Semantic Changes of English Loan Words Found In

SEMANTIC CHANGES OF ENGLISH LOAN WORDS FOUND IN

JAPANESE

A THESIS

By:

HANNAH

REG. NO. 140705140

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA

MEDAN 2019

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I, HANNAH, DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED ANOTHER DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT DUE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.

Signed :

Date : February 7 2019

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

NAME : HANNAH

TITLE OF THESIS : SEMANTIC CHANGES OF ENGLISH LOAN WORDS FOUND IN JAPANESE

QUALIFICATION : S1/SARJANA SASTRA

DEPARTMENT : ENGLISH

I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.

Signed :

Date : February 7 2019

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

First and foremost, all praise, honor, and glory to Jesus Christ for it is only because of His grace, and blessing this research can be finished until the end. Thanks God for giving me knowledge, strength, ability, and opportunity to undertake, persist, and finish this research study satisfactorily. Thanks God for all His guidance, and encouragement whenever I am stuck with the study. Without His blessings, this achievement would not have been possible.

Special thanks to my family. My deepest gratitude to my parents, Akim Rina and Sayuri, for all the supports, encouragements, prayers, and everything you have done for my sake. Thank you to my siblings: Gracia and Ivan Joshua, who makes my life never flat. Hope your studies will be better than mine. Thanks to my grandma, Tjong Mie Moi, who has been taking care of me since I was a baby. I can be where I am now thanks to all of you.

I am deeply indebted to my supervisor, Prof. Dr. Drs. Syahron Lubis, M.A., B.A., for his thoughtful guidance, time, patience, advice, input, and encouragement through the whole process of the research. I also express my gratitude to my co- supervisor Dian Marisha Putri, S.S., M.Si, who has helped me a lot to better my research from the beginning to the end of this study. Greatest gratitude also goes to my examiners, Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D and Dr. Drs. Umar Mono, Dipl. Trans., M. Hum, for their advices, inputs, and crucial contributions to the improvement of this study. Furthermore, I would also like to thank my academic supervisor, Drs. Mohammad Syafi’ie Siregar, M.A. who always checks upon me to make sure that everything is ok throughout my study.

My deepest gratitude also goes to the Head and the Sectretary of English Department, Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D. and Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D., and all the lecturers of the English Department of University of Sumatera Utara for all the knowledge they have been teaching me, and all the oppurtunity

iii

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA that has been given to me throughout my academic years. I would also like to express my special appreciation to our administrator of the English Department, Mr. Sukirno, who is also known as Bang Kibot, for all of his help since the beginning until the end of the research.

Last but not least, I would like to thank my friends. Thanks to all 3 classes of English Literature 2014, especially to class C where I belong, for saying hello whenever we meet, for helping me, for smiling, and chatting with me. You rock! Thanks to Nadra, Felicia, Lidya, Firola (Olla), Suci, Teguh, Christine, Wigun, Nini, Ayna, and to all of those, whose names cannot be written for, then, it will be too long as acknowledgments. Thank you for accompanying me in this wonderful journey during these years. I really enjoy all of our talk about every random thing, any topic possible. I really appreciate all kinds of recommendation you all have told me, from basic things like movie, drama series, food, songs to specific ones like k- drama, manga, anime, novels, reality shows. I may sometimes be a pain to deal with, especially when I forcefully asked you to listen to the songs I recommended, hoping that you would also love it, but, even so, thank you for still bearing with me. Moving on to a new stage in life can be a challenging process. Even so, I wish for the best of luck for the next phase of our life.

Medan, February 7 2019

Hannah

Reg. No. 140705140

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ABSTRAK

Skripsi yang berjudul “Semantic Changes of English Loan Words Found in Japanese” ini adalah sebuah studi mengenai bahasa dalam bidang semantik, terutama mengenai kontak bahasa. Skripsi ini mendiskusikan mengenai jenis perubahan makna apa saja yang ada pada kata serapan bahasa Inggris dalam bahasa Jepang dan yang mana yang paling dominan. Teori yang digunakan untuk mengklasifikasikan tiap-tiap perubahan makna yang ada adalah teori yang dikemukakan oleh Fromkin, Rodman, dan Hyam (2011). Mereka mengelompokkan perubahan makna menjadi tiga jenis, yaitu, penyempitan, perluasan, dan perubahan total. Penelitian yang dilakukan untuk skripsi ini adalah penelitian kepustakaan, melihat bahwa dokumen tertulislah, yang dalam hal ini merupakan buku-buku, yang akan dianalisa. Dalam penelitian ini, ditemukan 215 perubahan makna. Ditemukan ketiga jenis perubahan makna pada kata serapan bahasa Inggris dalam bahasa Jepang dengan penyempitan yang paling dominan dengan total 175 kejadian (81.4%), diikuti dengan perluasan dengan 36 kejadian (16.7%), dan perubahan total dengan 4 kejadian (1.9%). Dalam penelitian ini juga ditemukan bahwa di antara 110 sampel kata serapan, 83 di antaranya mengalami perubahan makna (75.5%) sedang 27 sisanya tidak mengalami perubahan makna (24.5%). Terdapat 62 kata serapan yang mempunyai 2 jenis perubahan makna (74.7%) dan 21 kata serapan yang hanya mempunyai 1 jenis perubahan makna (25.3%). Kata kunci: Semantik, kontak bahasa, kata serapan, perubahan makna, penyempitan, perluasan, perubahan total

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ABSTRACT

This thesis entitled “Semantic Changes of English Loan Words Found in Japanese” is a study about language in the semantic field, especially, regarding the language contact. It discusses about what kind of semantic changes that occur in English loan words found in Japanese along with which one is the most dominant. The theory that is used for classifying each semantic change is the one proposed by Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyam (2011). They divide the semantic changes into three, which are narrowing, broadening, and shifting. The research conducted for this thesis is a library research, as written documents, which are books in this case, are the ones which are to be analyzed. In this research, 215 occurrences of semantic changes are found. All types of semantic changes are exist in the English loan words found in Japanese, with narrowing taking the first place with a total of 175 occurrences (81.4%), followed by broadening with 36 occurrences (16.7%), and shifting with 4 occurrences (1.9%). It is also found that among 110 samples of loan words, 83 of them have semantic changes (75.5%) while the remaining 27 have no semantic changes (24.5%). There are 62 loan words which have 2 types of semantic changes (74.7%) and 21 loan words which have only 1 type of semantic changes (25.3%).

