala and diploma of graduate level and above in- each districts. district has been shown by drawing proportionate circles which have been divided into two sectors for On an average, there are 596 graduates per representing their proportion in rural and urban areas t 0,000 of total literates in the state. Among the separately. In the background, number of literates with districts, the situation is best in Ludhiana (767) while degree and diploma of the graduate level per 10,000 Hoshiarpur (443), although, the most literate district of'total.literates in each district is also shown by using in the state, is placed .at the lowest. Such is the black and white graded" shades. variation with regard to number of graduates among literates. There are 595,330 nterates holding university degree/diploma of the gra'duate revel and "above in In order to depict these variations, districts have the state. been grouped into four categories. The" central part extending north-west to south-east in general exhibits Among the districts, Ludhi-ana (108, t 20) is higher values. Among them, Ludhiana, Jalandhar, leading while Kapurthala (f9,8 70) is placed at the Rupnagar and Patiala can be seen in the range 626 bottom. Their number varies considerably among the and above and Amritsar ahd Kapurthala fall_ in the districts as is also evident from the size of circles drawn next range of 551-625. in each district. The districts of Bathinda and Faridkot display Out of total graduates, t 63,240 (27.42%) are value in the range 476-550, while Gurdaspur, in rural and 432,090 (72.58%) are in urban areas Firozpur, Hoshiarpur and Sangrur lie in the lowest of the state signifying that the urban graduates are range of .4J5 and below.

200 I MAP 97

PCAIA8 ~lnf~~~lnf~ ~mft~C4Ptt'u ~ ~ LITERATES HOLDING UNIVERSITY DEGREEIDIPLOMA OF THE GRAD· UATE LEVEL AND ABOVE 1991

10501020 30 40 I(l.OMETRES

(NOT TO SCAlE)

~. . . . BOUNDARY.INTERNAllONAL •.•.. _._._ ~ OF LITERAR£$ ~ 1.M\f­ DEGREEIDI'lOMA ~ GRADUATE MMIER OF UTERATES HOl..DWG STATE/U.T...... _._._ lEVEL AN) ABOVE lNV£Rsrry OE6R£E/DI'LOMA DlSTRlCt ...... _._._ ------120 000 PER 1Oj)()() OF UTERA TES ms 626At1)~ --=--.~----- 60 000 ----- 30000 ~551---r-625 !STATE AVERAGE 596) 1--1---- 15000 ~ [[[] 476 - 550

1:·:·:· :1 475 AN) BELOW

201 MAP 98

CENSUS HOUSES AND THEIR USES, 1991

The map shows number of occupied census houses indicate that incidence of use of census house as residential or according to their use. partly residential is observed to be highest in Faridkot District The data collected through houselist canvassed for 1991 (86.51 %) closely followed by Bathinda district (85.38%). Census has been used and different categories for which the The three border districts' of Gurdaspur, Amritsar and Firozpur occupied census houses are put to use are shown by bar too have a high proportion of census houses under this category. diagrams. For convenient distinction of categories the bars have By contrast, Hoshiarpur and Rupnagar have only 70.57 per been given different shades. The scales shown to the left and cent and 70.87 per cent houses under this category respectively. right side of the bar diagrams indicate absolute number and 66,915 (1.60%) of the total census houses in the State percentages respectively. are being used as hotels, sarais, dharamshalas, tourist houses In the state, 351,145 census houses which constitute and inspection houses, restaurants, sweet meat shops and eating 7.75 per cent of the total census houses, were recorded as places, places of entertainment and community gathering "vacant" and, thus, have not been included for the purpose of (Panchayat Ghar) and places of worship. Among the districts this map. The occupied census houses have been grouped under in the State, the use of census houses under thIs category is following five categories and shown on the map :- observed to be higher than the State as a whole in )alandhar, 1. Residence .. Kapurthala, Hoshiarpur, Rupnagar and Patiala. 2. Shop-cum-residence, workshop/factory-cum-residences 255,575 (6.11 %) ofthe census houses in the State are including household industry and residence in being used as shops excluding eating houses, business houses combination with other uses. and offices. The districts with percentage higher than the State 3. Hotels, Sarais, Dharamshalas, Tourist homes and average under this category include Amritsar, Ludhiana, inspection houses, restaurants, sweet meat shops and )alandhar and Patiala. eating places, places of entertainment and community 548,615 (13.12%) of the census houses in the State gathering (Panchayat Ghar) and places of worship. are put to use as factories, workshops and worksheds. This 4. Shops excluding eating houses, business houses and signifies that almost lout of every 7 census houses is being offices. used as factories, workshops and worksheds. The use of census 5. Factories, workshops and worksheds. house under this category is observed to be exceptionally high The map reveals that majority of the occupied census in Hoshiarpur and Rupnagar districts; the former has 80,380 houses are being used as residential or partly residential. In the (22.13%) under this category while the corresponding figure state, outof4, 181,930 census houses, 3,191,560 (76.32%) of the latter is 48,855 (22.10%). Among the other districts, are being used as wholly residential while another 119,265 )alandhar, Kapurthala, Patiala and Sangrur reflect percentages (2.85%) are partly residential. In other words, almost four­ higher than that of the state as a whole. fifths (79. 17%) of the total census houses are being used for The table below shows districtwise percentages of census residential or partly residential purpose. The districtwise patterns houses under the aforesaid five categories.

