Earth Grid Down 1St Edition Pdf, Epub, Ebook
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Investigating Hidden Flexibilities Provided by Power-To-X Consid- Ering Grid Support Strategies
InVESTIGATING Hidden FleXIBILITIES ProVIDED BY Power-to-X Consid- ERING Grid Support StrATEGIES Master Thesis B. Caner YAgcı˘ Intelligent Electrical POWER Grids Investigating Hidden Flexibilities Provided by Power-to-X Considering Grid Support Strategies Master Thesis by B. Caner Yağcı to obtain the degree of Master of Science at the Delft University of Technology, to be defended publicly on Tuesday September 14, 2020 at 9:30. Student number: 4857089 Project duration: December 2, 2019 – September 14, 2020 Thesis committee: Dr. Milos Cvetkovic, TU Delft, supervisor Dr. ir. J. L. Rueda Torres, TU Delft Dr. L. M. Ramirez Elizando TU Delft This thesis is confidential and cannot be made public until September 14, 2020. An electronic version of this thesis is available at http://repository.tudelft.nl/. Preface First of all, I would like to thank PhD. Digvijay Gusain and Dr. Milos Cvetkovic for not only teaching me the answers through this journey, but also giving me the perception of asking the right questions that lead simple ideas into unique values. I would also like to thank my family Alican, Huriye, U˘gur, Gökhan who have been supporting me from the beginning of this journey and more. You continue inspiring me to find my own path and soul, even from miles away. Your blessing is my treasure in life... My friends, Onurhan and Berke. You encourage me and give me confidence to be my best in any scene. You are two extraordinary men who, I know, will always be there when I need. Finally, I would like to thank TU Delft staff and my colleagues in TU Delft for making this journey enter- taining and illuminative for me. -
Economics of Coal and Gas Based Energy
2012 Ic Economics of Coal and Gas Based Energy An Indian Perspective FOREWORD 1 Third Wave Solutions Private Limited For Restricted Circulation Only TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2 Section 1: COAL 3 1.1 Introduction 4 1.2 Global Production and Consumption 5 1.3 Global Exports and Imports 6 1.5 Indian Coal vs. International Coal 9 © 2012 Third Wave Solutions Pvt. Ltd. 1.6 Pricing of Steam coal 10 1.7 Economics of a Coal based Power Plant 12 Section 2: ENERGY MAP OF INDIA 14 Research Lead: Vipul Goyal [email protected] Section 3: NATURAL GAS 15 3.1 Introduction 16 3.2 Global Production and Consumption 18 3.3 Global Exports and Imports 19 3.4 Indian Import Capacity 22 3.5 Gas Pricing 23 Section 4: CONCLUSIONS 25 Section 5: APPENDIX 27 5.1 Units & Definitions 27 5.2 Conversions & Rules of Thumb 28 5.3 References 29 -: DISCLAIMER:- This Report is for information purposes only and does not constitute any recommendation, representation, warranty or guarantee of performance. This is not intended to provide professional, investment or any other type of advice or recommendation and does not take into account the particular investment objectives, financial situation or needs of individual recipients. Before acting on any information in this Report you should consider whether it is suitable for your particular circumstances and, if appropriate, seek professional advice including tax advice. Third Wave Solutions Pvt. Ltd. (the Company) and its officers, directors and persons associated with the preparation of this Report do not hold out any warranty or guarantee as to the accuracy of the facts contained in the Report. -
Summary Report on LCA of CCA-Treated Utility Poles
Conclusions and Summary Report: Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Chromated Copper Arsenate-Treated Utility Poles with Comparisons to Concrete, Galvanized Steel, and Fiber- Reinforced Composite Utility Poles Prepared by: AquAeTer, Inc. © 2013 Arch Wood Protection, Inc. Project Name: Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of CCA-Treated Utility Poles Comparisons to Concrete, Galvanized Steel, and Fiber-Reinforced Composite Utility Poles Conclusions and Summary Report Arch Wood Protection commissioned AquAeTer, Inc., an independent consulting firm, to prepare a quantitative evaluation of the environmental impacts associated with the national production, use, and disposition of chromated copper arsenate (CCA)-treated, concrete, galvanized steel, and fiber- reinforced composite utility poles using life cycle assessment (LCA) methodologies and following ISO 14044 standards. The comparative results confirm: • Less Energy & Resource Use: CCA-treated utility poles require less total energy and less fossil fuel than concrete, galvanized steel, and fiber-reinforced composite utility poles. CCA-treated utility poles require less water than concrete and fiber-reinforced composite utility poles. • Lower Environmental Impacts: CCA-treated utility poles have lower environmental impacts in comparison to concrete, steel, and fiber-reinforced composite utility poles for all six impact indicator categories assessed: anthropogenic greenhouse gas, net greenhouse gas, acid rain, smog, ecotoxicity, and eutrophication-causing emissions. • Decreases Greenhouse Gas Levels: Use of CCA- treated utility poles lowers greenhouse gas levels in the atmosphere whereas concrete, galvanized steel, and fiber-reinforced composite utility poles increase greenhouse gas levels in the atmosphere. • Offsets Fossil Fuel Use: Reuse of CCA-treated utility poles for energy recovery in permitted facilities with appropriate emission controls will further reduce greenhouse gas levels in the atmosphere, while offsetting the use of fossil fuel energy. -