Keywords: Semantic, language contact, loan word, semantic changes, narrowing, broadening, shifting

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA TABLE OF CONTENTS

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ...... i COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ...... ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...... iii ABSTRAK ...... v ABSTRACT ...... vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... vii LIST OF FIGURES ...... viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ...... ix CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 Background of the Study ...... 1 1.2 Problems of the Study ...... 6 1.3 Objectives of the Study ...... 6 1.4 Scope of the Study ...... 7 1.5 Significances of the Study ...... 7 CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE ...... 9 2.1 Loan Words ...... 9 2.2 Words in Japanese ...... 13 2.3 Linguistic Change ...... 14 2.3.1 Orthographical Change ...... 15 2.3.2 Phonological Change ...... 16 2.3.3 Morphological Change ...... 18 2.3.4 Syntactic Change ...... 20 2.3.5 Semantic Change ...... 20 2.3.5.1 Broadening ...... 22 2.3.5.2 Narrowing ...... 24 2.3.5.3 Meaning Shift ...... 25 2.4 Related Studies ...... 26 CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ...... 30 3.1 Research Design ...... 30 3.2 Data and Source of Data ...... 30 3.3 Data Collecting Method ...... 31 3.4 Data Analysis Method ...... 35 CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS AND FINDING ...... 38 4.1 Analysis ...... 38 4.2 Finding ...... 82 CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ...... 86 5.1 Conclusion ...... 86 5.2 Suggestion ...... 87 REFERENCES ...... 88

vii

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 4.2.1 Frequency of Semantic Changes and No Semantic Changes ...... 82

Figure 4.2.2 Frequency of Each Semantic Changes Types...... 83

Figure 4.2.3 Frequency of Amount of Semantic Changes Types A Loan Word Has .. 84

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

EM = English meaning

JM = Japanese meaning

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Language is an instrument that human use in order to be able to communicate with the other. The number of human languages in the world is estimated to vary between 5,000 and 7,000 (Wikipedia, Language). As there are a lot of languages which exist, it is unavoidable that one language has contact with another language. This phenomenon is called as language contact. To be exact, it is when at least two languages meet, interact, and hence, influence each other, in one way or another. The influence caused by language contact occurs in a variety of phenomena. The most common one is the exchange of words, where one language adopts words from other languages, and vice versa. Depending on the way one see it, this act may be called as borrowing or loan word (or loanword or loan-word). One may call it as borrowing if it is seen from the receptor language‟s point of view, which adopts words from other language. Meanwhile one may call it as loan word if it is seen from the donor language‟s point of view, whose words are adopted into another language. In this study, it is called as loan word.

When a language meets other languages, it may get influenced by those languages and absorbed some elements from them to be taken to its own. There are times where a language takes words from other languages and put them into their vocabularies. Those words are what one call as loan words. Loan word is quite an interesting topic that people have been taking it as an object of research in linguistics.

The study of loan word may cover various linguistics areas such as: phonology (the

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA study of what sounds a language has and how these sounds combine to form words), syntax (the study of how words can be combined to form sentences), and semantics (the study of the meaning of words and sentences), as changes may occur in those areas in the receptor language. In this study, the writer focuses on the semantic area of loan word.

Japanese has been one of the most hospitable languages to loan words in the world, as stated by Miller (1980: 236). At all times in their history the Japanese have avidly introduced new vocabulary items into their own lexical stock. Thus, Japanese is one good example of language which has a lot of loan words from many languages. Ever since the contacts with European powers from the sixteenth century, there are a lot of loan words being borrowed from Western languages into Japanese. According to Kay

(1995: 67), Japan‟s first contact with a Western country was when Portuguese traders and missionaries came to Japan in the mid-sixteenth century. The Western countries influenced Japan so much that they borrowed a lot of words from the Western languages, such as Dutch, German, French, and English, at that time. The words below are some examples of loan words found in Japanese (Miller, 1980: 240-243) (Harahap,

2006: 4, 15, 163, 189, 193, 198, 479, 805) (Jsho):

1. Loan words from Portuguese: a. kappa [kappa], which means “raincoat”, is from the word capa [ˈka.pɐ] b. tabako [tabako], which means “cigarette”, is from the word tabaco [tɐˈβaku] c. karuta [kaɾɯta], which means “playing cards”, is from the word carta [ˈkaɾ.tɐ]

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2. Loan words from Dutch: a. gomu [ɡomɯ], which means “rubber”, is from the word gom [ɣɔm] b. kōhī [koːçiː], which means “coffee”, is from the word koffie [ˈkɔ.fi] c. buriki [bɯɾiki], which means “tin-plate”, is from the word blik [blɪk]

3. Loan words from German: a. arubaito [aɾɯbaito], which means “part-time job, especially for students”, is from the word arbeit [ˈaː(ʁ)baɪ t] b. geruto [ɡeɾɯto], which means “pocket money”, is from the word geld [ɡɛlt] c. gerende [ɡeɾeɴde], which means “ski slope”, is from the word gelȁnde [ɡəˈlɛndə]

4. Loan words from English: a. toire [ toiɾe], is from the word toilet /ˈtɔɪlət] b. gesuto [ɡesɯto], is from the word guest /ɡest] c. faibu [ ɸaibɯ], is from the word five /faɪv]

5. Loan words from Indonesian: a. dorian [doɾiaɴ], which means “a large tropical fruit with a strong unpleasant smell but a sweet flavour”, is from the word durian [durian]

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA b. tenpe [tempe], which means “Indonesian dish made from fermented soy beans”, is from the word tempeh, tempe [tɛmˈpeː] c. gameran [ɡameɾaɴ], which means “a traditional Indonesian music ensemble”, is from the word gamelan [ˈɡaməlan]

The quantity of loan words in Japanese keeps growing until today. Based on

Dictionary of Japanese Loan-words by Bachtiar Harahap, M. ED. (2006: xiii), the

Japanese has loan words borrowed from at least English, Chinese, Dutch, French,

German, Greek, Italian, Indonesian, Latin, Portuguese, Russian, and Spanish.