Shop-cum-residence workshop/ Hotels, sarais, dharamshalas, tourist homes factory-cum-residences inclu- & inspection houses, restaurants, sweet Shops excluding Factories, ding household industry meat shops & eating, places, places of eating houses, workshops and residence in 9lmbi- entertain'ment and community gathering business houses and Statel District Residence nation with other uses (Panchayat ghar) and places of worship and oFfices worksheds

2 3 4 5 6 PUNJAB 76.32 2.85 1.60 6.11 13.12 Gurdaspur 78.00 2.91 1.57 5.92 11.60 Amritsar 79.55 2.50 1.60 7.05\ 9.30 Firozpur 82.58 2.27 ·1.44 5.82 .. 7.89 Ludhiana 75.75 3.65 1.54 7.64 11.42 )alandhar 72.68 3.15 1.86 6.87 15.44 Kapurthala 75.32 2.92 1.87 5.83 14.06 Hoshiarpur 67.45 3.12 1.93 5.37 22.iJ Rupnagar 68.04 2.83 1.88 5.15 22.10 Patiala 72.58 2.80 1.76 6.17 16.69 Sangrur 76.52 2.~3 1.41 5.57 13.87 Bathinda 82.56 2.82 1.16 4.81 8~65 Faridkot 84.20 2.31 1.27 5.13 7.09

202 MAP 98

PUNJAB 'i,.1410HI ~ ~~~ CENSUS HOUSES AND THEIR USES 1991 105010 20 3p 40 I !' I I I I KlLOMETRES w ..'" ..z w U 0: W Q.

! • II IV V PUNJAB

! •• IV V FARIDI(OT 245 .-:.- .:::::::..../ t;' ( r' __l ' ''''_ IQ

5

RAJAS,

R CENSUS HOUSES USED AS BOUNOARY.INTERNATlONAl •.•.. _,_._ ~I RESIDENCE ~ STATE/U.T.•.•...... _,_._ SHOP-<:UM-RESIlENCE.WORKSHOP/FACTORY-ctJM_ " DISTRICT ""~H ...... _._._ RESIDENCE INCLUDING HO\JSEHOU) INDUSTRY AND RESIDENCES IN COMBINATION Wl1lf OTHER USES HOTELS,SARAJS,DHARAMSHALAS. TQURlsT I-IOMES _ AND INSPECTION HOUSES,RES):A.tlRANT.s,sWEET­ lMEAT SHOPS AM> EATVoIG PLACES,PLACES OF EN­ FIGURES GIVEN AT THE TOP OF BAR DIAGRAMS TERTAINMENT AND COMMUNlTY GA'rHERIttG IPAHCH­ YAT GHAR) AND PLACES OF WORSI-IP. lNDlCATE TOTAL NUMBER OF OCCUPIED CENSUS HOUSES. ~- .SHOPS EXCllJDfiG EA T1NG HOUSES, BUSINESS ~vHOUSES AND OFFICES.

203 MAP 99

AMENITIES IN URBAN HOUSEHOLDS, 1991

This map shows availability of amenities namely; Besides Jalandhar, they include Gurdaspur, Amritsar, (a) electricity; (b) toilet; and (c) drinking water Ludhiana, Kapurthala, Hoshiarpur and Patiala. The available to urban ,households in Punjab. south-western region covering the districts of Firozpur, Sangrur, Bathinda and Faridkot stand conspicuously On the map, data are shown districtwise through with relatively low percentages. rhombuses drawn proportionate to the total number of households and each rhombus has been further Toilet facility is available to 749,970 (73.23%) divided into the number of small rhombuses. The total urban households in the State. This signifies that area covered by small rhombus in each district is given on an average three out of every four urban house­ three different shades by superimposing one over the holds in the State enjoy this facility. Among the other in order to clearly depict these three amenities districts it varies between 83.35 per cent in and are given distinct shades as explained in the legend Ludhiana and 60.27 per cent in Gurdaspur. The of the map. districts with percentages higher than that of the state average include Ludhiana, Jalandhar, Rupnagar The electricity is available to 968,790 (out of and Patiala. 1,024,075) urban households in the state. In other words, 95 out of every 100 urban households The map further reveals that drinking water is (94.60%) in the state have this amenity. Among the available to all the urban households in the state. districts in the state, it varies between a maximum of 96.55 per cent in Jalandhar and 91.32 per cent The table below shows districtwise percentage of in Faridkot. As many as 7 districts in the State exhibit urban households to whom electricity and toilet facility percentages higher than that of the State average. is available :-

Number of households having State/District EI ectriclty facilitY Toilet facilitY

2 3

PUNJAB 94.60 73.23 Gurdaspur 95.44 60.27 Amritsar 95.15 70.97 Firozpur 91.55 64.49 ludhiana 95.38 83.35 Jalandhar 96.55 75.36 Kapurthala 94.89 72.91 Hoshiarpur 94.93 64.63 Rupnagar 94.56 81.17 Patiala 96.04 79.03 Sangrur 93.27 68.33 Bathinda 91.61 72.77 Faridkot 91.32 66.20

204 (. MAP 99

PUNJAB JA .... U 1024075 ~ 'QfumT.q ~ ~ & '" KASH .. IR AMENITIES IN URBAN HOUSEHOLDS 1991 10 5 0 10 20 30 40

KILOMETRES

PUNJAB ~ (SCALE REDUCED 1) FIVE TIMES)

~ () ~

+

8OUNDARY.INTERNATlONAL .•• .• ____ _ .. srATE/U.T...... _._._ tt DIST'RleT ...... _ ._' ._ ff!fJj TOILET

(I) EACH SMALL RHOMBUS REPRES­ ENTS 2500 HOUSEHOLDS (K)FIGlm:S AT 1l€ TOP OF Tt€ ~ OMBUSES NlICATE TOTAL NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS

205 MAP 100

AMENITIES IN RURAL HOUSEHOLDS, 1991

This map exhibits amenities of (a) electricity; 193,560 (out of 223,680) and in Firozpur 129,475 and (b) drinking water available to rural households (out of 203,270) rural households have electricity by districts in Punjab. The cartographic technique available to them. Besides Jalandhar, ludhiana used in this map is similar to the one adopted for (86.38%), Kapurthala (85.13%), Hoshiarpur map no. 99. (81.87%) and Rupnagar (81.70%) have high percentage of rural households enjoying this facility. Out of 2,358,350 rural households in the state, By contrast, apart from Firozpur, the corresponding electricity is available to 1,815,420 (76.98%) percentages are relatively lower in Amritsar, Bathinda households. Among the districts, Jalandhar with 86.53 and Faridkot districts. per cent of the rural households having this facility ranks at the top while Firozpur (63.70%) is placed As regards drinking water, it is -available to all at the bottom. In absolute terms, in )alandhar the rural households in the State.

