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Economics of Coal and Gas Based Energy
2012 Ic Economics of Coal and Gas Based Energy An Indian Perspective FOREWORD 1 Third Wave Solutions Private Limited For Restricted Circulation Only TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2 Section 1: COAL 3 1.1 Introduction 4 1.2 Global Production and Consumption 5 1.3 Global Exports and Imports 6 1.5 Indian Coal vs. International Coal 9 © 2012 Third Wave Solutions Pvt. Ltd. 1.6 Pricing of Steam coal 10 1.7 Economics of a Coal based Power Plant 12 Section 2: ENERGY MAP OF INDIA 14 Research Lead: Vipul Goyal [email protected] Section 3: NATURAL GAS 15 3.1 Introduction 16 3.2 Global Production and Consumption 18 3.3 Global Exports and Imports 19 3.4 Indian Import Capacity 22 3.5 Gas Pricing 23 Section 4: CONCLUSIONS 25 Section 5: APPENDIX 27 5.1 Units & Definitions 27 5.2 Conversions & Rules of Thumb 28 5.3 References 29 -: DISCLAIMER:- This Report is for information purposes only and does not constitute any recommendation, representation, warranty or guarantee of performance. This is not intended to provide professional, investment or any other type of advice or recommendation and does not take into account the particular investment objectives, financial situation or needs of individual recipients. Before acting on any information in this Report you should consider whether it is suitable for your particular circumstances and, if appropriate, seek professional advice including tax advice. Third Wave Solutions Pvt. Ltd. (the Company) and its officers, directors and persons associated with the preparation of this Report do not hold out any warranty or guarantee as to the accuracy of the facts contained in the Report. -
Glossary of Energy and Smart Grid Terms ACCESS POINTS (Aps)
Glossary of Energy and Smart Grid Terms ACCESS POINTS (APs) – Specially configured nodes on wireless local area networks (WLANs). Access points act as a central transmitter and receiver of WLAN radio signals. ADVANCED METERING INFRASTRUCTURE (AMI) – Refers to the full measurement and collection system that includes meters at the customer site, communication networks between the customer and a service provider, such as an electric, gas, or water utility, and data reception and management systems that make the information available to the service provider. ANALOG METER – Analog meters also known as electromechanical are the most common, the simple meter spins forward when consuming electricity. If the analog meter is bidirectional it will spin backwards when your solar electric system is pushing extra electricity back into the grid. The number of times the disc spins forward or backwards determines how much electricity you are using or contributing to the electric grid. The utility company must dispatch a meter reader every month to figure out how much energy is consumed. AUTOMATIC METER READING (AMR) –The technology of automatically collecting consumption, diagnostic, and status data from water meter or energy metering devices (gas, electric) and transferring that data to a central database for billing, troubleshooting, and analyzing. AVERAGE COST – The revenue requirement of a utility divided by the utility's sales. Average cost typically includes the costs of existing power plants, transmission, and distribution lines, and other facilities used by a utility to serve its customers. It also included operating and maintenance, tax, and fuel expenses. AVERAGE DEMAND – The energy demand in a given geographical area over a period of time. -
100% Renewable Electricity: a Roadmap to 2050 for Europe
100% renewable electricity A roadmap to 2050 for Europe and North Africa Available online at: www.pwc.com/sustainability Acknowledgements This report was written by a team comprising individuals from PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP (PwC), the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) and the European Climate Forum (ECF). During the development of the report, the authors were provided with information and comments from a wide range of individuals working in the renewable energy industry and other experts. These individuals are too numerous to mention, however the project team would like to thank all of them for their support and input throughout the writing of this report. Contents 1. Foreword 1 2. Executive summary 5 3. 