The interesting thing of loan words in Japanese is that they are transliterated to fit the Japanese writing system. Generally, the Japanese divide their writing into four types, which are hiragana, kanji, katakana, and romaji. They use hiragana to write words from their own language. Kanji is the writing in Japanese which use Chinese characters to show the meaning of the word. They use katakana to write modern loan words from other languages while romaji is simply the Latin alphabet, which is only used for several occasions, such as for international use. So, regarding this matter, the Japanese normally use katakana in order to write the English loan words. However, just as how the examples of loan words above are written in romaji, the rest of English loan words found in Japanese which are mentioned in this study is also be written in romaji to make it easier for the readers to read.

This study focuses on the English loan words found in Japanese. As they are

English words which are found in another language, one cannot expect all words which

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA exist in Standard English language to have their existence in that particular language, which is Japanese in this case, in the same way as they are in Standard English. The

English loan words used by non native speakers of English may experience several changes. One of them that one should be aware of is the changes of the meaning of the word, as it may cause a misunderstanding. One may call these changes as semantic changes.

Semantic changes, as it has been mentioned above, are the changes in meaning.

One may call certain word having semantic changes if there has been any difference between the meaning before and the meaning after. Usually it happens to the words from other language(s) which have existence in another language, but one must not forget that it also occurs in word from its own language. One can take English words as example.

Some English words may have developed different meaning through the period of time.

A word in Old English may develop different meaning in Middle English, and may point to another meaning in Modern English. Fromkin, Rodman and Hyam (2011: 509) mentioned the word holiday as one of the examples. It originally meant as a day of religious significance, from “holy day”. However, today, the word refers to any day in which one does not have to work. Another example is the word meat and flesh. To a speaker of seventeenth-century English, meat meant “food”, and flesh meant “meat”.

Since that time, semantic change has narrowed the meaning of meat to what it is in

Modern English. As for the example of semantic changes happen to loan word, Kay

(1995: 71) takes mishin, English loan words in Japanese as the example. Although it stands for machine, its meaning is specified to be only “sewing machine” instead of “any piece of equipment with moving parts that is designed to do a particular job”, which it

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA stands for in English. Another example is ekō from the word echo which means

“acoustics” in Japanese instead of “a sound that is reflected back in this way” which it stands for in English.

In this study, the focus is on the semantic changes happen to loan words, specifically, English loan words in Japanese. This makes people questioning what kind of semantic changes that they can find in English loan words found in Japanese, and what is the percentage of each kind of those semantic changes.

1.2 Problems of the Study

The problems this research is focused on are the two variables below:

1. What types of semantic changes of English loan words which are found in

Japanese?

2. What is the most dominant type of the semantic changes which occur in the

English loan words found in Japanese?

1.3 Objectives of the Study

Based on the problems of the study, the objectives are as follows:

1. To find out the types of semantic changes of English loan words which are

found in Japanese.

2. To find out the most dominant type of the semantic changes occurred in the

English loan words found in Japanese.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 1.4 Scope of the Study

The scope of the study covers the semantic area of the English loan words, specifically the meaning of English loan words found in Japanese and words in Standard

English. The meaning mentioned here is only the literal meaning. The loan words are limited to loan words in Japanese language which are originated from English that are found in a book entitled “Kamus Kata Serapan Bahasa Jepang” compiled by Bachtiar

Harahap, while the words whose meaning are used to compare the meaning of those loan words are limited to English words in Standard English. The words chosen are limited to be only single words in the form of concrete noun. The semantic changes found between the two of them are put into categories by only Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyam‟s theory.

1.5 Significances of the Study

The significances of the study are divided into two:

1. Theoretical significance

The theoretical significance is that it may help the development of studies thus far, regarding the English loan words found in Japanese, especially the comparison of the meaning of words from Standard English and English loan words in Japanese.

2. Practical significance

The practical significance is that this study can bring more insight for those looking to understand and learn the English loan words found in Japanese. This study

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA may help people to communicate better and avoid any misunderstanding caused from the different meaning the words carry in both languages.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 Loan Words

As Stated by Miller (1980: 235), languages are greedy. It is because that there is probably no language which has ever been content solely with the lexical materials available from its own resources. This is why one can find words in one language which are same or similar to the words in other language. For example, in this case, one can find the word “toilet” in Japanese, which is originally from English, although it is transliterated into toire to fit the Japanese writing system.

The term loan word (also loanword and loan-word) is taken from the word lehnwort from German. Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyam (2011: 505) say that borrowing words from other languages is an important source of new words, which are called loan words. Borrowing occurs when one language adds a word or morpheme from another language to its own lexicon. Furthermore, it is written that a language may borrow a word directly or indirectly. A direct borrowing means that the borrowed item is a native word in the language from which it is borrowed. For example, feast was borrowed directly from French, along with a host of terms as a result of the Norman Conquest. By contrast, the word algebra was borrowed from Spanish, which in turn had borrowed it from Arabic. Thus, algebra was indirectly borrowed from Arabic, with Spanish as an intermediary. Some languages are heavy borrowers, such as Albanian who has borrowed so heavily that few native words are retained. On the other hand, most Native American

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA languages borrowed little from their neighbors. In short, one can say that loan word is a foreign word that is borrowed into the use of another language.

According to Olah (2007: 177) regarding to loan words in Japanese, loan words are single or multiple words used in Japanese that have either been taken directly from, or made of components of words from other languages. So, by saying “English loan words in Japanese”, it would mean single or multiple words used in Japanese that have either been taken directly from, or made of components of words from English.

There are some who portraits the big number of loan words which exist in

Japanese as a negative thing to have. As stated by Otake (2008: 87), there are published works that claim that the Japanese language is being ruined by the inclusion of too many foreign words. In addition, the incorporation of English words into Japanese language has been called the “bastardazation” of English as the Japanese people could not use the

English word correctly in Japanese. Moreover from Otake (2008: 87), it is said so because from the view of the native speaker of English, the use of a word from English in a different context, with a different nuance, or with a radically different pronunciation than the speaker is used to, can be a threat to the cultural identity of the speaker.