206 MAP 100

PUNJAB ~~.q~1fa~ AMENITIES IN RURAL HOUSEHOLDS 1991

KLOMETRES

PUNJAB ( NOT TO SCALE l

BOUNDARy.INTERNATlONAL ... .. _._._ DRN

II) EACH SMALl RHOMIUS REPRES­ ENTS 4000 HOUSEHOlDS. (I) FlGI.RES AT 11£ TOP OF Tt£ RHOMBUSES NlICATE TOTAL NUMBER OF HOUSEHOlDS

207 MAP 101

TYPE OF FUEL USED FOR COOKING IN RURAL HOUSEHOLDS, 1991

The map shows districtwise number of households Wood as a fuel for cooking is used in 45.00 per according to the type of fuel used for cooking. cent of the rural households in the state. In Bathinda district, more than four·fifths (82.59%) of the Type of fuel used for cooking has been classified households use wood as a fuel while the corresponding into five categories, namely, (i) cowdung cake; figure is quite low in Amritsar (20. 1 t %) and Ludhiana (ii) coalicokellignite and charcoal, cooking gas + bio (20.98%). In all, percentage of rural households using gas; (iii) wood; (iv) kerosene; and (v) others. The wood as a fuel is observed to be higher than that of clubbing of electricity, coall cokellignite and charcoall the state average in 7 districts. Besides Bathinda, they cooking gas + bio gas became necessary due to include Hoshiarpur (68.70%), Faridkot (63.37%), insignificant proportion of the households falling under Firozpur (62.83%), Sangrur (57.67%) and Rupnagar these categories of electricity and coall coke/lignite and (51.67%). charcoal. 2.83 per cent of the rural households in the state On the map, circles proportionate to total are using cooking gas and bio gas while 1.77 per cent number of households have been drawn for each of the households use electricity and another O. I 7 district. These circles are divided into sectors according per cent are using coallcokellignite and charcoal. On to the percentage share of each type of fuel. The total the map, all these three categories have been put number of rural households has been shown on the together and they constitute 4.77 per cent of the total top of the circle while percentage value is indicated rural households in the state. inside or against the respective sector. Each sector has In the state, 2.70 per cent of the rural households been shaded in colour as explained in the legend to are using kerosene as fuel for cooking. This percentage the map. is observed to be the highest in Rupnagar (5.97%) followed by Gurdaspur (4.36%). Among the other The use of cow dung as a fuel is most dominant districts exhibiting percentages more than state average among the rural households in Punjab as 46.29 per are; Ludhiana (3.78%), Hoshiarpur (3.70%), cent of the households use it as a fuel for cooking. Kapurthala (3.53%) and Patiala (2.73%). Among the districts, percentage of households using cowdung cakes is observed to be the highest in As many as 29285 (1.24%) of the rural Amritsar (73.49%) and the lowest (13.78%) in households fall under the category of "Others". Bathinda. Besides Amritsar, majority of the, rural households in Jalandhar (64.01%), Patiala {62.16%}, It is significant to note that more than 90% Gurdaspur (59.18%) and Ludhiana (58.65%) are (91.29%) of the rural households of the state are using using the cow dung cakes as fuel for cooking. either cow dung cakes or wood as fuel for cooking.

208 MAP 101

PlIUAB 235835Q wfTur 'ItfumT 11-m;rr ~ cf; ~ ~ 11 Mm ~ cm:rr ta;r TYPE OF FUEL USED FOR COOKING IN RURAL HOUSEHOLDS 1991 1)50 I) 20 30 40

PUNJAB

BOUNDARV.INTERNATIONAL ... . . _._._ STATE/U .T...... _ __ :_- TOTAL NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS TYPE OF FUEL USED FOR C<>OI

209 MAP )02

TYPE OF FUEL USED FOR COOKING IN URBAN HOUSEHOLDS, 1991

This map represents number of urban households percentage in this category. Besides Faridkot, they according to type of fuel used for cooking at district include Bathinda (14.36%) and Sangrur ( I 6.23%). levels in Punjab. Wood as a fuel for cooking is being used in 15.01 For this map, fuel used for cooking has been per cent of the urban households of the state. In classified into seven categories, viz., (i) cowdung cake, Bathinda (29.05%), Faridkot (26.68%), Firozpur (ii) electricity, (iii) coallcoke/lignite and charcoal, (iv) (26.59%) and Sangrur (26.49%), more than one­ cooking gas + bio gas, (v) wood, (vi) kerosene, and fourth of the urban households are using wood as a (vii) others. The cartographic technique used for fuel for cooking. This apart Hoshiarpur (20.62%) and preparation of this map is similar to the one explained Gurdaspur (17.62%) also have relatively higher under map no. 101. Cooking gas + bio gas is the percentage of urban households using this fuel. On most pre-dominant fuel used for cooking in urban the contrary, less than one-tenth of the urban households in the state. households in Kapurthala (9.95%), Amritsar (9.51%) and Rupnagar (9.38%) are using wood as a fuel for Out of 1,024,075 urban households in the state, cooking. 445,180 (43.49%) are using cooking gas + bio gas. In Rupnagar (58.57%) and Patiala (53.09%), more One out of every ten urban households (9.97%) than one-half of the urban households are using this in the state are using cow dung cake as a fuel for fuel for cooking. Three other districts which exhibit cooking. This percentage is as high as 18.59 per cent percentage higher than that of the state average include in Sangrur and is closely followed by 18.26 per cent Kapurthala (47.68%), Amritsar (45.74%) and in Faridkot. Among other districts, which have Jalandhar (45.12%). By contrast, use of cooking gas+ relatively high percentage under this category are bio gas is found to be relatively low in Firozpur Bathinda (12.10%), )alandhar (10.34%), Gurdaspur (32.32%) and Sangrur (32.84%). (10.28%) and Firozpur (10.17%).

