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Water Quality Issues and Challenges in Punjab

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Water Quality Issues and Challenges in Punjab iatkc ds ty xq.koRrk eqís vkSj pqukSfr;ka Water Quality Issues and Challenges in Punjab dsanzh; Hkwfe tycksMZ Central Ground Water Board ty lalk/ku ea=kky; Ministry of Water Resources Hkkjr ljdkj Government of India March 2014 vuqØef.kdk v/;k; fooj.k i`"B la- dk;Zdkjh lkjka'k 1 i`"BHkwfe 1 2 ty xq.koRrk vkSj LokLF; laca/kh eqís 3 2-1 ekuo LokLF; ij izHkko 3 2-2 i'kq/ku ij izHkko 4 2-3 ikS/kksa ds fodkl ij izHkko 5 2-4 mn~;ksxksa ij izHkko 5 3 ty vkSj Hkwfe dk mi;ksx 7 3-1 vkd`fr foKku ,oa ty fudklh 7 3-2 tyok;q vkSj o"kkZ 16 3-3 e`nk ,oa lw{e iks"kd 17 3-4 Hkwfe dk mi;ksx 20 3-5 d`f"k mRikndrk 24 3-6 flapkbZ lqfo/kk,a 28 3-7 ty lalk/ku 29 4 ty iznw"k.k vkSj bldk i;kZoj.k 44 4-1 Hkwtfur lanw"k.k 45 4-2 ekuotfur lanw"k.k 48 5 laxBukRed laidZ vkSj fuxjkuh 54 5-1 dsanzh; Hkwfety cksMZ] Hkkjr ljdkj 54 5-2 i;kZoj.k foHkkx] iatkc fo'ofon~;ky;] paMhx<+ 54 5-3 LokLF; vkSj ifjokj dY;k.k foHkkx] iatkc ljdkj 55 5-4 ty vkiwfrZ ,oa LoPNrk foHkkx] iatkc ljdkj 55 5-5 iatkc iznw"k.k fu;a=k.k cksMZ] iatkc ljdkj 56 5-6 lkoZtfud LokLF; vkSj lkeqnkf;d fpfdRlk Ldwy ihthvkbZ,ebZvkj] paMhx<+ 57 5-7 ty lalk/ku vkSj i;kZoj.k funs'kky;] iatkc ljdkj 57 6 ty xq.koRrk :>ku vkSj izHkko 59 6-1 lrgh ty xq.koRrk 59 6-2 Hkwty xq.koRrk 69 6-3 vfHkdj.k&okj fo'ks"k v/;;u 81 6-4 ty xq.koRrk dh rqyuk esa fodkl dk izHkko 109 7 Toyar eqísa 116 8 ty xq.koRrk izca/ku dk;Z uhfr 124 8-1 izca/ku fodYi 126 8-2 fofu;eu vkSj uhfr dk;Z <kapk 131 9 Hkfo"; dh vksj vxzlj 137 vuqca/k 140 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER DESCRIPTION PAGE NO. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY i 1 BACKDROP 1 2 WATER QUALITY AND HEALTH ISSUES 3 2.1 Impact on Human Health 3 2.2 Impact on Livestock 4 2.3 Impact on Plant Growth 5 2.4 Impact on Industries 5 3 WATER AND LAND USE 7 3.1 Physiography & Drainage 7 3.2 Climate And Rainfall 16 3.3 Soils & Micronutrients 17 3.4 Land Use 20 3.5 Agricultural Productivity 24 3.6 Irrigation Facilities 28 3.7 Water Resources 29 4 WATER POLLUTION & IT’S ENVIRONS 44 4.1 Geogenic Contamination 45 4.2 Anthropogenic contamination 48 5 ORGANISATIONAL LINKAGES AND SURVEILLANCE 54 5.1 Central Ground Water Board, Government Of India 54 5.2 Department of Environment, Punjab University, Chandigarh 54 5.3 Department of Health and Family Welfare, Government Of Punjab 55 5.4 