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A Re-Investigation of the Spearfishing Sub-Sector of Jamaica

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A Re-Investigation of the Spearfishing Sub-Sector of Jamaica A RE-INVESTIGATION OF THE SPEARFISHING SUB-SECTOR OF JAMAICA Department of Life Sciences The University of the West Indies By Zahra Ennis Supervisor Dr. Karl Aiken 2011 i ABSTRACT The current status of Jamaica’s reef fisheries is extremely over-exploited. As such, efforts must be made to understand the separate fishing techniques, their value and necessity in order to determine if any alterations in current operations can yield positive effects on the country’s reef fishery. This research aims to accomplish this, by creating a profile for the Spearfishing subsector in Jamaica. The data was obtained through the administration of questionnaires to a suitably sized sample set of spear-fishers islandwide, over the course of 9 months. This produced statistical data on average daily catch weight, average daily effort in hours, specific gear types being used, the popularity of certain fishing locations, and most common fish species targeted among other relevant information. The effects of the use of various types of breathing apparatus on the weight of an average spear-fishers daily catch were also found to be significant. The profile created presents spearfishing as a distinct and significant subsector of commercial fishing in Jamaica. An average spearfisher can contribute as much as 4.24 tonnes to the annual marine landings and as many as 10.6% of all fishermen in Jamaica practice Spearfishing. The recommendations made by the researcher, based on this profile, are geared towards the strict regulation of spearfishing in Jamaica, including a ban on the use of Hookah apparatus and enforcement of the current ban on Night Diving. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my family for the support and encouragement they have given me throughout the duration of this study. I must also thank Ms. Charlene Thomas from the Fisheries Division of the Ministry of Fisheries and Agriculture as her help in the completion of this study was invaluable. I am extremely grateful to my supervisor Dr. Karl Aiken, both for giving me the opportunity to work on this project and for his patience and guidance throughout. Lastly I thank the fishermen that participated in this study, as without their input, this study would not exist. The product of this study is the result of a team effort and, without the help and participation of the above mentioned, would not have been possible. iii LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Sample size and number of trips made to each beach at which questionnaires were administered ............................................................................................................. 14 Table 2: List of beaches visited at which the total number of spear-fishers was estimated. ........................................................................................................................................... 17 Table 3: The spearfishing Locations named by the interviewed Spear-fishers in each parish. ................................................................................................................................ 34 Table 4: Ranking of the Fish Species (Common Names) caught by the spear-fishers interviewed by region. ...................................................................................................... 52 Table 5: Average Prices at which the three categories of spearfishing catch are sold by the spear-fishers interviewed on the North and South coast. ............................................ 58 Table 6: Ranked Reasons given by Spear-fishers on the North Coast for the noticed decline in catch over the last few years. ........................................................................... 62 Table 7: Ranked Reasons given by Spear-fishers on the South Coast for the noticed decline in catch over the last few years. ........................................................................... 63 Table 8: The number of registered fishermen and estimated number of spear-fishers operating from each beach visited.. .................................................................................. 70 Table 9: Names and Aliases of All Spear-fishers Interviewed. ........................................ 97 iv LIST OF PLATES AND FIGURES Plate 1: Major Banks of Jamaica (Map data from NRCA data unit). Obtained from CFRAMP, 2000. .............................................................................................................. 2 Plate 2: Map of Jamaica showing fishing beaches............................................................ 21 Plate 3: A – A commercial speargun (photo taken at Hellshire) .B – A homemade speargun (photo taken at Harveys’ Beach) Photographs by Z. Ennis, 2011 ..................... 40 Plate 4: Images of the most popular fish species caught by the spear-fishers interviewed islandwide. ........................................................................................................................ 53 Plate 5: A sample of Spearfishing Catch from Old Harbour Bay ................................... 111 Plate 6: A second sample of Spearfishing Catch from Old Habour Bay ........................ 111 Plate 7: Sample of Spearfishing catch from Annotto Bay. ............................................. 112 Plate 8: A Spearfisher and his catch in Portland ............................................................. 112 Plate 9: An Air Compressor, an integral part of the Hookah apparatus, at Long Acre Beach............................................................................................................................... 113 Plate 10: The hose used in the Hookah Apparatus. Taken at Long Acre. ...................... 113 Plate 11: Compressed Air Cylinders (tanks) at Port Henderson. .................................... 114 Plate 12: A freelung spearfisher and his gear at Old Harbour Bay ................................. 114 Plate 13: A freelung spearfisher and his gear in Portland. .............................................. 115 Figure 1: Average Age of Spear-fishers interviewed for each beach visited. .................. 23 Figure 2: Mean ages of all Interviewed Spear-fishers on the North coast, South coast and Islandwide.. ....................................................................................................................... 24 v Figure 3: Average number of years of fishing experience of the spear-fishers interviewed by beach.. .......................................................................................................................... 25 Figure 4: Average Number of years of experience of the spear-fishers interviewed by region. ............................................................................................................................... 26 Figure 5: The Main Fishing Techniques used by Spear-fishers interviewed along the north coast.. ....................................................................................................................... 28 Figure 6: The Main Fishing Techniques used by Spear-fishers interviewed along the South coast ........................................................................................................................ 29 Figure 7: The Main Fishing Techniques used by Spear-fishers interviewed Islandwide.. 30 Figure 8: A comparison of the proportion of night divers to non-night divers on the North and South Coasts. ................................................................................................... 31 Figure 9: Percentages of Spear-fishers that practice on and off shelf spearfishing. N=148. ........................................................................................................................................... 33 Figure 10: The Relative Popularity of the Off-Shelf Spearfishing locations listed by the spear-fishers interviewed. ................................................................................................. 36 Figure 11: The Frequency of Spearfishing Activities of the Spear-fishers interviewed at all beaches. The error bars show the standard error of the data obtained. N=148. ........... 37 Figure 12: The Average Number of days per week dedicated to spearfishing by Region. N= 148. ............................................................................................................................. 38 Figure 13: Breathing Apparatus used by Spear-fishers along the North and South Coast. N=148. .............................................................................................................................. 42 Figure 14: Average weight (kg) of the daily spearfishing catch of the spear-fishers interviewed by beach. ....................................................................................................... 43 vi Figure 15: Average Daily Catch of Spear-fishers interviewed on the North and South Coast. ................................................................................................................................ 44 Figure 16: Percentage of Yearly Effort of the Spear-fishers interviewed by beach. ........ 45 Figure 17: Percentages of Boat Use by the spear-fishers interviewed at all beaches. ...... 46 Figure 18: Percentages of Spear-fishers that worked groups of varying sizes. ................ 47 Figure 19: Average daily effort (hrs/day) of spear-fishers interviewed at all beaches.. ... 48 Figure 20: The Average Daily effort (hrs/day) of the spear-fishers interviewed by region.. ..........................................................................................................................................
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