27.98 per cent ofthe urban households are using Coallcokellignite and charcoal is being used as kerosene as a fuel for cooking. This percentage varies a fuel in cooking in 1.64 per cent of the urban between a maximum of 38.48 per cent in Ludhiana households in the state while corresponding percentage and a minimum of 14.19 per cent in Faridkot district. for electricity is 0.99 per cent and another 0.92 per In all, five districts in the State exhibit percentages cent fall under the category of 'others'. higher than that of the state average. Apart from I Ludhiana, they include Amritsar (32.92%), Kapur­ The above discussion reveal that cooking gas + thala (30.79%), Jalandhar (30.48%) and Hoshiarpur bio gas and kerosene are the pre-domInant fuel used (28.14%). Three districts show relatively low for cooking in urban households.· \

210 MAP 102

KILOMETRES

PUNJAB ( NOT TO SCALE)

BOUNDARY, INTERNATIONAL.. .. . _._._ STATE/U.T...... _._. _ DISTRICT ...... • . .. _ . _ . _

120000 COALjCOKE/lIGNITE AND CHARCOAL

60000 .. COOKING GAS. BIO-GAS FIGURES AT THE TOP OF THE CIRCLES INDICATE THE 30.000 TOTAL NUMBER OF URBAN HOUSEHOLDS. " WOOD PERCENTAGE FIGURES GIVEN INSIDE/OUTSIDE THE CIRCLES INDICATE TYPE OF FUEL USED FOR COOKING. ~ KEROSENE OTHERS

211 MAP 103

SOURCE OF DRINKING WATER TO RURAL HOUSEHOLDS, 1991

This map shows source of drinking water available Obviously, all these areas have high water table. On to rural households by districts in the state as obtained the other hand, sub-montanous district of Rupnagar, through 1991 Census. sandy districts of Bathinda and Faridkot have low percentages under this source of drinking water. On the map, circles have been drawn in each distri~t according to total number of rural households. Among the rural households, the availability of These circles are divided into different sectors to drinking water through handpump/tubewell is available indicate the source of drinking water. Further, each within the premises to 67.74 per cent of the total sector has been sub-divided to indicate the availability rural households in the state. This source of drinking of drinking water within the premises and outside the water within the premises is available to more than premises. For clear distinction of each category of three-fourths of the households in Amritsar, ludhiana, source of drinking water different colours have been Jalandhar, Kapurthala and Sangrur. used as explained in the legend to the map. The tap is the second important source of drinking water to rural households in the state. Nearly, one­ In the state, handpump/tubewell is the main sixth (16.29%) of the rural households in Punjab get source of drinking water to rural households as more water through tap. Districts which exhibit percentages than three-fourths of the rural households (75.80%) higher than the state average in this regards include of the total rural households get their drinking water Gurdaspur, Firozpur, Hoshiarpur, Bathinda and through this source. Among the districts this Faridkot. 8.03 per cent of the total rural households percentage fluctuates between 90.00 per cent in in the state get drinking water through taps within Amritsar and 42.31 per cent in Rupnagar. In seven their premises. The situation is comparatively better districts in the state, handpump/tubewell provides in Gurdaspur, Rupnagar and Faridkot. drinking water to more than three-fourths of the rural ' households. Besides Amritsar, they include Firozpur, Only one out of every 20 rural households in Ludhiana, Jalandhar, Kapurthala, Patiala and Sangrur. the state gets drinking water through wells.

212 MAP 103

PUNJAB wftuT ttftcmt ~ tfr.t ~ m;:ft

KILOMETRES

PUNJAB ( NOT TO SCALE I

., () ~

RAJASTHAN

BOUNOARY. INTERNATIONAL. .... _._._ SOURCE OF DRINKING WATER STATE/U.T...... _._._ WITHIN PREMISES ..-- OUTSIDE PREMISES DISTRICT ...... _ . _._ TOTAL NUM6ER Of RURAL I-JOUSEHOLDS WELL 280000 TAP 140000 HAND PUMP /TUBE­ WELL FIGURES AT TI£ TOP OF Tf£: CfiCLES INDICATE TOTAL 70000 RIVER/CANAL NUMBER OF RURAL HOl.IS£HOLDs AND THOSE WITHlNrOUT­ SlOE TI£ SECTORS INDICATE PERCENTAGE OF RURAL 35000 OTHERS I-JOUSEH()LDS HAVING AVAlLABLITY OF DRN