Department of Water Supply and Sanitation, Government Of Punjab 55 5.5 Punjab Pollution Control Board, Government of Punjab 56 5.6 School of Public Health and Community Medicine, PGIMER, Chandigarh 57 5.7 Water Resource and Environment Directorate, Government Of Punjab 57 6 WATER QUALITY TRENDS & IMPACTS 59 6.1 Surface Water Quality 59 6.2 Ground Water Quality 69 6.3 Agency wise- Special Studies 81 6.4 Impact of Water Quality vis-a-vis Development 109 7 EMERGING ISSUES 116 8 WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES 124 8.1 Management Options 126 8.2 Regulations and Policy Frame work 131 9 WAY FORWARD 137 ANNEXURES 140 ifêdkvks dh lwph 1-1 iatkc jkT;% ftyk lhek,¡ 2 3-1 vkd`fr foKku vkSj ty fudklh 9 3-12 HkwtyfoKku 10 3-13 LoPN Hkwty volknksa dh eksVkbZ 11 3-14 LoPN Hkwty dks n'kkZrk ckM+ vkjs[k] iatkc 12 3-2 iatkc Hkw vkd`fr foKku 1987 13 3-3 iatkc Hkw vkd`fr foKku 2004 14 3-4 tyfudklh usVodZ iatkc jkT; 15 3-5 o"kkZ forj.k ¼lkekU;½ 17 3-6 iatkc dh e`nk 18 3-7 iatkc jkT;% Hkwfe mi;ksx @ Hkwfe vkPNknu 21 3-8 osVySaM vofLFkfr ekufp=k 23 3-9 iatkc jkT; dk Qly vkorZu ekufp=k ¼2004&2005½ 25 3-10 ugj lajpuk iatkc jkT; 30 3-11 flapkbZ L=kksr 32 3-15 ty Lrj xgjkbZ ekufp=k & ebZ 2010 36 3-16 iatkc ds ty Lrj dh xgjkbZ dk ekufp=k&ebZ 2010 38 ¼dsanzh; Hkwfe ty cksMZ vkSj MhMcY;wvkjbZMh iatkc ds vkdM+kW ds mi;ksx ls½ 3-17 ty Lrj dh xgjkbZ ekufp=k & uoacj 2010 38 3-18 ty Lrj mPpkopu & ekulwu iwoZ 1991&2010 39 3-19 iatkc jkT; dk ty Lrj #>ku ekufp=k&ekulwu iwoZ ¼2000&2009½ 40 3-20 iatkc jkT; dk ty Lrj #>ku ekufp=k&ekulwu i'pkr ¼2000&2009½ 40 3-21 ty rkfydk ÅapkbZ ekufp=k ¼ebZ 2010½ 41 3-22 Hkwty fodkl ¼ekpZ 2004 dh fLFkfr ds vuqlkj½ 43 6-1 ljfgan ugj iz.kkyh esa iznw"k.k ds lzksr 61 6-2 lryqt unh esa iznw"k.k ds lzksr 61 6-3 O;kl unh esa iznw"k.k ds lzksr 63 6-4 ?kXxj unh esa iznw"k.k ds lzksr 65 6-5 gqufn;kjk ukyk ds fdukjs eq[; mn~;ksx 67 6-6 rqax /kkc tyfudklh ds fdukjs eq[; mn~;ksx 67 6-7 iwoZ csu tyfudklh ds fdukjs eq[; mn~;ksx 68 6-8 cw<+k ukys ds fdukjs eq[; mn~;ksx 68 6-9 mFkys Hkwty esa fof'k"V pkydrk forj.k 70 6-10 mFkys Hkwty esa DyksjkbM forj.k 73 6-11 mFkys Hkwty esa ukbVªsV forj.k ¼ebZ 2009½ 74 6-12 mFkys Hkwty eas ¶yksjkbM forj.k ¼ebZ 2009½ 75 6-13 iatkc ds ftyk gksf'k;kjiqj vkSj uoka'kgj {ks=k es lsysfu;e lanw"k.k 82 6-14 Hkwty esa lhlk forj.k 83 6-15 ve`rlj 'kgj esa uewuk vofLFkfr 84 6-16 ftyk Qrsgx<+ lkfgc ds eaMh xksfcanx<+ 'kgj esa mFkys Hkwty esa ykSg forj.k 85 6-17 vkSn~;ksfxd vkSj iznwf"kr {ks=k] yqf/k;k 'kgj 86 6-18 Hkwty esa vklsZfud