Themegallery Powertemplate

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Themegallery Powertemplate China-US Strategic Workshop on Smart Grid Development Opportunities for Sino-US Cooperation on Smart Grid Development Prof. Zhou Fengqi Energy Research Institute of NDRC China May30--31, 2013 Contents 1 Significance of Smart Grid Development 2 Smart Grid Development around the World 3 Smart Grid Development in China 4 How to Focus on Smart Grid Development of Sino-US Cooperation 35 Personal Advice 1. Significance of Smart Grid Development Smart grid is an important platform for the implementation of new energy strategy and energy resource allocation optimization, covering power generation, transmission, substation, power distribution, utilization and scheduling of each link. By the extensive use of advanced information and materials technology, the large-scale access and utilization of clean energy can be realized, while the energy utilization efficiency can be improved, ensuring the safe, reliable and high quality power supply. It is of great significance to adjust the energy structure in China, to address climate change and to realize the energy conservation and emissions reduction, as we implement the smart grid major industrialization projects of science and technology. 2. Smart Grid Development around the World United States: Smart grid plans focus on distribution network. To improve the efficiency of electricity side, to reduce the electricity cost and to improve the grid security; EU: Super smart grid plans take the distributed power supply and large-scale use of renewable energy as the main target, while attention are paid to improve and enhance energy efficiency. Britain, France, Germany and other countries focus on development of pan-european network interconnection, Italy focuses on smart meter development and distribution network interaction, while Denmark is focus on wind power generation development and its control technology; Canada: Focus on the access ability and transmission ability enhancement of grid to large-scale renewable energy; Japan: The core of smart grid construction is to develop a grid which can be adapted to the scale development of solar power; Korea: Smart grid research focus on smart green city construction, while a comprehensive smart city demonstration project is now being constructed in Jeju island. Australia: The goal of smart grid construction is to develop renewable energy sources and improve energy use efficiency. The main work is focus on the implementation of smart meter and its associated demand side management. 2. Smart Grid Development around the World In conclusion, the concern of smart grid focus on: . Large-scale access of renewable energy power generation technology and its associated with large-scale energy storage operation; . Large power grid interconnection, long distance transmission and related control technology; . Distribution automation and micro-grid; . Smart meter of user side and demand response technologies. 3.Smart Grid Development in China In March 2011, the "the twelfth five-year plan for national economic and social development outline” was released, putting forward the overall task of the electric power industry transformation and industry core competitiveness enhancement during the " twelfth five-year “: . Accelerate the construction of modern power grid system in demand of the requirements for large-scale interregional transmission and new energy grid-connected. Further expand the scale of "west to east electricity transmission“, improve the regional backbone grid by developing the large capacity, high efficiency and long distance transmission technology such as ultra-high voltage. Push forward the construction of smart grid by advanced technologies such as information, control and energy storage. Strengthen the construction and upgrading of urban and rural power grid, enhance the capacity of grid electricity optimal allocation and power supply reliability. 3.Smart Grid Development in China This is based on two facts: . One is lack of energy resources per capita, and the energy resources and demand distribution is extremely unbalanced on the geographical distribution; . the other is the stress of electric power system development deal with climate change. It is imperative to improve power system security and efficiency, and replace coal with all sorts of new energy and renewable energy in order to adapt to the energy demand and climate change. Moreover, the technical problems of grid-connected and consumption brought by the intensive development of intermittent renewable energy generation are far more than the developed countries and regions. 3.Smart Grid Development in China Strong smart grid: In 2009, the State Grid Corporation of China formally issued the “Construction of strong smart grid”, publishing the ”smart grid” development plan to the society. China smart grid is first a strong power grid, which among them, has a long distance, large capacity transmission ultra-high voltage grid as its core link. Three phases were put forward to promote the construction of the “strong smart grid” : . the planning pilot stage before 2010; . the overall construction stage from 2011 to 2015; . the upgrad stage from 2016 to 2020. In 2011, the State Grid Corporation of China formally issued the “Smart grid technical standard system planning“ and “Key equipment for smart grid development planning “. 