However, when one considers that English has borrowed and is borrowing thousands of words from other languages, the Japanese process of borrowing can only be commended.

The reasons for the extensive filtering of English words into Japanese lexicon are manifold. Olah (2007: 177) states that while some words have been introduced to fill a semantic void or lexical gap that existed in Japanese, most loan words in Japanese made

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA their way into Japanese because Western languages were seen as symbolic of progress and modernization. After World War II Japan aspired to create a country similar in economic and technological progression to the United States. Hence, through their desire to emulate the American way of life, the Japanese people began to use more English words in their own language. During Japan‟s social and economic development, the use of foreign words symbolized the power, wealth, and prestige of Western countries and naturally gained momentum towards standardized use in everyday language. Although one can say that Japan has already reached its goal of becoming a modern, economically powerful society, loan words still maintain their allure to the Japanese as language which is fashionable, cool, and generally appealing. Thus, the main forces responsible for bringing new loan words into Japanese are advertising companies, the media, and popular culture in general

Otake (2008: 88) states that words are borrowed from another language in order to fulfill a need: to name something new that has no name in the language, to express something with a different nuance than is possible with the original term, or to enhance the status of the speaker by use of the borrowed word. Furthermore, she also says that as the use of borrowed words does not imply a deficiency in the phonological system or in the syntax of the language that does the borrowing, one can expect that the words borrowed from a language with a different phonology and syntax can be changed to fit the requirements of the language. And, this is what exactly happens in Japanese.

Based on Kay (1995: 74), the functions of English loan words in the Japanese language are:

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA a) Many English loan words name imported things or ideas which did not exist in Japan

or Japanese culture previously, such as terminology for Western sports or fashion.

The adoption of Western ideas has also been accompanied by loan words, such as

puraibashī (privacy), which does not have an equivalence term in Japanese. b) Loan words are often associated with a sophisticated, Western lifestyle, and may be

used in place of Japanese words of equivalent meaning because of their foreign

appeal. Their modern image often makes them preferable to domestic equivalents,

where these exist. c) The existence of many loan words which have Japanese equivalents provides an

alternative tone of discourse. The use of English loan words is not only a reflection of

modern Japanese culture, but also helps serve it by creating a modern atmosphere.

They are especially prevalent in advertising, product names and youth culture. d) Loan words are sometimes used for special effects, especially in writing, where the

angular katakana script catches the eye and the „foreign‟ words catch the attention. e) In commerce they can be of practical use, not only in advertising and marketing, but

also to aid exports; for example; the creation of the name „Walkman‟ has, in addition

to giving the product a modern image for Japanese people, perhaps also helped with

advertising the product overseas. f) With rapid international information exchange such as news report, and competition

and cooperation in technology, the availability of a common vocabulary is helpful.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA g) English loans do not have as deep undertones of meaning as native words, and can be

used more easily to express sentiments or describe situations which may be difficult

to talk about in Japanese. Loan words can have euphemistic value, such as in phrases

containing the word shirubā to denote old-age, in expression such as shirubā shīto

(silver + seat), aseat for elderly people by the door on public transport

2.2 Words in Japanese

Otake (2008: 88) mentions that Japanese has three methods for notation of the written language: 1) kanji, or Chinese ideograms, 2) hiragana, symbols that can represent each sound in Japanese, and 3) katakana, a set of symbols that corresponds to hiragana and is used to denote words that are emphasized, or, mainly, to denote words that have been borrowed from a language that does not use ideograms. So, words, in

Japanese, are written in these three methods aside from the alphabet letter.

Almost all written Japanese sentences contain a mixture of kanji and kana

(hiragana and katakana) (Wikipedia, Japanese Writing System). It is so to make it easier to read as words are not separated with spaces in Japanese. There are only period to separate each sentence and comma to indicate a pause in a sentence. Writing with only one kind of method makes it difficult for the reader to catch the means of the sentence.

Using some examples, Tanaka (---: 316) mentions that it is very difficult to read the sentences which only use one kind of method (hiragana), because one cannot find the word boundaries easily, while, on the other hand, reading sentences that combine those three methods, especially kanji and hiragana, is less difficult because one can easily find

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA out the word boundaries. Tanaka (---: 316) tops it off by saying that boundaries between a hiragana part and a kanji part play a role to indicate word boundaries in many cases.

There is also one other method for writing words in Japanese beside those three mentioned above. It is the romanization of Japanese or romaji (literally, "Roman letters") which is the use of Latin script to write the Japanese language. Romaji may be used in any context where Japanese text is targeted at non-Japanese speakers who cannot read kanji or kana, such as for names on street signs and passports, and in dictionaries and textbooks for foreign learners of the language (Wikipedia, Romanization of Japanese).

The Japanese are mainly using the first 3 methods in writing. However, they also use romaji that people in general commonly use, although not as much as the other three.

Some loan words are written in romaji; for example OL (from office + lady – a female clerical worker) and CD. These are always pronounced however, according to the

Japanese pronunciation of the English letters, in this case, ōeru (OL) and shīdī (CD).

Acronyms, too, are pronounced as Japanese words; for example, GATT is pronounced as gatto (Kay, 1995: 70). In this study, the writer uses romaji, as this method of writing is easier to read and is also used in the book entitled “Kamus Kata Serapan Bahasa

Jepang” as the data source.

2.3 Lingustic Change

When elements of a foreign culture and language are „borrowed‟ into the culture and language of another, they became adopted to their new cultural and linguistic context. Most English words which are taken into Japanese show orthographical,

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA phonological, and structural or semantic integration into the native linguistic system

(Kay, 1995: 68).