213 MAP 104

RURAL HOUSEHOLDS BY NUMBER OF ROOMS OCCUPIED, 1991

The map shows districtwise distribution of rural Almost one-fifth (19.79%) of the rural households according to number of rooms occupied households in the state which number 466,490 are by them in 1991 Census. having three rooms. This percentage is observed to be the maximum in Jalandhar (22.12%) and the Rhombuses proportionate to the total rural minimum (16.64%) in Firozpur district. The districts households have been drawn in each district and each of Ludhiana, Hoshiarpur, Kapurthala, Sangrur and rhombus is divided into 25 equal parts each Bathinda also exhibit percentages above the state representing 4 per cent of the total households. average. Further, percentage share of rural households living in one room, two rooms, three rooms, more than three 22.40 per cent of the rural households in the rooms and unspecified number of rooms are depicted state have more than three rooms. The proportion by way of different flat colour shades in each rhombus of the rural households in this group is observed as explained in the legend to the map. to be the highest in the Faridkot (29.60%L followed by Bathinda (29.32%). The districts of One-fourth (24.71 %) of the rural households in the state are one-room households. The proportion Rupnagar (27.39%), ]alandhar (26.76%) and of rural households with one room is observed to be Ludhiana (24.73%) too, reflect percentages higher the highest (32.67%) in Amritsar district and the than the state as a whole. On the other hand, lowest (19.41 %) in Jalandhar district. Apart from proportion of rural households is the lowest in Amritsar, Firozpur (31.71%), Gurdaspur (25.97%), Amritsar (13.76%). Patiala (25.94%) and Kapurthala (25.37%) portray the percentages higher than the state average. The foregoing discussions reveals that majority of the rural households (32.85%) in the state are In the state 774,495 rural households are having having two rooms and another 24.71 per cent have two rooms and this constitutes 32.85% of the total one room. This reflects that nearly three-fifths rural households. Among the districts, Amritsar (57.56%) of the rural households in the state are (36.48%) and Faridkot (29.17%) exhibit highest and having either one room or two rooms. It is significant the lowest percentages respectively. In addition to to note that more than one-fifth (22.40%) of the Amritsar, the districts which show values higher than rural households in the state are having more than the state average include Hoshiarpur (35.56%), three rooms. The table below shows districtwise rural Sangrur (34.01%) and Firozpur (33.29%). households by number of rooms occupied :-

Total no. of Number of rural households occupying rural households One Two Three More than Unspecified State/District 1991 room rooms rooms three rooms no. of rooms PUNJAB 2,357,725 582,595 774,495 466,490 528,065 6,005 Gurdaspur 218,910 56,855 76,555 42,670 42,180 650 Amritsar 274,515 89,680 100,130 45,890 37,775 1,040 Firozpur 203,235 64,440 67,675 ,33,820 36,860 440 Ludhiana 201,015 45,465 61,880 43,220 49,715 735 Jalandhar 223,670 43,420 70,440 49,470 59,855 485 Kapurthala 82,025 20,810 25,675 17,155 18,250 135 Hoshiarpur 219,450 49,770 78,035 46,680 44,450 490 Rupnagar 112,295 23,410 33,950 23,625 30,775 545 Patiala 209,220 54,270 68,210 40,635 45,545 545 Sangrur 208,475 50,630 70,900 43,240 43,385 320 Bathinda 193,855 38,460 59,480 38,810 56,835 255 Faridkot 211,060 45,385 61,565 41,275 62,460 365

This table excludes institutional households.

214 MAP 104

2357725

PUNJAB

(\ \"...... L...... ".."' . ./ C

HOUSEHOLDS OCCUPYING

~ ONE ROOM BOUNQARY.INTERNATIONAL .. .. . _._._ NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS STATE/U.T...... _._._ DISTRICT...... _. _._ I!JfJ TWO ROOMS

A1Ilr THREE ROOMS

EACH POCKET OF RHOMBUS REPRESENTS 4 PER CENT OF MORE THAN THREE THE: TOTAL HOUSEHOLDS. ROOMS FIGURES AT THE TOP OF RHOMBUSE:S INDICATE TOTAL NUMBER O OF RURAL HOUSEHOLDS. UNSPECIFIED NUMBER O OF ROOMS

215 MAP 105

URBAN HOUSEHOLDS BY NUMBER OF ROOMS OCCUPIED, 1991

The map shows urban households by number of higher than the state average include Amritsar rooms occupied by districts in the state as obtained (30.62%), Firozpur (29.85%) and Kapurthala at the 1991 Census. The cartographic technique followed (28.84%). on this map is similar to that of map no. 104. The maximum number of urban households in Out of 1,023,470 urban households in the state, the state have two rooms. Hoshiarpur (36.34%) and 286,035 (27.95%) have one room, 318,040 Ludhiana (27.46%) exhibit the highest and the lowest (3 l.07%} have two. rooms, 191,260 (18.69%) are percentages respectively in the category. Out of 12 having three rooms while 225,105 (2t.99%) are districts in the state, eight show percentages higher having more than three rooms. Apart from this, than the state average. number of rooms in 2,945 urban households (0.29%) could not be specified and, hence, are shown in the A little less than one-fifth of the urban households category "Unspecified rooms". (18.69%) are having three rooms and among the districts, their percentage varies between 20.57 per There seems to be a considerable variation in cent in Gurdaspur and 17.26 per cent in Rupnagar. proportion of urban households. The most urbanised district in the state, Ludhiana has 35.06 per cent of Quite a significant proportion of urban households the urban households living in one room and this in the state (21.99%) is having palatial houses with percentage is the highest among all the districts in the more than three rooms. Their percentage is noted to state. On the contrary, Bathinda has only 21.70 per be the highest in Bathinda (25.53%), and is closely cent of urban households falling under this category. followed by Faridkot (25.21 %), Gurdaspur (25.14%) Besides Ludhiana, the districts having percentages and Patiala (25.02%).

216 MAP 105

1023470 PUNJAB ~ctrmrcli~~~ URBAN HOUSEHOLDS BY NUMBER OF ROOMS OCCUPIED 1991 [0 5 0 10 20 30 40

KILOMETRES ~ ~ PUNJAB -S- (NO T TO SCALE)

~ (

HOUSEHOLDS OCCUPYING R BOUNOARY.INTERNATIONAL .. ... _._._ ~ONE ROOM n STATE/U.T...... _._._. NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS " DISTRICT ...... _. _ . _ - 200000 U!I TWO ROOMS

_ THREE ROOMS

,, EACH POCKET OF THE RHOMBUS REPRESENTS 4 PER CENT F:7MORE THAN OF THE TOTAL HOUSEHOLDS. ~ THREE ROOMS FIGURES AT THE TOP OF RHOMBUSES INDICATE TO TAL NUMBER OF URBAN HOUSEHOLDS. UNSPECIFIED NUMB­ O ER OF ROOMS