4. How to Focus on Smart Grid Development of Sino-US Cooperation 2012.11.6, Sino-US smart grid meeting was held in Guangzhou, some Chinese experts put forward opinions on how to promote the cooperation, mainly as follows: Sino-US electric power system and changing trends . China electric power system evolution, factory network separation, etc . American electric power system evolution and its reference function Sino-US smart grid technology, industry and demonstration comparison . Smart grid technology industrial development . Smart grid cooperation in the field of intellectual property Sino-US smart grid investment and profit analysis comparison . A specific technical analysis of its investments and profits in the whole operation of smart grid, such as smart meters . Comparing the smart grid investment and profit in China and US Sino-US smart grid cooperation and communication platform; Key technical cooperation; Demonstration area cooperation, etc. Key technology . Demonstration area 5. Personal Advice To find demonstration areas in both China and US, make the comparison on their technique, industrial cooperation, cost and benefit analysis, and put forward policy suggestions Hope that there will be breakthrough and progress on . large-scale intermittent new energy grid technology . grid technology in supporting electric vehicles development . large-scale energy storage systems . large power grid intelligent operation and control . intelligent power transmission and transformation technology and equipment . grid information and communication technology . flexible transmission technology and equipment . smart grid integration comprehensive demonstrations Thank You! Energy Research Institute of NDRC, China Zhou Fengqi .
Recommended publications
  • 100% Renewable Electricity: a Roadmap to 2050 for Europe
    100% renewable electricity A roadmap to 2050 for Europe and North Africa Available online at: www.pwc.com/sustainability Acknowledgements This report was written by a team comprising individuals from PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP (PwC), the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) and the European Climate Forum (ECF). During the development of the report, the authors were provided with information and comments from a wide range of individuals working in the renewable energy industry and other experts. These individuals are too numerous to mention, however the project team would like to thank all of them for their support and input throughout the writing of this report. Contents 1. Foreword 1 2. Executive summary 5 3. 2010 to 2050: Today’s situation, tomorrow’s vision 13 3.1. Electricity demand 15 3.2. Power grids 15 3.3. Electricity supply 18 3.4. Policy 26 3.5. Market 30 3.6. Costs 32 4. Getting there: The 2050 roadmap 39 4.1. The Europe - North Africa power market model 39 4.2. Roadmap planning horizons 41 4.3. Introducing the roadmap 43 4.4. Roadmap enabling area 1: Policy 46 4.5. Roadmap enabling area 2: Market structure 51 4.6. Roadmap enabling area 3: Investment and finance 54 4.7. Roadmap enabling area 4: Infrastructure 58 5. Opportunities and consequences 65 5.1. Security of supply 65 5.2. Costs 67 5.3. Environmental concerns 69 5.4. Sustainable development 70 5.5. Addressing the global climate problem 71 6. Conclusions and next steps 75 PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP Appendices Appendix 1: Acronyms and Glossary 79 Appendix 2: The 2050 roadmap in detail 83 Appendix 3: Cost calculations and assumptions 114 Appendix 4: Case studies 117 Appendix 5: Taking the roadmap forward – additional study areas 131 Appendix 6: References 133 Appendix 7: Contact information 138 PricewaterhouseCoopers LLPP Chapter one: Foreword 1.
    [Show full text]
  • A Road Map to Deliver Smart Grid in the UK Simon Skillings
    A Road Map to Deliver Smart Grid in the UK Simon Skillings Summary The concept of a ‘smart grid’ involves the combination of instrumentation, communications and analytics that allows power network infrastructure to be operated in a dynamic and efficient manner as opposed to the ‘passive’ operational approach which is currently the norm in the UK. There exists general consensus that the challenges of climate change and system security, in particular the ability to accommodate significant volumes of decentralised and renewable generation, requires that the network infrastructure must be upgraded to enable smart operation. Failure to do so will act as a major obstacle in the transition to a low carbon economy. A second important aspect of network development involves the construction of a number of strategic interconnections across the North Sea to create a new off-shore grid. This opens up the opportunity to more fully exploit the vast untapped potential of off-shore wind energy. However, there are a series of obstacles which have hitherto hindered progress in upgrading the network. In particular, the current regulatory regime is not well designed to encourage network operators to embrace new technological opportunities and this is exacerbated by the extent of the risk and uncertainty involved. The government has a key role to play in injecting the necessary momentum by providing strong direction to the regulator on the outcomes that must be delivered. In addition, the government needs to ensure the appropriate financing routes are in place that will enable Ofgem to set a regulatory framework that leads to a low cost of capital for investors whilst retaining the necessary management incentives on network operators to deliver the required outcomes.