2.3.1 Orthographical Change

Early foreign loans were assigned Chinese characters according to their pronunciation and/or meaning. For example, the word for Asia, can be written either phonetically using katakana, or with three Chinese characters originally used to represent the syllables a, ji, and a. Chinese-derived root words are still available as a resource for creating new terms, in much the same way that English can constrtuct new words from Greek or Latin elements, but it has become more usual to simply transcribe the word into katakana according to its sound. Almost all loan words are now written in the distinctive Japanese phonetic script, katakana (Kay, 1995: 68).

Generally, there is consensus over the katakana spelling of loan words, though some words have variant spellings; for example, iaringu and iyaringu (earring).

Sometimes, an English wod has given rise to two forms with different meanings, such airon (a pressing iron) and aian (a golf iron). The transcription of the former is unusual, as it was apparently influenced by the spelling, not the pronunciation, of the English word. It also sometimes happens that two different English words give rise to the same transcription; thus, both bath and bus become basu, and grammar and glamour are both transcribed as guramā (Kay, 1995: 68).

The existence of a domestic phonetic script gives an immediate capacity to absorb any foreign word into the Japanese linguistic system, even on a temporary basis.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA One use of katakana is to show the approximate pronunciation of non-loan foreign words, such as in the study of languages and the transcription of foreigners‟ names into

Japanese. In this case, the borrowed words undergo a simple phonetic modification.

However, loan words which enter the everyday Japanese vocabulary are open to additional types of linguistic change, which are described below. Such change is more liable to occur than with native words, whose pronunciation, meaning and usage have been fixed in the language by centuries of use (Kay, 1995: 69).

2.3.2 Phonological Change

Speakers of one language often have difficulty reproducing the sounds of another language which do not exist in their own. The borrowing of lexical items containing such sounds usually entails adaptation of their pronunciation. An example from English is the anglicization of the r sound in word such as restaurant borrowed from French.

Similarly, most foreign words inevitably undergo phonetic change when transcribed into

Japanese (Kay, 1995: 69).

The Japanese sound system is based on a pool of about 100 syllables. Apart from five pure vowel sounds (a, i, u, e and o) and the „n‟ sound, all others are consonant- vowel syllables. Borrowed words (loan words) are adapted to this system. Consonant clusters in English (except those beginning with „n‟) are broken up with vowels, as in tekunosutoresu (technostress), and English loan words ending in a consonant other than

„n‟ must end in a vowel, as in beddo (bed). Some vowel and consonant sounds in

English which do not exist in Japanese are represented by the nearest Japanese

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA equivalent; for example, „th‟ is usually represented by „s‟ ‟z‟. Examples of phonological changes in English consonants are given below (Kay, 1995: 69):

1. Ti → chi

English: Ticket [ˈtɪkɪt] → Japanese: Chiketto [tʃiketto]

2. Di → ji

English: Radio [ˈreɪdiəʊ] → Japanese: Rajio [ɾadʒio]

3. V → b

English: Van [væn] → Japanese: Ban [baɴ]

Furthermore, Kay (1995: 69) also mentions that the general and official accepted new syllables in 1980s which enable words of foreign origin to be pronounced closer to their original sound. Most of these have become popular since the last few years of

1995, and therefore particularly affect the splling and pronunciation of words which have entered the language since then. Examples of loan words using these special syllables are given in the table below, with the new syllables italized (Kay, 1995: 70):

1. English: Teacup [ˈtiːkʌp] → Japanese: Tīkappu [tikappɯ]

2. English: Disk [dɪsk] → Japanese: Disuku [disɯkɯ]

3. English: Chain [tʃeɪn] → Japanese: Chēn [tʃe:ɴ]

4. English: Fax [fæks] → Japanese: Fakkusu [ɸakkɯsɯ]

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2.3.3 Morphological Change

The need to add extra vowels to English words to accumodate them to syllabic structure of Japanese results in some of them being very long in the borrowing. Loan words are often abbreviated, either on or after entering the language. Usually this involves, backclipping, where the last part of a word is omitted. Blending is also common – the combination of abbreviated words to produce new terms which do not exist in English. Below are the examples (Kay, 1995: 70):

Backclipping of a word : akuseru (accel[erator])

Backclipping of first word in phrase : omuraisu (ome[let] rice)

Backclipping of second word in phrase : masukomi (mass commu[nication])

Backclipping of both words in phrase : pansuto (pan[ty] sto[cking])

There are also front-clipping, although it is rare. The examples are below (Kay, 1995:

70):

1. Nisu ([var]nish)

2. Taoruketto (towell[ing] [blan]ket)

3. Hōmu ([plat]form)

There are also new combinations of words. There are many unique combinations of

English words. These neologisms are known in Japanese as wasei eigo (literally

“English which has become Japanese”). Below are the examples (Kay, 1995: 70):

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 1. Pureigaido (play + guide) which means ticket office

2. Wanpīsu (one + piece) which means dress

3. Opun kā (open + car) which means convertible

4. Pēpā tesuto (paper + test) which means written test

5. Ōdā sutoppu (order + stop) which means last orders

There is also a large number of loanblends; combinations of words from two different languages. Below are the examples (Kay, 1995: 70):

1. Haburashi (Japanese tooth + brush) which means toothbrush

2. Rōrupan (roll + Portuguese pȁo) which means bread roll

3. Asashan (Japanese morning + sham[poo]) which means morning shampoo

4. Chōnekutai (Japanese butterfly + necktie) which means bowtie

5. Wagomu (Japanese circle + Dutch gom) which means rubber band

Many words borrowed from basic English vocabulary occur only in compound phrases, their corresponding Japanese word being used to represent the meanings of the words on their own. Examples are the word parts deriving from man, woman boy, girl, baby, car, home, air, tree, sun, food, etc. Examples of words incorporating these basic items are; sararīman (salaried man/office worker), kyaria ūman (career woman), bōifurendo

(boyfriend), erebētā gāru (elevator girl), bebībeddo (baby bed = cot/baby‟s crib), patokā

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA (patrol car), hōmusutei (homestay), eakon (air conditioner), kurisumasu tsurī (Christmas tree), sangurasu (sunglasses) and fāsuto fūdo (fast food). The loan item fūdo, for example, is never used on its own to refer to food in general (Kay, 1995: 71).