217 MAP 106

PERSONS BY RURAL HOUSEHOLDS, 1991

The map aims to present districtwise size of rural persons, 936,675 have 3-5 persons, 864,500 have households by taking into account the number of 6-8 persons while 352,925 persons households have persons living in rural households. 9 or more persons in the household. This signifies that at state level, majority of the households have 3 to For this purpose, households have been grouped 5 members, followed by households 6 to 8 members into four categories on the basis of number of persons, and 9 + members. Households with 1 to 2 members such as, 1-2, 3-5,6-8 and 9+ separately and shown are the lowest among all these categories. on the map by way of bar diagrams. The number of A similar pattern is observed in all the districts, households are drawn along the vertical axis while the barring Gurdaspur and Hoshiarpur districts. In categories of household indicating number of persons Gurdaspur district, maximum number of households are marked alongwith horizontal axis. is under the category of 6 to 8 member while in There are 2,357,725 households in rural areas Kapurthala, the minimum number of households are found to be of size 1-2. of Punjab. Amritsar district has the highest number of households i.e. 274,515, whereas, the number of Table below shows distribution of households households is the lowest in Kapurthala, 82,025. Out according to number of persons in each category by of 2,357,725 rural households, 203,625 have 1-2 districts in the State :-

Number of households according to number of persons in each size households

State/District Rural 1-2 3-5 6-8 I 9+

PUNJAB 2,357,725 203,625 936,675 864,500 352,925 Gurdaspur 218,910 16,375 78,785 86,670 37,080 Amritsar 274,515 22,105 108,265 104,865 39,280 Firozpur 203,235 16,705 81,525 76,405 28,600 Ludhiana 201,015 17,595 80,250 71,530 31,640 Jalandhar 223,670 22,145 91,605 80,530 29,390 Kapurthala 82,025 7,300 34,475 29,090 11,160 Hoshiarpur 219,450 25,795 92,805 76,615 24,235 Rupnagar 112,295 12,110 42,850 39,265 18,070 Patiala 209,220 15,900 80,575 76,650 36,095

Sangrur 208,475 17,450 82,300 74,120 34,605 I Bathinda 193,855 14,315 78,600 70,815 30,125 Faridkot 211,060 15,830 84,640 77,945 32,645

218 MAP 106

(t/'ooo ) PUNJAB 1000 wftur 'QfumT ;f; ~ ~ 900

BOUNDARY, INTERNATIONAL .. . .. _. _. _ " STATE/ U.T...... _._._ " DISTRICT...... _ . _ . _

219 MAP 107

PERSONS BY URBAN HOUSEHOLDS, 1991

This map exhibits distribution of urban households members, 315,975 have 6-8 members and the according to number of persons by districts in the state remaining 127,920 are large sized households wi!h as recorded at the 1991 Census. The aim is to present 9 or more members. A little less than one-half the average size of urban household. (46.12%) of the households have 3-5 members while one out of every 10 households (10.51 %) are small For this purpose, households have been grouped sized households having 1-2 members. The overall into four different categories on the basis of number patterns for the State show that the maximum number of persons, such as 1-2,3-5,6-8 and 9+ and shown of households have 3-5 members and the minimum on the map through bar diagram. The cartographic number of households have 1-2 members. A similar technique adopted is similar to the one explained under map no. 106. trend is observed among the districts in the State barring Kapurthala and Hoshiarpur where the number Out of 1,023,470 urban households in the State, of households in category 9 + is the lowest amongst 107,530 have 1-2 members, 472,045 have 3-5 all the 4 categories.

Number of households according to number Total urban of persons in each size household State/District Households 1-2 3-5 6-8 9+

PUNJAB t,023,470 107,530 472,045 3t5,975 127,920 Gurdaspur 63,290 5,260 26,145 21,940 9,945 Amritsar 147,210 13,595 67,560 47,830 18,225 Firozpur 63,965 6,525 27,5§._0 21,665 8,21£ Ludhiana 199,930 22,430 95,365 57,905 24,230 Jalandhar 130,140 14,155 59,715 39,760 '6,510 Kapurthala 29,720 3,775 13,595 8,895 3,455

Hoshiarpur 39,720 5,545 H~, 160 11,495 4,520

Rupnagar 48,660 7,355 ~6,745 11,365 3,195 Patlala 98,620 10,450 47,110 29,015 112,045 Sangrur 69,170 6,935 29,6JO 22,775 9,790 Bathinda 60,995 5,515 28,835 19,300 r,345 Faridkot 72,050 5,990 31,585 24,030 10,445

220 / MAP 107

PUNJAB 1"'0001 ~ -qfumT c); ~ ~ i'fftmm - PERSONS BY URBAN HOU­ SEHOLDS 1991 105010203040

K1LOMf;TRES

I

221 MAP 108

MEDICAL INSTITUTIONS PER 10,000 OF CENSUS HOUSES, 1991

This map represents districtwise number of and 11 in Ludhiana. Out of the 12 districts in the medical institutions per 10,000 of census houses in state, five each fall above and below the state average, Punjab. while two are at par with the state average.

The type of medical institutions taken into The highest range of more than 25 includes account for this purpose include hospitals, primary Hoshiarpur and Kapurthala districts while one district, health centres, health centres and dispensaries. The namely, Rupnagar falls in the next range of 21-25. number of medical institutions per 10,000 census houses, thus obtained, have been grouped into four The maximum number of districts (6) can be seen categories and shown on the map through choropleth under the category 16-20. They include Gurdaspur, technique. Firozpur, ]alandhar, Sangrur, Bathinda and Faridkot.

In the State, on an average, there are 17 medical As many as three districts, namely, Amritsar, institutions per 10,000 of census houses. Among the Ludhiana and Patiala appear under the lowest range districts, this number varies between 29 in Hoshiarpur of less than 16.