Glossary of Energy and Smart Grid Terms ACCESS POINTS (Aps)
Glossary of Energy and Smart Grid Terms ACCESS POINTS (APs) – Specially configured nodes on wireless local area networks (WLANs). Access points act as a central transmitter and receiver of WLAN radio signals. ADVANCED METERING INFRASTRUCTURE (AMI) – Refers to the full measurement and collection system that includes meters at the customer site, communication networks between the customer and a service provider, such as an electric, gas, or water utility, and data reception and management systems that make the information available to the service provider. ANALOG METER – Analog meters also known as electromechanical are the most common, the simple meter spins forward when consuming electricity. If the analog meter is bidirectional it will spin backwards when your solar electric system is pushing extra electricity back into the grid. The number of times the disc spins forward or backwards determines how much electricity you are using or contributing to the electric grid. The utility company must dispatch a meter reader every month to figure out how much energy is consumed. AUTOMATIC METER READING (AMR) –The technology of automatically collecting consumption, diagnostic, and status data from water meter or energy metering devices (gas, electric) and transferring that data to a central database for billing, troubleshooting, and analyzing. AVERAGE COST – The revenue requirement of a utility divided by the utility's sales. Average cost typically includes the costs of existing power plants, transmission, and distribution lines, and other facilities used by a utility to serve its customers. It also included operating and maintenance, tax, and fuel expenses. AVERAGE DEMAND – The energy demand in a given geographical area over a period of time. -
Renewable Energy How Can We Keep the Lights On?
Commonwealth Class Renewable Energy How can we keep the lights on? In collaboration with Commonwealth Class Introduction Commonwealth values: Sustainable development, protecting the environment, valuing the importance and contributions of young people Curriculum links: Science, English and drama, design and technology, geography, citizenship, ICT, personal social and health education Core skills: Communication and collaboration, critical thinking and problem solving, digital literacy, global citizenship and civic responsibility Fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural Carbon capture and storage is gas) are non-renewable energy developing technology that resources, which means their separates carbon dioxide from supply is limited and they will the waste gases produced when eventually run out. Fossil fuels do burning fossil fuels. The carbon not renew themselves, while fuels dioxide is then transported and such as wood can be renewed if stored underground, for example new trees are planted. Coal and oil in old oil fields or gas fields such as release sulphur dioxide gas when those found under the North Sea. they burn, which causes breathing One of the UN’s Sustainable problems for living creatures and Development Goals is to ensure contributes to acid rain. access to affordable, reliable, Fossil fuels release carbon dioxide sustainable and modern energy when they burn, which adds to the for all. greenhouse effect and increases global warming. Of the three fossil fuels, for a given amount of energy released, coal produces the most carbon dioxide and natural gas produces the least. 2 Commonwealth Class Contents Overview: importance and scientific background 3 Activity 1: what keeps your lights on? 7 Activity 2: windmill energy challenge 8 Activity 3: solar heating 9 Cross-curricular activities 10 Appendix 12 3 Commonwealth Class OVERVIEW Why is it important? disturbed the balance of the Fossil fuels are also limited in Greenhouse gases such as carbon carbon cycle – the natural supply. -
Use of Cogeneration in Large Industrial Projects
COGENERATION USE OF COGENERATION IN LARGE INDUSTRIAL PROJECTS (RECENT ADVANCES IN COGENERATION?) PRESENTER: JIM LONEY, PE [email protected] 281-295-7606 COGENERATION • WHAT IS COGENERATION? • Simultaneous generation of electricity and useful thermal energy (steam in most cases) • WHY COGENERATION? • Cogeneration is more efficient • Rankine Cycle – about 40% efficiency • Combined Cycle – about 60% efficiency • Cogeneration – about 87% efficiency • Why doesn’t everyone use only cogeneration? COGENERATION By Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung - https://www.flickr.com/photos/boellstiftung/38359636032, CC BY-SA 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=79343425 COGENERATION GENERATION SYSTEM LOSSES • Rankine Cycle – about 40% efficiency • Steam turbine cycle using fossil fuel • Most of the heat loss is from the STG exhaust • Some heat losses via boiler flue gas • Simple Cycle Gas Turbine– about 40% efficiency • The heat loss is from the gas turbine exhaust • Combined Cycle – about 60% efficiency • Recover the heat from the gas turbine exhaust and run a Rankine cycle • Cogeneration – about 87% efficiency COGENERATION • What is the problem with cogeneration? • Reality Strikes • In order to get to 87% efficiency, the heating load has to closely match the thermal energy left over from the generation of electricity. • Utility electricity demand typically follows a nocturnal/diurnal sine pattern • Steam heating loads follow a summer/winter cycle • With industrial users, electrical and heating loads are typically more stable COGENERATION • What factors determine if cogeneration makes sense? • ECONOMICS! • Not just the economics of the cogeneration unit, but the impact on the entire facility. • Fuel cost • Electricity cost, including stand-by charges • Operational flexibility including turndown ability • Reliability impacts • Possibly the largest influence • If the cogeneration unit has an outage then this may (will?) bring the entire facility down. -