    [Show full text]
  • Energy and Climate Security: the Role of Europe
    TRIBUNA DEL AGUA EXPO ZARAGOZA 2008 Energy and Climate Security The role of Europe Large water supply risks projected SRESA1B: 3.3°C above 1860-1890 2.8°C above 1990 Changes in runoff (% of 1990) IPCC AR4 SYR Figure 3.5. Yearly average oil prices (WTI) in real terms [$2007/bbl] 1869­2008 Source: Inflationdata 2008; WTRG 2008; Bloomberg 2008 "Global emissions must peak soon and then approximately halve by mid­ century. This means that emissions per capita must average 2T by then." “The technologies and the policy mechanisms required are known and within reach at a manageable cost.“ Source: Nick Stern, Key elements of a global deals EU CLIMATE TARGETS UNTIL 2020 ­20% CO2 < 2°C UNTIL 2050 ­80% CO2 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 Efficiency BAU TWh/a 800 Potential 600 400 200 0 Italy Italy France France Benelux Benelux Germany BritishIsles BritishIsles Alpineregion EasternMed. Nordicregion EasternEurope EasternEurope IberianPeninsula IberianPeninsula Efficiency consumption in 2030 as 2005, BAU increase 1,5%, Potential mid to long term electricity production Sources: BMU 2005:56; BMU 2006:43; EIE 2006:29ff; Eurostat 2006:16; IEA 2007. The SuperGrid Wide­area renewable electricity supply from 19 regions: • Wind • Solar thermal • Biomass Transport via HVDC Using hydro­storage for managing fluctuating supply Cost at reference point Kassel: 4.6 Eurocent/kWh (G. Czisch) The Smart Grid • Combining a multitude of small, decentralised power producing units – Cogeneration, Small Hydro, Biogas, Wind, PV. • Demand and load management systems – using flexibility of demand. • Operating an intelligent grid and control system (central or decentral). EU ­ DG Research Sustainable Energy Systems The SuperSmart Grid • Synergy of the SuperGrid and the Smart Grid.
    [Show full text]
  • Triana: a Control Strategy for Smart Grids. Forecasting, Planning And
    Uitnodiging voor het bijwonen van de openbare verdediging van T!"#$#:a control strategy mijn proefschrift for Smart Grids T!"#$#: a control strategy Forecasting, planning & real-time control for Smart Grids Forecasting, planning & real- T time control !"#$# op vrijdag 13 januari 2012 om 14:45u : Vincent Bakker in de prof. dr. G. Berkhoff a control strategy for Smart Grids zaal van het gebouw de Waaier van de Universiteit Twente. Voorafgaand geef ik om 14:30u een korte toelichting op de inhoud van mijn proefschrift. Aansluitend is er een receptie in hetzelfde gebouw. Vincent Bakker [email protected] Vincent Bakker ISBN 978-90-365-3314-0 thesis 19 december 2011 23:28 Page i ☛✟ ✡✠ Triana a control strategy for Smart Grids Forecasting, planning and real-time control ☛✟ ☛✟ ✡✠ ✡✠ Vincent Bakker ☛✟ ✡✠ thesis 19 december 2011 23:28 Page ii ☛✟ ✡✠ Members of the dissertation committee: Prof. dr. ir. G.J.M. Smit Universiteit Twente (promotor) Prof. dr. J.L. Hurink Universiteit Twente (promotor) Dr. M.J. Arentsen Universiteit Twente Prof. dr. ir. T.H. van der Meer Universiteit Twente Prof. dr. ir. R. Belmans Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Dr. ing. S. Klous KPMG Prof. dr. ir. J.G. Slootweg Technische Universiteit Eindhoven Prof. dr. ir. A.J. Mouthaan Universiteit Twente (chairman and secretary) is research have been funded by Essent, GasTerra and Tech- nology Foundation STW. CTIT Ph.D. thesis Series No. 11-215 !"#" Centre for Telematics and Information Technology University of Twente, P.O.Box 217, NL–7500 AE Enschede ☛✟ ☛✟ ✡✠ ✡✠ Copyright © by Vincent Bakker, Enschede, e Netherlands. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microlming, and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior written permission of the author.