222 , _ MAP 108

JAMMU

MEDICALOCCUPED INS ~~oU'g 10000 OF BOUNDARY I N • STATEfUTNTERNATIONAL ..... _ • ., DISTRICT"...... -.=:=_.-.- ~ MORE THAN 25 ~21 _ 25 ~16 ( (STAT'EAVER AGE·20 17) OJ]] LESS THAN 16

223 MAP 109

HOSPITAL BEDS PER 100,000 OF POPULATION, 1991

This map depicts number of hospitals ~e~s in Sangrur (84). Besides Amrltsar, Ludhiana, Jalandhar available per 100,000 of population by districts in and Patiala indicate figures higher than that of the state Punjab. and can be seen on the map in the highest category of 121 and above. The number of hospital beds available per 100,000 of population worked out for each district The maximum number of districts (5) is noticed has been grouped into three categories and shown on in the range 91- t 20 and they include Firozpur, the map 'by graded shades of black and white. Kapurthala, Hoshiarpur, Rupnagar and Faridkot.

In the state, on an average there are 119 hospital Three districts, namely, Gurdaspur, Sangrur beds per 100,000 of population. This number is noted and Bathinda fall in the lowest category of 90 and to be the highest in Amritsar (177) and the lowest below.

224 MAP 109

• "I"ifl&:tl atW \' ~100000~~q) I 'fi"&:tT ~ ~ aIt'll ~+I HOSPITAL BED OF POPULATIO~ ~:1100. 000 1050 10 20 30 40

KLOMETRES

NUMBER OF BEDS POPULATION PER 100000 OF

~ 121 AND ABOVE ~9f- (STATE A,~£.120.~GE I9 1 ITDJ 90 ANO BELOW

225 MAP 110

INCREASE IN HOSPITAL BEDS PER 100,000 OF POPULATION, 1981-91

• This map shows change in number of hospital beds 100,000 of population has increased in five districts per t 00,000 of population in each district of Punjab and declined in six districts while one district did not during t 98 t -9 1. experience any change in this regard. The most remarkable change observed in this regard is in Faridkot The number of hospital beds per t 00,000 of district where the number of hospital beds per population has been worked out for each district for t 00,000 of population has increased by 20. 1981 and 199 t separately. The number obtained for 1981 has been subtracted from that of 1991. Two districts which recorded a "gain" of five and The figures so obtained have been grouped into above include Faridkot and Hoshiarpur, while three three ranges each under "gain n and two under "loss" districts, namely, Gurdaspur, Jalandhar and Kapurthala and are shown on the map as explained in the recorded an increased of less than five. legend. Six districts in the state noted decline in number The number of hospital beds per 100,000 of of hospital beds per t 00,000 of population. This population has declined from 123 in t 981 to 119 decline was the most severe in Ludhiana (-2 t ) mainly in 1991 in the state. Thus, there has been an overall because of its excessive population growth during this decline of four hospital beds per t 00,000 of decade. Besides Ludhiana, Patiala, Firozpur and population during this decade indicating that the Bathinda fall in the category 5 and dbove. Two growth in population has out-paced the developmental districts, namely, Rupnagar and Sangrur fall in the activities. Out of t 2 districts, the number of beds per category less than 5.