2010 to 2050: Today’s situation, tomorrow’s vision 13 3.1. Electricity demand 15 3.2. Power grids 15 3.3. Electricity supply 18 3.4. Policy 26 3.5. Market 30 3.6. Costs 32 4. Getting there: The 2050 roadmap 39 4.1. The Europe - North Africa power market model 39 4.2. Roadmap planning horizons 41 4.3. Introducing the roadmap 43 4.4. Roadmap enabling area 1: Policy 46 4.5. Roadmap enabling area 2: Market structure 51 4.6. Roadmap enabling area 3: Investment and finance 54 4.7. Roadmap enabling area 4: Infrastructure 58 5. Opportunities and consequences 65 5.1. Security of supply 65 5.2. Costs 67 5.3. Environmental concerns 69 5.4. Sustainable development 70 5.5. Addressing the global climate problem 71 6. Conclusions and next steps 75 PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP Appendices Appendix 1: Acronyms and Glossary 79 Appendix 2: The 2050 roadmap in detail 83 Appendix 3: Cost calculations and assumptions 114 Appendix 4: Case studies 117 Appendix 5: Taking the roadmap forward – additional study areas 131 Appendix 6: References 133 Appendix 7: Contact information 138 PricewaterhouseCoopers LLPP Chapter one: Foreword 1. -
A Road Map to Deliver Smart Grid in the UK Simon Skillings
A Road Map to Deliver Smart Grid in the UK Simon Skillings Summary The concept of a ‘smart grid’ involves the combination of instrumentation, communications and analytics that allows power network infrastructure to be operated in a dynamic and efficient manner as opposed to the ‘passive’ operational approach which is currently the norm in the UK. There exists general consensus that the challenges of climate change and system security, in particular the ability to accommodate significant volumes of decentralised and renewable generation, requires that the network infrastructure must be upgraded to enable smart operation. Failure to do so will act as a major obstacle in the transition to a low carbon economy. A second important aspect of network development involves the construction of a number of strategic interconnections across the North Sea to create a new off-shore grid. This opens up the opportunity to more fully exploit the vast untapped potential of off-shore wind energy. However, there are a series of obstacles which have hitherto hindered progress in upgrading the network. In particular, the current regulatory regime is not well designed to encourage network operators to embrace new technological opportunities and this is exacerbated by the extent of the risk and uncertainty involved. The government has a key role to play in injecting the necessary momentum by providing strong direction to the regulator on the outcomes that must be delivered. In addition, the government needs to ensure the appropriate financing routes are in place that will enable Ofgem to set a regulatory framework that leads to a low cost of capital for investors whilst retaining the necessary management incentives on network operators to deliver the required outcomes. -
Brownout Based Blackout Avoidance Strategies in Smart Grids
Brownout Based Blackout Avoidance Strategies in Smart Grids Basina Deepak Raj Satish Kumar Sambit Padhi IIT Guwahati IIT Guwahati IIT Guwahati Arnab Sarkar Arijit Mondal Krithi Ramamritham IIT Guwahati IIT Patna IIT Bombay ABSTRACT during demand overloads, such that uninterrupted power supply to Power shortage is a serious issue especially in third world countries, essential appliances/establishments may be selectively maintained and is traditionally handled through rolling blackouts. Today, smart while cutting down supply to less critical loads (lower priority). grids provide the opportunity of avoiding complete blackouts by In [1], authors introduced the brownout based approach and pre- converting them to brownouts, which allow selective provisioning sented a customer-end hardware prototype system to support the of power supply to support essential loads while curtailing supply to brownout based energy distribution scheme. less critical loads. In this work, we formulate brownout based power Our Contributions: Informed distribution of available Power. distribution scheduling as an optimization problem and propose In this paper, we develop the algorithmic support to answer the a modified Dynamic Programming (DP) based optimal algorithm following question: Given a system-wide upper-bound on consump- (suitable for moderate sized grids) that is 9 to 40 times faster than tion in times of power scarcity, how do we ensure that the available the conventional DP approach. power is equitably distributed to the consumers, taking into account the criticality of their needs. KEYWORDS First, we devise a comprehensive framework for brownout based electricity scheduling. The framework is guided by the following Smart Grids, Rolling Blackouts, Brownout. soft real-time specification (governed by recommendations of IEEE ACM Reference Format: standards on power quality [2]): Brownout based mitigation of im- Basina Deepak Raj, Satish Kumar, Sambit Padhi, Arnab Sarkar, Arijit Mon- balances in demand-supply must be conducted quickly and within dal, and Krithi Ramamritham. -