2.3.4 Syntactic Change

Loan words are easily incorporated into Japanese sentence structure, for, example, by affixing Japanese grammatical elements. The paradigm „this is a pen’, used to teach basic English, translates into Japanese as „kore wa pen desu’ (Japanese this + subject particle + pen + Japanese is). Most loan words are nouns, which do not take inflectional endings. However, many are used as verbs with the addition of Japanese

„suru‟ (roughly meaning „to do‟) as in shoppingu suru (to do some shopping). Loan words which are adjectives take Japanese adjectival endings, for example ereganto-na

(elegant), and when used as adverbs take the adverbial ending „ni‟, as in ereganto-ni

(elegantly). Loan words fit into the Japanese syntactical structure as if they were native words, being ascribed particles such as subject and object markers where necessary. An exception is when a whole phrase is borrowed, as in the expression redī fāsuto (ladie[s] first) and man tsū man (man-to-man, one-to-one). In rare cases, such as in an advertising slogan, a whole sentence can be written using English loan words in the order they would appear in English (Kay, 1995: 72).

2.3.5 Semantic Change

Saeed (2004: 3) defines semantics as a study of meaning communicated through language. While Chaer (1995: 2) mentioned that semantics is a term which is used in

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA linguistics, which studies the relation between linguistic sign and the signified thing. In other words, semantics is a branch of linguistics which studies about meaning. In semantics, one is trying to make explicit, the ways in which words, and sentences of various grammatical construction are used and understood by native or fluent speakers of a language.

Chaer (1995:2) mentions that the word semantics comes from Greek root, sema

(noun) which means “symbol” or “sign”. The verb of it is semaino which means

“signify” or “to symbolize”. The “symbol” or “sign” mentioned here, which is the synonym of sema, is the linguistic sign (France: signe linguistique) (Chaer, 1995: 2).

Saussure (1966) (in Chaer, 1995: 2) defines the linguistic signs as two-sided entity consists of (1) the signifier, component, in sort of sounds and (2) the signified, the referent outside of language.

Scholars like Ferdinand de Saussure (1974) stresses that the study of linguistics meaning is a part of this general study of the use of sign systems called “semiotics”.

Semioticians investigate the types of relationship that may hold between a sign and the object it represents, or, in de Saussure‟s terminology, between a signifier and its signified (Saeed, 2004: 5).

Regarding loan words having semantic changes, Kay (1995: 68) says that when elements of a foreign culture and language are “borrowed” into the culture and language of another, they became adapted to their new cultural and linguistic context. It is supported by Olah‟s statement (2007: 180) that what this semantic change entails for a

Japanese person speaking English is that even if they use a word which they know

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA because it is an English loan word in their own language, they cannot be sure that the meaning it has in Japanese is the same as its original English meaning. And so, Kay

(1995: 72) in her study entitled “English Loanwords in Japanese”, mentions that the two reasons of its happening. The first reason is that the meaning or usage of a word in its original language may not be fully understood. And second, with words of foreign origin, there is no deep cultural motivation to protect their original meanings.

Furthermore, Chaer (2007: 53) mentions that as language is bounded and related to human, while human‟s activity is not fixed and always changes in the society, then language also changes along with it, it is not fixed, and is not static, which is why language is dynamic. This may answer the question as to why semantic changes may exist in the words found in two or more languages.

In this study, the writer divides the semantic changes into three: broadening/widening, narrowing, and shift. This is actually a theory by Fromkin,

Rodman, and Hyam (2011:508), written in the book entitled “Introduction to

Language”. There, they state that the meaning or semantic representation of words may change, by becoming broader (some people may also call it as “widening”) or narrower, or by shifting.

2.3.5.1 Broadening

Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyam (2011: 508) mention that when the meaning of a word becomes broader, it means everything it used to mean and more. Harley (2006:

103) also explains that a word‟s meaning widens when it was formerly used to describe

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA a more specific concept, and over time comes to refer to a more inclusive concept. For example, the Middle English word dogge referred to a specific breed of dog, but was eventually broadened to encompass all members of the species canis familiaris. Another example is the word bird which is used to mean just “young fowl,” but it gradually came to have its broader, modern meaning, which includes all fowl both young and old. So, basically, one may say that a loan word has broader meaning if it has more meanings or additional meanings. If there are some shared meanings between a loan word and the original English word, but any meanings that are in the loan word are missing in the

English dictionary, it is semantic widening. Broadening can also be found in English loan word found in other language, too, such as in Korean and Japanese. In English ice cream means “a type of sweet frozen food made from milk fat, flavoured with fruit, chocolate, etc. and often eaten as a dessert; a small amount of this food intended for one person, often served in a container made of biscuit that is shaped like a cone”. However,

Tyson (1993: 32) in his studies says that ice cream in Korean has an extended meaning as “any frozen dessert or snack”. Another example of broadening found in English loan word in Japanese is juice. According to Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary, it means “the liquid that comes from fruit or vegetables; a drink made from this” in

English. However, in Japanese, beside that, it also means “soft drink (any (sweet) non- alcoholic beverage, carbonated or uncarbonated)”. So, in Japanese, aside from having the same meaning as it is in English, juice may also refer to soft drink, and any non- alcoholic beverage, may it be carbonated or uncarbonated.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2.3.5.2 Narrowing

It is included as narrowing if a meaning is more precise, or covers only the part of the original meaning. Harley (2006: 103) explains that narrowing happens when a word with a formerly broad application is reanalyzed as having a more narrow application. Sometimes this happens when another words with a similar meaning comes along and takes over the meaning of the original. This is the case of the word deer, which in Old English meant “animal”. However, in the Middle English period, the

French borrowing beast came to be commonly used for the meaning “animal”, and deer came to be restricted to its current meaning, describing a common kind of wild, herbivorous quadruped ungulate. (Later on, the word animal was borrowed from Latin, with its modern meaning, and pushed beast into a narrower meaning as well). So, one may say that a loan word has narrower meaning if the meaning of the word has been narrowed down from original word, which is English in this case. It can be looked at

English loan word pants which exist in Korean as an example. In English, it means

“underpants or knickers,” ”trousers,” and ”something you think is of poor quality”.