f MAP 110

JAMMU I PUNJAB , & ,/..\ -mff 100000 \It'''I'H&04( lR" aHqa(&t111~ K ASH M __I AR .f:::::\... .. ,_ cit mscu II ~ ):~~1.,/:::::::::j;.l INCREASE IN HOSPITAL BEDS PER ~ )::::'.~:::::;:';'--s- 100 000 OF POPULATION 1981-91 .f::: :: :::: ::: }1 ,- t>- .1':1: ...... / 1- rr...... ~..r. .... :-:-:-:-:-:-{:-:~..... ~ KILOMETRES ~ r-). ... ' ... -: . :- : -: -: -: -: -: -: -: -: ''',,:-_ " \ _;-:::::..~ ...... :, 'i"'. ~._ - 'r' . ' :. : .: .: . : .: .: . : . :. : . :. : . : .] \ os- J!_'c ---- -: ..... : .... GUROASPUR ••• ' : 1 '., k~~-~-~-~-~-~~~S~.~ :~:~: ~ :~: ~: ~:~:~: ~: :~.- ~~ < CI) .~------""-"y ...... ) . l------3' ' ... '. ' ...... : \..0 \------_-_-_-:_~<:::::;A,.'l!HlosIHIAIRPUR \ .p "\; ------~r: ...... y-:-. " .------/'... '.' ..... '.'~ ~ ., t.~AMRtfSAR_-__-_-_-_y.::::::::/:::::.-~ ~ 0 _ 1------:r.-: -: .: -: 0.: .: -: -: .: -: .... ~ . ~ I~------.:---.f>::::::::~::::::::::::·_:j ) ~ \S' t------;t.·.·.·.·.·.·.·j.·.·.·.·.·;fl.::.:~ '~---'.t. i------.:------t.:K~~Hf;~A}: :'.::: :::}::::: ::'~~'">-.. '--j.~::==~oQ,"lI':T (------;) .. '.' .. '~''.:!- ..... '.' ...'1...... )P_' ....-::-, . ------.:.). l------;J.······ ···c········ '.' 'f'" .... ~ t.:.-----~ .=-= ----=-=-~...r..=::..:~ .. ;.--: ..~t..;.;: -:.:-:.:.:.:.:.:.:. >.;-..: :':':':'.':'. -: ~ '\------i· ~ ,,~ft;l.--::\S=:t'.:..::: ::: :::: :: ::: ::: :~~~~~:::::::::: ::: :::'.: ::'.: :~. r~:::::::=:::==-) .A. '\ ..~ ...... : ...... :- . . . ~_____ -( 1. ~:~.:.:.:.:.:.~:.:.:,;;.~:.:.:.:..;:~~g ~-:-:~ U.T.OF ,t.r- r '-'-.:-''-'" ~_-_:::_:-:::-:::-:::-:::~~DlGARH .s T''''''''I ...,.._. . ~ .p------.: _-_-_V~c. ,. L?," 'h'~-}N -= ~\. LlJDHlANA f -~~~~~~~~;:~=:::~ 'A .~- _( ':::11 j 0 ~'''''-~====_::p''' ./:. J \-=--- ~ ~ - f-~'":::'<; ~.",,-,,~.;).-:-~~ r- .-' ~~..:~:..-~-----J;. .:?.\ f. 1r._-_- r....:: ~ L I t.:-_ ------'\7- - -'S;;I.- ~_1 ~ n' . ~.~) '_Ie i"r_-_-_-_-_- -_-_-_-_-__-_-_-_-_. ·v- r=.;;;'1' ..bJ-L ...... P~------i (!. -, FARIOKOT ~.:.---C_-_-_-_-.:_-.:__ -.:_-_-_- ._-_-_-_-_-..:; i .,_ ~ ?--,:------~ I . IT '11 ' y------~ ("l . ~- .il .Q-',~(: .•.. J.'--,. . r~:::... ::::::-:::::::::--:::-::::-:::--:::::::-:::::::::=::::::-:::.--::::::~ PATIALA? J \ I . -. ------_ - - ",=."",_ _,. • ~- ---- _ • ------~ "'-'t ~ t d .--- _-_-_-_ ~ANJ~~ _-_ - _-_-_-_- ----'J =.:7 ).. . ~ l\--_:::-:::----_-:::-::::::-=_=-__=-_-X...... ~ '" /' ( l!....n ...:..l-' '~.~_-_-_- -_-_-_-_-_- - ___-::-_~ '"'? l-FROZPUR-~ ~·t '~:::~-:::-:::-=-:::~~-:::~-:::'"\ l~ -ftl ~._7· t .~ r· BATHINOA f------_-·_·:o>""" ""c" ( Ii (. .~-:::---:::-=-=-=-:::-=-1-= l ~ iA-JA-S"'TH~~ . -;.."":-~ --:-;-::.----:.~:.h/ AN'", ._ ·".=--1~ .~ ::t__ :.::::::==:::=~~-===\. ('---;;100 ~ ------"::l;."'1-.,:) ~- I _.~-_-_-_-_-_-_-I-. \>- ,-,..~ ...... ;J \------.:/ \=---::I.~--. - --...... -.,_·v ~ ~ "( If ""-\ 1 BOUNOARY.INTe;R~nONAL ..... _._._ \;;0-' It. CHANGE IN NUMBER OF HOSPITAL BEDS PER I 00 000 .. STATE/U.T ...... _._._ OF POPUlATION ~, DISTRICt ...... _._._ GAIN LOSS

[[[[j 5 AND ABOVE F::-:-:-~ LE¥ THAN 5 ISTfTE AVERAGE 41 I:- :-:- :I LESS THAN 5 ~ 5 1ANO ABOVE

l-----_j NO CHANGE

\

227 MAP111

REGISTERED MEDICAL PRACTITIONERS PER 100,000 OF POPULATION IN RURAL AREAS, 1991

This map represents districtwise number of while Firozpur (8) is placed at the bottom. Registered Medical Practitioners per 100,000 of population in the rural areas of the state. Only the district, namely, Kapurthala falls under the highest range of 21 and above, while another three The number of Registered Medical Practitioners districts viz., Gurdaspur, Jalandhar and Hoshiarpur per 100000 of population worked out for each district represent values in the high range of 16-20. The range has been grouped into four categories and shown on t 1-15 which also includes state average has five the map as detailed in the legend. districts and they include Amritsar, Rupnagar, Patiala, Sangrur and Bathinda. The number of Registered Medical Practitioners per 100,000 of population in rural areas of the state Three districts, namely, Firozpur, Ludhiana and works out to 13. Kapurthala district (21) ranks highest Bathinda emerged under the lowest category 10 and below.

228 MAP 111

PUNJAB 1Affi 100000 ::i1"i

R NUMBER OF REGISTERED MEDICAL PRACTITIONERS PER 100000 OF POPULA TJON IN RURAL AREAS ~ 21 AND ABOVE

~16 - 20

~11-15 ~ 1 STATE AVERAGE (3)

[[[]] 10 AND BELOW

229 MAP 112

PRIMARY HEALTH CENTRES PER 100,000 OF POPULATION, 1991

This map depicts districtwise number of Primary seven districts exhibit values above and five below the Healthy Centres per t 00,000 of population in Punjab. state average.

The number of Primary Health Centres calculated The number of Primary Health Centres per per 100,000 of population in each district has been 100,000 of population is relatively higher in the range grouped into three categories and shown on the map of 3.0 1 and above in three districts. Besides by choropleth technique. Hoshiarpur, they include Kapurthala and Bathinda.

The state on an average has 2.46 Primary Health The range 2.01-3.00 covers four districts, Centres per 100,000 of population. In other words, namely, Gurdaspur, Ludhiana, Rupnagar and Sangrur. there is one Primary Health Centre after every 40,650 persons in the state. Among the districts in the state, The ratio between Primary Health Centres and Hoshiarpur with 4.19 Primary Health Centres after population is relatively low in the range of 2.00 and every 100,000 of population ranks at the top, while below in five districts, viz., Amritsar, Firozpur, Jalandhar with 1.53 is placed at the bottom, In all, Jalandhar, Patiala and Faridkot.

230 ,II 1 I~ "'"'"'"" ••, ~ -- '" ! , ...... ·,:, ...... ' ..·POOOOOOQl:!;.. ... , II c;, , ~ ,--~."'-,------~.- -~-.-- - ...... ~. -. . - ~ . , ' 1 j ;';' I' 11;1 II I NHHHtccTiCicTtHaanOIUnnUOIl z I • I

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