Emergency Diesel Generator Reliability Study
Emergency Diesel Generator Reliability Study 1 EDG SYSTEM DESCRIPTION This analysis focused on the ability of the EDG train to start and load its associated safety- related bus for a specified mission time. For the purposes of this study, an EDG train is a diesel engine, electric generator, and the associated support subsystems necessary to power and sequence the electrical loads on the safety-related bus. Typically, two or more EDG trains constitute the onsite emergency ac power system. All but one of the plant designs in this study include the capability for at least two EDG trains to supply power to the plant using independent safety-related buses. The one exception is at Millstone 1 where one EDG train and a gas turbine generator train supply ac power to the emergency ac power system. In some cases, a swing EDG train is used that can supply power to more than one plant (but not simultaneously) such that two plants will have a total of only three EDG trains: one EDG train dedicated to each specific plant and the third, a swing EDG system, capable of powering either plant. Each EDG train uses combinations of one or two diesel engines powering one ac electrical generator. The typical EDG train comprises one diesel engine per generator. In this study, two diesel engines powering one generator were considered as one EDG train. Diesel engines used for fire pumps, specific Appendix R purposes, or non-class 1E backup generators, were not included in the study. Neither was the high-pressure core spray (HPCS) EDGs included in this study. -
Technical Bulletin
NORTH AMERICAN WOOD POLE COUNCIL No. 17-D-202 TECHNICAL BULLETIN Wood Pole Design Considerations Prepared by: W. Richard Lovelace Executive Consultant Hi-Line Engineering a GDS Company About NAWPC The North American Wood Pole Council (NAWPC) is a federation of three organizations representing the wood preserving industry in the U.S. and Canada. These organizations provide a variety of services to support the use of preservative-treated wood poles to carry power and communications to consumers. The three organization are: Western Wood Preservers Institute With headquarters in Vancouver, Wash., WWPI is a non-profi t trade association founded in 1947. WWPI serves the interests of the preserved wood industry in the 17 western states, Alberta, British Columbia and Mexico so that renewable resources exposed to the elements can maintain favorable use in aquatic, building, commercial and utility applications. WWPI works with federal, state and local agencies, as well as designers, contractors, utilities and other users over the entire preserved wood life cycle, ensuring that these products are used in a safe, responsible and environmentally friendly manner. Southern Pressure Treaters’ Association SPTA was chartered in New Orleans in 1954 and its members supply vital wood components for America’s infrastructure. These include pressure treated wood poles and wood crossarms, and pressure treated timber piles, which continue to be the mainstay of foundation systems for manufacturing plants, airports, commercial buildings, processing facilities, homes, piers, wharfs, bulkheads or simple boat docks. The membership of SPTA is composed of producers of industrial treated wood products, suppliers of AWPA-approved industrial preservatives and preservative components, distributors, engineers, manufacturers, academia, inspection agencies and producers of untreated wood products. -
Utility Incentives for Combined Heat and Power
UTILITY INCENTIVES FOR COMBINED HEAT AND POWER U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Combined Heat and Power Partnership October 2008 FOREWORD The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) established the Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Partnership as a voluntary program that seeks to reduce the environmental impact of power generation by promoting the use of CHP. CHP is an efficient, clean, and reliable approach to generating power and thermal energy from a single fuel source. CHP can increase operational efficiency and decrease energy costs, while reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases that contribute to global climate change. The CHP Partnership works closely with energy users, the CHP industry, state and local governments, and other stakeholders to support the development of new CHP projects and promote their energy, environmental, and economic benefits. The CHP Partnership provides resources about CHP technologies, incentives, emissions profiles, and other information on its Web site at <www.epa.gov/chp>. i CONTENTS About This Report........................................................................................................................... 1 Utility-Initiated Incentives, Policies, and Programs for CHP......................................................... 5 Investor-Owned Gas Utilities ..................................................................................................... 5 Investor-Owned Electric Utilities ...............................................................................................9 -