dh mifLFkrh 87 6-19 Hkwtu ds uewuksa dh vofLFkfr] ftyk tkya/kj 89 6-20 vuqi;qDr is;ty xq.koRrk lfgr MhMcY;w,l,l ;kstuk] eksxk ftyk 95 6-21 vuqi;qDr is;ty xq.koRrk lfgr ty L=kksr 96 6-22 is;ty iz;kstuksa ds fy, vuqi;qDr ty lfgr lax:j vkSj cjukyk ftyk MhMcY;w,l,l ;kstuk,a 97 6-23 ;wjsfu;e ds uewus LFky ¼MhMcY;w,l,l&2010½ 102 6-24 Hkwty xq.koRrk&ty lalk/ku vkSj i;kZoj.k funs'kky; 108 6-25 ty Lrj #>ku ¼ekulwu iwoZ½ 111 7-1 Hkwty xq.koRrk v/k/;u] dsanzh; Hkwfe ty cksMZ] mRrj if'peh {ks=k 117 7-2 ty tfur jksxksa dk izdksi&LokLF; ,oa ifjokj dY;k.k foHkkx] iatkc 119 7-3 ;wjsfu;e ds uewus LFky ¼MhMcY;w,l,l&2010½ 120 7-4 Hkwty xq.koRrk&ty lalk/ku vkSj i;kZoj.k funs'kky;] iatkc 121 7-5 lrgh ty xq.koRrk] iatkc iznw"k.k fu;a=k.k cksMZ 123 LIST OF PLATES 1.1 Punjab State : District Boundaries 2 3.1 Physiography and Drainage 9 3.12 Hydrogeology 10 3.13 Thickness of Fresh Ground Water Sediments 11 3.14 Fence Diagram Showing Fresh Ground Water Sediments, Punjab 12 3.2 Punjab Geomorphology 1987 13 3.3 Punjab Geomorphology 2004 14 3.4 Drainage Network Punjab State 15 3.5 Rainfall Distribution (Normal) 17 3.6 Soils of Punjab 18 3.7 Punjab State : Land use/ Land Cover 21 3.8 Location Map of Wetlands 23 3.9 Crop Rotation Map of Punjab State (2004-2005) 25 3.10 Canal Network Punjab State 30 3.11 Irrigation Sources 32 3.15 Depth to water level Map - May 2010 36 3.16 Depth to water level Map of Punjab May 2010 (using Data of CGWB & DWRED, Punjab) 38 3.17 Depth to water level Map - November 2010 38 3.18 Water Level Fluctuation-Pre-monsoon 1991-2010 39 3.19 Water Level Trend Map of Punjab State Pre-monsoon (2000-2009) 40 3.20 Water Level Trend Map of Punjab State Post-monsoon (2000-2009) 40 3.21 Water Table Elevation Map (May 2010) 41 3.22 Ground Water Development (as on march 2004) 43 6.1 Sources of Pollution in Sirhind Canal System 61 6.2 Sources of Pollution in River Sutlej 61 6.3 Sources of Pollution in River Beas 63 6.4 Sources of Pollution in River Ghaggar 65 6.5 Main Industries along Hundiara Nallaha 67 6.6 Main Industries along Tung Dhab Drain 67 6.7 Main Industries along East Bein Drain 68 6.8 Main Industries along Budha Nallah 68 6.9 Distribution of Specific Conductance in Shallow Ground Water 70 6.10 Distribution of Chloride in Shallow Ground Water 73 6.11 Distribution of Nitrate in Shallow Ground Water (May 2009) 74 6.12 Distribution of Fluoride in Shallow Ground Water (May 2009) 75 6.13 Selenium Contaminated Areas in District Hoshiarpur and Nawanshahr, Punjab 82 6.14 