Energy and Climate Security: the Role of Europe
TRIBUNA DEL AGUA EXPO ZARAGOZA 2008 Energy and Climate Security The role of Europe Large water supply risks projected SRESA1B: 3.3°C above 1860-1890 2.8°C above 1990 Changes in runoff (% of 1990) IPCC AR4 SYR Figure 3.5. Yearly average oil prices (WTI) in real terms [$2007/bbl] 18692008 Source: Inflationdata 2008; WTRG 2008; Bloomberg 2008 "Global emissions must peak soon and then approximately halve by mid century. This means that emissions per capita must average 2T by then." “The technologies and the policy mechanisms required are known and within reach at a manageable cost.“ Source: Nick Stern, Key elements of a global deals EU CLIMATE TARGETS UNTIL 2020 20% CO2 < 2°C UNTIL 2050 80% CO2 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 Efficiency BAU TWh/a 800 Potential 600 400 200 0 Italy Italy France France Benelux Benelux Germany BritishIsles BritishIsles Alpineregion EasternMed. Nordicregion EasternEurope EasternEurope IberianPeninsula IberianPeninsula Efficiency consumption in 2030 as 2005, BAU increase 1,5%, Potential mid to long term electricity production Sources: BMU 2005:56; BMU 2006:43; EIE 2006:29ff; Eurostat 2006:16; IEA 2007. The SuperGrid Widearea renewable electricity supply from 19 regions: • Wind • Solar thermal • Biomass Transport via HVDC Using hydrostorage for managing fluctuating supply Cost at reference point Kassel: 4.6 Eurocent/kWh (G. Czisch) The Smart Grid • Combining a multitude of small, decentralised power producing units – Cogeneration, Small Hydro, Biogas, Wind, PV. • Demand and load management systems – using flexibility of demand. • Operating an intelligent grid and control system (central or decentral). EU DG Research Sustainable Energy Systems The SuperSmart Grid • Synergy of the SuperGrid and the Smart Grid. -
Draft Minutes of the Regular Meeting City of Alameda Public Utilities Board Meeting
AGENDA ITEM NO.: 4.A2.1 MEETING DATE: 10/19/2020 DRAFT MINUTES OF THE REGULAR MEETING CITY OF ALAMEDA PUBLIC UTILITIES BOARD MEETING September 21, 2020 1. ROLL CALL President McCormick called the meeting to order at 6 p.m. On roll call, the following commissioners were present: President McCormick, Commissioner Serventi, Commissioner Gould, Commissioner Giuntini and City Manager Levitt. 2. ORAL COMMUNICATIONS – NON-AGENDA (Public Comment) None 3. ELECTION OF OFFICERS A. President B. Vice President C. Secretary Following a motion from Commissioner Giuntini and a second from Commissioner Serventi, the Board voted to: Reelect Ann McCormick as PUB President; reelect Jerry Serventi as Vice President; and reelect the General Manager as PUB Secretary. Commissioner Serventi will continue to serve as the board’s Northern California Power Agency (NCPA) representative. 4. SPECIAL PRESENTATION None 5. CONSENT CALENDAR A. Minutes – Regular Meeting – July 20, 2020 B. Listing of Bills Paid – July 2020 B2. Listing of Bills Paid – August 2020 C. Financial Report – June 2020 C2. Financial Report – July 2020 D. Treasurer’s Report for the Month Ending June 30, 2020 D2. Treasurer’s Report for the Month Ending July 31, 2020 AGENDA ITEM NO.: 4.A2.2 MEETING DATE: 10/19/2020 E. For Information Only, Public Power Week 2020 Activities F. By Motion, Authorize the General Manager to Amend the Current Agreement PS 07- 15-02 with CLEAResult Consulting Inc. to Extend the Term by One Year and Increase the Compensation by $160,000, for a Total Amount Not to Exceed $725,008 G. By Motion, Authorize the General Manager to Issue a Purchase Order to Innovative Switchgear Solutions in an Amount Not to Exceed $76,800 for 15kV Pad-Mounted Switchgear Per Material Specification No. -
Medical Baseline General Program Information