    [Show full text]
  • 100% Renewable
    100% Renewable — Edited by Peter Droege 234mm x 156mm trim size — PPC hardback — Spine width: 31mm — ISBN 978-1-84407-718-2 100% RENEWABLE 100% ‘This inspiring book is long overdue. It tackles The greatest challenge of our time is to build a an essential question for human survival in the world based on the sustainable use of renewable 21st century: will we be able to transform our power. Our massive dependence on fossil fuels lives, businesses, buildings, settlements and has upset the very climatic system that made the transport networks connecting them from human evolution possible. The global economy unsustainable, oil-based and greenhouse-gas- and its financial system are in jeopardy, running emitting into sustainable, fossil-fuel-free, zero- hot on overtly cheap yet increasingly costly and carbon metabolisms? This important volume and fast depleting oil. A 100% renewable world is its two dozen contributors show that this path is seen by many as an impossible dream in anything necessary, practical and affordable. Read this but the very long term. But not only do a growing book: its exciting, fresh insights will show you number of initiatives and plans dare to make the how to move from promise to practice.’ change but many have already achieved it. Marco KEinEr Director, Environment, Housing and Land This rich collection presents a series of pioneering Management Division, United nations efforts and their champions, and the paths to their Economic commission for Europe successes. Ranging from initiatives by individuals to visions for companies, communities and entire ‘100% renewable was always more than a Moon countries, it defeats tired economic and technical Shot or a Manhattan Project as we just could counter-arguments, showing how the schemes not imagine how it could ever happen.
    [Show full text]
  • Super, Smart Or Supersmart Grid? the Grid: Enabler of the Energy Transition
    Super, Smart or SuperSmart Grid? The Grid: enabler of the energy transition Würzburg Antonella Battaglini 22 September 2015 1 Content • Current developments and challenges • Why a SuperSmart Grid is needed • Not only infrastructure matters! 2 Source: ECF Roadmap 2050 We are in the middle of an energy revolution: Rebuilding the system of production, transmission and distribution 3 RES development the beginning Particularly in countries like Spain, Germany and Denmark European Power Capacity (GW) 1.000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Coal, Fuel Oil and Nuclear Gas Renewables New industries were created by first movers countries… And we now have over 200GW of renewable power Germany, Spain and Italy have 130GW between them… And there is more to come… Strong move towards decentralised generation • Solar costs are going to continue to fall… Today Module Costs 2017 Which will have impacts on the grid and who pays for what Impacts so far 2. The weather increasingly determines the power price Conventional capacity has to react to intermittent energy changes Variability is a challenge Variability in NL only: 0-90% 8 Solar eclipse as a test case for TSO cooperation • Comparison of expected infeed from solar on March 20 during clear sky conditions with and without solar eclipse. (EntsoE) 9 The need for flexibility The grid We are meant to see a big expansion in the grid Some €150bn needs to be invested in the grid by 2020 SuperGrids reduce variability
    [Show full text]
  • 'Supersmart Grid' Could Connect up Renewable Energy Across Europe
    4 June 2009 ‘SuperSmart Grid’ could connect up renewable energy across Europe Renewable energy could help Europe meet twin goals: a more secure energy supply and climate change mitigation. A recent study describes a new approach to electricity distribution in the form of a ‘SuperSmart Grid’. This supports both long-distance transmission and decentralised energy generation and could enable a 100 per cent renewable electricity system by 2050. A major problem with renewable energy, such as wind and solar power, is that supply is often intermittent, causing fluctuations and strain on the grid system. In addition, the current European grid system is unable to meet rising energy demands and needs to be transformed. Proposals for overcoming these problems include 1) a large-scale grid to transmit electricity from renewable sources over long distances, a ‘Super Grid’, and 2) decentralising production of renewable electricity from distributed, small installations, such as micro turbines, fuel cells or biogas digesters: a ‘Smart Grid’. The researchers, working under the EU CIRCE project1, suggest that these two proposals could be combined to create the SuperSmart Grid (SSG). This would transmit electricity over a wide area and connect up smaller, distributed generation installations. An efficient SSG would also even out any fluctuations over a wide area. The authors argue that a 100 per cent renewable electricity system is necessary if Europe is to meet its target of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 60-80 per cent, compared with pre-industrial levels by 2050, (in line with the policy to limit the global average temperature increase to not more than 2ºC) and that the SSG would enable this system.