However, according to Tyson (1993: 32) in Korean, it is restricted to be just

“underwear”. As for English loan word in Japanese, one can take the word purin which means pudding as example. In English, this word means “(British English) a sweet dish eaten at the end of a meal”, “(British English) a hot sweet dish, often like a cake, made from flour, fat and eggs with fruit, jam, etc. in or on it”, “(British English) a hot dish like a pie with soft pastry made from flour, fat and eggs and usually filled (especially North

American English) a cold dessert (= a sweet dish) like cream flavoured with fruit, chocolate, etc.”. However, according to Kay (1995: 71), in Japanese it is not referred to

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA pudding in general, but instead it is specified to be “caramel custard pudding”. So, in

Japanese, the loan word pudding refers specifically to caramel custard pudding instead of pudding in general, while in English, it refers to pudding in general.

2.3.5.3 Meaning Shift

Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyam (2011: 508) mention that meaning shift (also semantic transfer, semantic shift) is a shift in meaning which can be seen from the word knight which once meant “youth” but later shifted to “mounted man-at-arms”. Another example of semantic shift can be seen from the English word accident which meant “a happening” before, but changes into “unplanned unfortunate event” now. So, one may say that a loan word has meaning transfer or semantic shift if the meaning in that loan word does not share any meanings, or has a new meaning that does not exist in its original word in English. Other example is the English word gay. Before 1900 it only meant carefree, having a happy time, however, now it is almost always used to refer to someone who is homosexual. As for the loan word example, it can be looked at English loan word cunning which exists in Korean and Japanese. In English, it means “able to get what you want in a clever way, especially by tricking or cheating somebody” and

“clever and skilful”. However, both in Korean and Japanese, it means “cheating (on an examination)” (Tyson, 1993: 32). Another example of broadening found in English loan word in Japanese is smart. According to Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary, it means “clean/neat”, “intelligent”, “fashionable”, “quick”, and “computer-controlled” in

English. However, in Japanese, it means “smart”, “stylish” and “slim”. So, in this case,

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA how smart is interpreted as “slim” in Japanese, which is a new meaning that does not exist in English definition of smart, is considered as semantic shift.

2.4 Related Studies

There are a lot of people who have English loan words in other language and/or semantic changes in their studies. In their research entitled “English Loanwords and

Made-in-Japan English in Japanese”, Hatanaka and Pannell (2016) from Hawai‟i Pacific

University, USA chose English loan words in Japanese along with Made-in-Japan

English as their topic. Their research states that English-derived words (EDWs), either

English loan words or made-in-Japan English expressions, are ubiquitous throughout the

Japanese lexicon. In this research, they have surveyed twelve people, six native speakers of Japanese and six native speakers of English, to examine participants‟ knowledge of the meanings of both English words with Japanese equivalents and made-in-Japan

EDWs. The result shows that native speakers of Japanese often define the English words according to what it means in Japanese, which may have a different definition in

Standard English. Furthermore, they are also unaware that there are many EDWs which are not used outside of Japan. Meanwhile, the research also suggests that a native speaker of English would not be able to define the made-in-Japan English used in Japan.

Their study emphasizes that Japanese speakers often define the English words according to what it means in Japanese. And so, the same also goes to the English speakers which may only know the word meaning in English without having any idea that that same word may mean different in Japanese. This implies that both parties must be aware of these differences happened in this two languages to avoid misunderstanding.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Their study goes along with the significance of the writer‟s study that stresses out that awareness of the different meaning a word carries in both languages is indeed needed in order to be able interact well and to avoid any misunderstanding.

Rebuck (2002), on the other hand, examined the functions played by English loan words in Japanese. It is shown that English loan words have a role that extends far beyond the simple filling of lexical-gaps. Loan words frequently take the place of an existing native equivalent where they perform a variety of “special effect” functions. In addition, English loan words may be employed for euphemistic effect when a native equivalent is considered too direct. Drawing largely on examples of loan word use from advertising, this study considers the role English loan words play as lexical gap fillers, special effect givers, and euphemisms. His study emphasizes that English loan words have their own roles in Japanese comprehension. This study gives the writer a better insight and understanding about the position of English loan words in Japanese.

There are also researchers who study about loan words, especially English loan words in Japanese but with the native speakers as the point of attention. A research entitled “Image of English Loanwords in Japanese” done by Aono (2014) from Azabu

University, Kanagawa, Japan is one of the examples. In this study, Aono proposed that there is a difference in preference between Japanese words or English loan words in regard of age. She said that the younger age groups which are in their 20s and 30s will prefer English loan words more than the older age groups which are in their 50s and 60s.

Furthermore, she also said that if people prefer particular English loan words in a certain group of the target pairs, the group will be the euphemism. Through the study, those two

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA hypotheses were supported by the results. The results show that English loan words were preferred more than Japanese words, and in particular the younger age groups preferred

English loan words more than Japanese words, and the English loan words in the group of euphemism were preferred more than loan words in the other groups. This result does not differ across different gender or age group. Her research shows that the usage of

English loan words in Japanese is fairly equal between each gender. So, one can see that

English loan words tend to be used generally by men and women in younger generation in Japan.

Another study done by Tomaszewska (2015) also deals with the possibility of the difficulty for native speakers to find the native words and an assumption that there might be a gap between the genders, younger and older generations where the younger generations prefer using loan words instead of their native counterparts. This is examined through a questionnaire answered by a total of 60 native speakers and through previous researches. In this research, based on the questionnaire, it shows that even though English loan words continue to increase in Japanese, the majority of native speakers, although with struggle to some, can find the counterparts to the loan words.

Japanese is a gendered language, and as it was previously assumed that gender might be significant, there was no proof to state that assumption from the results from the questionnaire that was made, at least when it comes to loan words related to business management and work place. Japanese may be gendered in the spoken, but does not differ in the written language. On the other hand, age does seem matter in the case of preference. In general, younger generations especially in their twenties do not see the possibility of changing loan words into Japanese words and prefer to use the English

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA loan words. Even though occurs bias against loan words, Tomaszewska concludes that the native Japanese speakers are very dependent on loan words.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Design

A proper research method is needed to be able to acquire the data needed and analyze the data well. There are three kinds of research based on the location of the research i.e. library research, laboratory, and field research (Bungin, 2005: 49). In this study, the writer applied the library research method to do the research and clear the objectives of the research. The writer, as the researcher, has made use of books concerned with the topic of the problem and the internet to get the data needed and support the analysis of the research.