Medical Baseline General Program Information What is Medical Baseline? How do I apply for Medical Baseline? • It’s a financial assistance program for residential • Complete the Medical Baseline Allowance application customers who have special energy needs due to form. (A licensed medical practitioner must sign the certain qualifying medical conditions. application and certify the medical condition). • Eligible residential customers may receive a • Mail the completed and signed application form to: “standard” Medical Baseline quantity of Pacific Gas and Electric Company approximately 500 kilowatt-hours (kWh) of Attention: Medical Baseline electricity and/or 25 therms of gas per month, P.O. Box 8329, Stockton, CA 95208 in addition to regular Baseline quantities. How do I know if I’ve been approved for Who qualifies for Medical Baseline? Medical Baseline? A licensed medical practitioner must certify that a • To confirm you’ve been approved for Medical full-time resident in your home is: Baseline, please check the “Special Account • Dependent on life-support equipment used in Information” section of your bill. “Life-Support” the home. and/or “Medical” will appear in this section of your bill if you’ve been approved. • A paraplegic, hemiplegic, quadriplegic, or multiple sclerosis patient with special heating and/or • If you do not qualify for Medical Baseline, a letter air-conditioning needs. will be sent to you. • A scleroderma patient with special heating needs. What if I have further questions? • Being treated for a life-threatening illness, compromised immune system, or other • Please call Pacific Gas and Electric Company at medical condition with special heating and/or 1-800-743-5000, or 1-800-660-6789 (Spanish-line), air-conditioning requirements necessary to or 1-800-893-9555 (Chinese-line). -
Earth Grid Down 1St Edition Pdf, Epub, Ebook
EARTH GRID DOWN 1ST EDITION PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Stuart P Coates | 9781532015779 | | | | | Earth Grid Down 1st edition PDF Book Yang; doi : I believe a cellphone may be damaged mainly because some use RF near-field charging which is designed to receive an RF charge and in a solar flare the ambient charge would be thousands if not 10s of thousands of times higher. Would using cash make us vulnerable to robbery or home invasion? He said federal policy and practice are missing programs for the following:. Have some wet wipes available for clean up. Utilities may impose load shedding on service areas via targeted blackouts, rolling blackouts or by agreements with specific high-use industrial consumers to turn off equipment at times of system-wide peak demand. Propane stores well and safely if outside. To avoid electrochemical corrosion, the ground electrodes of such systems are situated apart from the converter stations and not near the transmission cable. Orpha, I just emailed you a copy of the list so you can print it out more easily. Synchronous grids with ample capacity facilitate electricity market trading across wide areas. The Indian Express. Also hand sanitizer makes a great fire starter in an emergency. Legislatively, in the first quarter of the year 82 relevant bills were introduced in different parts of the United States. Others however express concern [ 55 ]. Another option is a commode , using a bucket and garbage bags. In , it completed the power supply project of China's important electrified railways in its operating areas, such as Jingtong Railway , Haoji Railway , Zhengzhou—Wanzhou high-speed railway , et cetera, providing power supply guarantee for traction stations, and its cumulative power line construction length reached 6, kilometers. -
Electric Power Market Summary SUMMER 2006
GOV FERC. Electric Power Market Summary SUMMER 2006 FERC.GOV/MARKET OVERSIGH T FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION @ NORTHWEST CALIFORNIA SOUTHWEST MIDWEST SPP TEXAS PJM SOUTHEAST NEW YORK NEW ENGLAND eak electrical demands in summer 2006 were much higher in Palmost all regions of the United States than in summer 2005. Every regional transmission operator (RTO), and most other regions, set demand records. The bulk power grid and wholesale power markets performed well under the stress. Ten percent more electricity was produced by natural gas-fired generators in summer 2006 than in summer 2005. Lower-priced gas, newly installed gas-fired generators, and more expensive fuel oil all contributed to this trend. Market Oversight | Reports & Analyses | Electric Power Market Summary 1 ELECTRIC POWER MARKET SUMMARY SUMMER 2006 Despite spells of record-breaking heat, U.S. consumption of electricity in summer 2006 grew only one percent from the