    [Show full text]
  • Topic 5 Offshore Grids: Towards a Least Regret EU Policy
    http://think.eui.eu Topic 5 Offshore Grids: Towards a Least Regret EU Policy Final Report January 2012 Project Leader: François Lévêque Research Team leader: Leonardo Meeus Research Team: Isabel Azevedo Marcelo Saguan Jean-Michel Glachant Project Advisors: Dörte Fouquet THINK is financially supported by Nils-Henrik von der Fehr the EU’s 7th framework programme THINK is financially supported by the EU’s 7th Framework Programme This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the authors, and the Com- mission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein. More information on the THINK Project is available on the Internet (http://think.eui.eu) ISBN:978-92-9084-073-2 doi:10.2870/35425 © European University Institute, 2012 © Leonardo Meeus, François Lévêque, Isabel Azevedo, Marcelo Saguan and Jean-Michel Glachant This text may be downloaded only for personal research purposes. Any additional reproduction for other purposes, whether in hard copies or electronically, requires the consent of the authors. Source should be acknowledged. If cited or quoted, reference should be made to the full name of the authors, the title, the year and the publisher. Front cover images: from top to bottom © iStockPhoto – 15760057, Pics-xl; 12663838, Trout55; 13147999, Deepblue4you; 13820604, Manfredxy; 11507732, En- viromantic; 14619224, Phototropic Offshore Grids: Towards a Least Regret EU Policy Contents Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Supersmart Grid Energy and Climate Security for Europe and Beyond
    The SuperSmart Grid Energy and Climate security for Europe and beyond *# # # A. Battaglini , J. Lilliestam and A. Haas September 2008 *European Climate Forum; #Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research. [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Abstract Increasing energy needs and the threats posed by climate change pose new and unexpected challenges to the current energy system. A fundamental shift to a decarbonised economy is required to achieve energy and climate security. Europe has committed itself to 20% emission reduction by 2020, to a 20% share of electricity from renewable energy source and to keep global mean temperature increase below 2°C over pre-industrial levels. In order to achieve its targets Europe needs to develop and implement policies which foster a transition towards a 100% renewable electricity system. Among the different options taken into consideration there is the possibility of linking Europe to North Africa with high voltage direct current (HVDC) lines for transporting electricity produced from renewable energy sources. For the ongoing UN-post 2012 agreement negotiations it could be an important breakthrough if the EU, together with partners, would come up with a plan, which combines a realistic sharp increase of renewable energy for the EU, with a co-operative approach with a developing country region to secure energy security and greenhouse gas reduction in both regions and possibly with a breakthrough for important technologies and instruments which can play an important role world wide. The energy and climate challenges The energy system of today is heavily based on fossil energy resources.