Utility Pole Assessment and Tagging at Ameren
Utility Pole Assessment and Tagging at Ameren Utility pole inspection and treatment varies among Utilities. Ameren takes a pro -active approach to inspection and remedial treatment. Distribution, sub -transmission and transmission poles are inspected in cycles and receive inspection methods that are distinct to the pole species. Inspection and treatment helps to; 1. Identify failing utility poles and assess the overall condition of the system. 2. Treatment helps to extend the life of the utility pole. 3. Both together provide for greater system reliability. The industry standard for a safe utility pole requires 2 inches of good shell depth. Studies show that the greatest strength of a utility pol es lies in the outer 2 inches of shell. Please note that this pole was cut to displa y it ’s remaining shell of approximately one inch. Proper pole assessment employs at least 3 different forms of inspection. 1. A visual inspection as depicted below. 2. Sounding of the pole. 3. and boring the pole to measure remaining shell depth. Hammer sounding the pole. Depending on the specs, a pole will be hammer sounded from groundline to about 76 ” above groundline on all sides to detect any internal decay pockets. Groundline treatment of a sub transmission pole. The pole is excavated to a depth of 18 ”. Decayed wood and rotted material is removed and a Copper Napthenate wrap is applied. Pole tags play an important part in supporting the inspection cycle and AM/FM system. Pole tags fall into a few different categories; • Asset tags, used to support the AMFM system and Asset Management. -
Advanced Control of a Compensator Motor Driving a Variable Speed Diesel Generator with Rotating Stator
energies Article Advanced Control of a Compensator Motor Driving a Variable Speed Diesel Generator with Rotating Stator Mohammadjavad Mobarra 1 , Bruno Tremblay 2, Miloud Rezkallah 3 and Adrian Ilinca 1,* 1 Wind Energy Research Laboratory (WERL), Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada; [email protected] 2 Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada; [email protected] 3 Electrical Engineering Department, Ecole de Technologie Superieure, Montréal, QC H3C 1K3, Canada; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-418-723-1986 (ext. 1460) Received: 4 April 2020; Accepted: 22 April 2020; Published: 2 May 2020 Abstract: Variable speed generators can improve overall genset performance by allowing the diesel engine to reduce its speed at lower loads. In this project, a variable speed diesel generator (VSDG) uses a rotating stator driven by a compensator motor. At lower loads, the stator turns in the opposite direction of the rotor, a process that can be used for purposes like maintaining a fixed relative speed between the two components of a generator. This allows the diesel engine to turn at a lower speed (same as the rotor) and to increase its efficiency. The present research addresses the control of the compensator motor driving the generator’s stator using a variable-frequency drive that adapts the speed to its optimal value according to the load. The performance of the proposed control strategy was tested using a Freescale microcontroller card programmed in C-code to determine the appropriate voltage for the variable-frequency drive. -
1 Decentralised Rural Electrification
DECENTRALISED RURAL ELECTRIFICATION: THE CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS [EXPERIENCE OF ITDG1] By Ray Holland, Lahiru Perera, Teodoro Sanchez, Dr Rona Wilkinson Summary Rural areas of poorer countries are often at a disadvantage in terms of access to all types of services – roads, health facilities, markets, information, clean water. The high cost of providing these services in remote areas has led to new approaches being tried, based on self-help and the private sector rather than traditional government-led solutions. Energy services for household, agriculture and production are no exception. In the case of electricity, which has the potential to improve productivity and provide considerable welfare benefits (lighting, entertainment, etc.) traditional grid extension is no longer seen as the only solution. Decentralised supplies, whether at an individual household level or at community level, are now an established, cost-effective alternative for the two billion rural people who are currently without access to mains electricity. In many cases renewables provide the most financially attractive means of providing that energy. Supplies may be of a similar standard to grid supplies (mini-grids supplied by diesel or micro hydro) or they may be low voltage household supplies (PV, battery charging). This review of recent practice draws on ITDG’s twenty years experience of supporting off-grid solutions in Sri Lanka, Nepal, Zimbabwe and Peru in particular, and on work by other organisations in other countries, such as Indonesia, Kenya, Vietnam, South