previous summer. Milder weather in parts of June and August reduced consumption in most major power-consuming regions except in the West. Unprecedented generation availability and robust demand response1 helped grid operators maintain reliability during peak periods, but in almost every area they still needed emergency actions such as warnings, public conservation, emergency transactions, and curtailment of interruptible loads. Even areas considered vulnerable—southern California, southwest Connecticut, Long Island, and Ontario— had no load shedding2 or serious market problems. Compared to summer 2005, average wholesale prices for electricity declined in the Northeast and Midwest and rose in PJM (Mid Atlantic and portions of the Midwest) and California. Throughout summer 2006 prices were moderated by lower natural gas prices, greater supplies of nuclear and hydropower, and occasional moderate weather. -
Electricity Market Mechanism Regarding the Operational Flexibility of Power Plants
Modern Economy, 2017, 8, 567-589 http://www.scirp.org/journal/me ISSN Online: 2152-7261 ISSN Print: 2152-7245 Electricity Market Mechanism regarding the Operational Flexibility of Power Plants Cem Kiyak, Andreas de Vries Department of Technical Business Administration, South Westphalia University of Applied Science, Hagen, Germany How to cite this paper: Kiyak, C. and de Abstract Vries, A. (2017) Electricity Market Mecha- nism regarding the Operational Flexibility Electricity market mechanisms designed to steer sustainable generation of elec- of Power Plants. Modern Economy, 8, 567- tricity play an important role for the energy transition intended to mitigate 589. https://doi.org/10.4236/me.2017.84043 climate change. One of the major problems is to complement volatile renewa- Received: March 10, 2017 ble energy sources by operationally flexible capacity reserves. In this paper, a Accepted: April 24, 2017 proposal is given to determine prices on electricity markets taking into ac- Published: April 27, 2017 count the operational flexibility of power plants, such that the costs of long- term capacity reserves can be paid by short-term electricity spot markets. For Copyright © 2017 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. this purpose, a measure of operational flexibility is introduced enabling to This work is licensed under the Creative compute an inflexibility fee charging each individual power plant on a whole- Commons Attribution International sale electricity spot market. The total sum of inflexibility fees is accumulated License (CC BY 4.0). on the spot markets and then can be used to finance a capacity mechanism http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ keeping the necessary reserves to warrant grid reliability. -
California Has Excess Power Without Nuclear
No Rolling Blackouts with San Onofre Shut Down California has excess power available without California’s nuclear power plants. This includes power needed for peak load periods in the summer as well as for grid stability. The electricity grid operator, California Independent System Operator (ISO), has plans to avoid rolling blackout during the summer with San Onofre shut down. At the 3/22/2012 ISO Board of Governor’s meeting presentation on Summer 2012 Operations Preparedness, Neil Millar, Executive Director, Infrastructure Development presented this list of various actions that would mitigate the outage risk: Under mild conditions, the reserve margin is 107MW. Conservation and demand response will provide additional margin. Activating Huntington Beach [gas] units 3 & 4 also mitigates the Los Angeles area outage risk that arises under heavy load conditions. Without both SONGS [San Onofre reactor] units, the Los Angeles area is short approximately 240 MW [under heavy load conditions]. Huntington Beach units 3 & 4 add 450 MW, thus mitigating the shortage. These actions mitigate the outage risk. • Return Huntington Beach [gas plants] 3 & 4 to service • Accelerate Barre‐Ellis transmission upgrade • Accelerate completion of Sunrise and related outage planning • Fully fund Flex Alerts and restart CPUC 20/20 program • Fully utilize available demand response (e.g., as SCE air conditioner cycling) • Seek additional military and public agency demand response • Take longer‐term steps to increase available demand response system‐wide Source: http://www.caiso.com/Documents/BriefingSummer2012OperationsPreparedness-Presentation-Mar2012.pdf SanOnofreSafety.org .