    [Show full text]
  • Future of Energy: Powered by Solar
    Future of Energy: Powered by Solar Yrsa Cronhjort1, Kiran Giramella1, Aftab Hossain1, Rui Zhang1 and tutor Sanja Scepanovic1 1 Aalto University, PO Box 17800, 00076 AALTO, Finland {yrsa.cronhjort, kiran.garimella, mm.hossain, rui.2.zhang, sanja.scepanovic}@aalto.fi Abstract. Solar energy, radiant light and heat from the sun, is ubiquitous. It exists everywhere and is available for any one of us to use. Global, sustainable growth could be supported and environmental impacts, caused by the production of electricity, limited by an increased use of solar energy. The daily and yearly solar irradiation is especially high close to the equator and in areas of our globe affected by desertification. However, countries excelling in the areas of investments made in and the use of solar power are high-technology countries located at less optimal latitudes. This paper presents a state- of-art study and discussion of the opportunities and barriers to accelerate the use of solar power. Three interlinked visions are discussed: (1) the 100% scenario assuming that the total global electricity demand could be covered with solar energy only, (2) the global-electricity-grid scenario suggesting a global electricity market supplied by large-scale photovoltaic plants, and (3) the energy-for-all scenario presenting wide- scale adoption of solar technologies as a means to tackle climate injustice and change by entering current nonconsumer markets. Keywords: solar energy, photovoltaics, electricity, climate change, future 1 Introduction Solar energy is ubiquitous. It exists everywhere on the globe. Germany made the headlines in early June 2014 by being able, for the first time, to cover more than 50% of the country’s electricity demand with energy collected via photovoltaic panels [1].
    [Show full text]
  • Towards High Performability in Advanced Metering Infrastructures
    University of Passau Faculty of Computer Science and Mathematics Chair of Computer Networks and Computer Communications PhD thesis Towards High Performability in Advanced Metering Infrastructures Michael Niedermeier 1. Reviewer Hermann de Meer Chair of Computer Networks and Computer Communications University of Passau 2. Reviewer Anne Remke Group of Safety-Critical Systems University of Münster 11/06/2020 Michael Niedermeier Towards High Performability in Advanced Metering Infrastructures PhD thesis, 11/06/2020 Reviewers: Hermann de Meer and Anne Remke University of Passau Chair of Computer Networks and Computer Communications Faculty of Computer Science and Mathematics Innstrasse 43 94032 Passau Abstract The current movement towards a smart grid serves as a solution to present power grid challenges by introducing numerous monitoring and communication technologies. A dependable, yet timely exchange of data is on the one hand an existential prerequisite to enable Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) services, yet on the other a challenging endeavor, because the increasing complexity of the grid fostered by the combination of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) and utility networks inherently leads to dependability challenges. To be able to counter this dependability degradation, current approaches based on high-reliability hardware or physical redundancy are no longer feasible, as they lead to increased hardware costs or maintenance, if not both. The flexibility of these approaches regarding vendor and regulatory interoperability is also limited. However, a suitable solution to the AMI dependability challenges is also required to maintain certain regulatory-set performance and Quality of Service (QoS) levels. While a part of the challenge is the introduction of ICT into the power grid, it also serves as part of the solution.
    [Show full text]
  • The Canton of Zürich's Roadmap: Smart Energy Region 2050
    The Canton of Zürich’s Roadmap: Smart Energy Region 2050 Interactive Qualifying Project Report completed In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science At Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA ​ ​ By: Zachary Burgess Luke Habib Sam Khalandovsky Brandon Malofsky Advisors: Daniel DiMassa Kathryn Fisler Sponsoring Agency: The ZHAW School of Engineering Liaison: Tara Mann 10/16/2015 [email protected] Abstract As part of the COST Action Plan, ZHAW has presented a goal of achieving a Smart Energy Region in the Canton of Zürich by the year 2050. This target is defined with milestones across 18 areas such as energy efficiency, quality of life, and renewable technologies. This report assesses those goals and develops a roadmap for the canton to achieve some of them, while recommending that other goals be re­evaluated for plausibility. The roadmap is made up of a series of recommendations that could be used by the cantonal government to reach these targets. Additionally, this report provides analyses of each of the 18 relevant areas as well as other roadmaps that have been developed in other cities, providing a strong research base for future work by ZHAW on the Smart Energy Region Project. 1 Acknowledgements This project was something new to the team. We had completed projects for courses before, but our IQP presented new challenges. Our supporters provided us with valuable resources, information, and insight throughout the project. The work they invested contributed to the success of this project. We want to extend our sincerest gratitude to Thea Weiss, Harry Spiess, Vicente Carabias, and Tobias Kuehn at ZHAW for the copious amounts of resources that they provided us with throughout the course of our project.
    [Show full text]