Distribution of Lead in Ground Water 83 6.15 Sampling Locations, Amritsar City 84 6.16 Distribution of Iron in Shallow Ground Water of Mandi Gobindgarh City, District Fatehgarh Sahib 85 6.17 Industrialized and Polluted Areas, Ludhiana City 86 6.18 Occurrence of Arsenic in Ground Water 87 6.19 Location of Ground Water Samples, District Jalandhar 89 6.20 DWSS Schemes with unsuitable Drinking Water Quality, Moga District 95 6.21 Water Sources with Unsuitable Drinking Water Quality 96 6.22 DWSS Schemes with Unsuitable Water for Drinking Purposes, 97 Sangrurand Barnala Districts 6.23 Sampling Points of Uranium (DWSS-2010) 102 6.24 Ground Water Quality- Water Resources and Environment Directorate 108 6.25 Water Level Trend (Pre-monsoon) 111 7.1 Ground Water Quality Studies, Central Ground Water Board, North Western Region 117 7.2 Outbreak of Water Borne Diseases —Department of Health & Family Welfare, Punjab 119 7.3 Sampling Points of Uranium (DWSS-2010) 120 7.4 Ground Water Quality- Water Resources and Environment Directorate, Punjab 121 7.5 Surface Water Quality, Punjab Pollution Control Board 123 dk;Zdkjh lkjka'k iatkc jkT; esa tula[;k esa rhoz o`f) ds lkFk&lkFk d`f"k i)fr;ksa] 'kgjhdj.k vkSj vkSn~;ksxhdj.k ds dkj.k dbZ vojks/k iSnk gks x, gSaA ;g jkT; jk"Vªh; [kkn~; lqj{kk dks izkIr djus dh fn'kk esa gfjr Økafr dk lw=kikr djus esa lcls vkxs Fkk vkSj bl jkT; esa xgu d`f"k i)fr;ksa dks viuk;k x;kA vR;f/kd d`f"k xfrfof/k;ksa ds ifj.kkeLo:i] csgrj Qly dh mit ds fy, [kkn vkSj dhVuk'kdksa dk Hkkjh ek=kk esa mi;ksx fd;k x;kA blds dkj.k fnDdky esa Hkwty vkSj lrgh ty nksuksa dh iznwf"kr gq, gSaA gky gh esa dbZ laxBuksa vkSj vke yksxksa }kjk jkT; ds fofHkUu fgLlksa esa ty dh xq.koRrk esa gks jgh fxjkoV ij xaHkhj fpark O;Dr dh xbZ gSA ty xq.koRrk dh leL;k ds dkj.k LokLF; laca/ kh xaHkhj vkink,a mRiUu gqbZ gSa vkSj yksx ty tfur jksxksa ls izHkkfor gSaA bl leL;k dks de djus ds fy,] fofHkUu dsUnzh; vkSj jkT; foHkkx] vuqla/kku ,oa fodkl laLFkku ty dh xq.koRrk ds vkdyu vkSj ekuhVfjax ds dk;Z esa lfØ; :i ls yxs gq, gSaA bu foHkkxksa }kjk mRl`ftr vkdM+sa ,d gh LFkku ij miyC/k u gksus ds dkj.k mi;qDr fuokjd vkSj mipkjkRed mik;ksa ds fy, budk mfpr izpkj&izlkj ugha gks jgk gSA bl fLFkfr dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, dsanzh; Hkwfety cksMZ }kjk fofHkUu foHkkxksa ds vkdM+ksa dks 'kkfey dj ty dh xq.koRrk vkSj mHkjrs eqêksa ij fLFkfr fjiksVZ ladfyr djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA iatkc]
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