3.2 Data and Source of Data

There are several sources of data for this study, which are in the form of book and application. There are three books and one application in total. The book entitled

“Kamus Kata Serapan Bahasa Jepang” by Harahap provides the loan words (especially

English loan words which are the object of this study) occurred in Japanese. The loan words taken are only in the form of single word and concrete noun. The English-English dictionary by Hornby entitled “Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary” provides the meaning of the words in English comprehension. While to provide the meaning of the words in Japanese comprehension, the writer used a Japanese-English dictionary application called “Jsho-Japanese Dictionary” by Richard L accompanied by the book entitled “Asas-Asas Katakana” by Anne Matsumoto Stewart. The meaning taken from

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA both languages is the literal meaning of the words. The data for the analysis are the

English loanwords which exist in Japanese along with their meaning in English comprehension and Japanese comprehension. By considering the meaning from those two languages, the loan words were analyzed whether there was any occurrence of semantic changes from English comprehension to Japanese comprehension, and what types of changes they were, which lead to us knowing what type of semantic changes occured the most.

3.3 Data Collecting Method

Oetomo (in Bagong 2006: 186) says that there are three methods of collecting data such as interview, observation, and analysis on written documents such as quotation, or parts of organization notes, clinical, or program; memorandum and correspondences, issues and official reports; diaries, and written answer to questioner and survey.

In this research, the writer applied the third method, which is the analysis on written documents, since the data taken for this study were collected from documents which are in the form of books (“Kamus Kata Serapan Bahasa Jepang” by Harahap,

“Asas-Asas Katakana” by Stewart and “Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary” by

Hornby) and an application (“Jsho-Japanese Dictionary” developed by Richard L) in this case.

The loan words have been collected from the book entitled “Kamus Kata

Serapan Bahasa Jepang” by Harahap. The book consists of 889 pages. As the book

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA covers a lot of pages, the writer chose some pages as the samples of analysis. In this research, for estimating the minimum sample size, the formula of Cochran (Singh and

Masuku, 2014: 14) was used:

Where,

- Sample size

- Selected critical value of desired level of confidence

or risk

- Estimated proportion of an attribute that is present in

the population or maximum variability of the

population

- Desired level of precision or margin of error

The following values can be used for estimating the sample size:

- 95% confidence level (The value of (1-) in

Standard Normal Distribution z-table, which is 1.96

for 95%)

- 50% variability of the population (which is

maximum) (0.5)

- 10% margin of error (0.1)

Put the value in given formula:

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

A minimum sample size of 96 or more can be used as sample.

Based on Cochran (1977: 10), there are some common types of nonprobability sampling, which are:

1. The sample is restricted to a part of the population that is readily accessible. A sample of coal from an open wagon may be taken from the top 6 to 9 in.

2. The sample is selected haphazardly. In picking 10 rabbits from a large cage in a laboratory, the investigator may take those that his hands rest on, without conscious planning.

3. With a small but heterogeneous population, the sampler inspecs the whole of it and selects a small of “typical” units – that is, units that are close to his impression of the average of the population.

4. The sample consists essentially of volunteers, in studies in which the measuring pocess is unpleasant or troublesome to the person being measured.

In this study, the writer applied the second method, where the samples are taken haphazardly. So, for each letter in alphabet, the writer has been taking five samples by opening the pages randomly. As there are only 22 letters available as the first letter, there are 110 samples in total (22 x 5 = 110). The writer only chose concrete nouns in the form of single words which are borrowed from English to be the samples.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA The writer then collected the meaning of the chosen words from both English and Japanese comprehension by looking up at the dictionaries. For the meaning of the words in English comprehension, the writer used “Oxford Advanced Learner’s

Dictionary” by Hornby. The writer then found the chosen words in the “Oxford

Advanced Learner’s Dictionary” and wrote the meaning of those words which were written in the said dictionary. As for the meaning of the words in Japanese comprehension, the writer used the application “Jsho-Japanese Dictionary” developed by Richard L and the book “Asas-Asas Katakana” by Matsumoto. The writer then found the chosen words in the “Jsho-Japanese Dictionary” and “Asas-Asas Katakana” and wrote the meaning of those words written in both application and book. Note that the meaning written in “Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary” and “Jsho-Japanese

Dictionary” is in English, while the meaning written in “Asas-Asas Katakana” is written in Indonesian. In this case, it is still written in Indonesian, but it is always followed by the English translation.

The population in this study is all the English loan words which are categorized as noun in the book entitled “Kamus Kata Serapan Bahasa Jepang” by Harahap. The sample for the analysis is all 110 English loan words categorized as concrete noun in the form of single word which are chosen by the writer along with their meaning taken from

“Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary”, “Asas-Asas Katakana”, and “Jsho-Japanese

Dictionary”.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 3.4 Data Analysis Method

This research uses qualitative method in analyzing the data. In this method, the writer put the semantic changes found in this study into categories based on Fromkin,

Rodman, and Hyam‟s theory (2011) to find out what types of semantic changes occured in this topic. Then the writer calculated the occurrences of each type of the semantic changes to be able to find out the most dominant type of all.

The followings are the steps that the writer used in analyzing the data:

1. Putting together all the noun English loan words in Japanese chosen by the

writer which are found in the pages of the book entitled “Kamus Kata Serapan

Bahasa Jepang” by Harahap.

2. Figuring out the meaning of those loan words in English and Japanese by using

the books and the application mentioned above.

3. Classifying those loan words into narrowing, broadening, or shift based on the

changes happen in the meaning in Japanese from the meaning in English.

4. Finding out the types of semantic changes occurred in the English loan words

found in Japanese.

5. Calculating the percentage of each type of semantic changes occurred in the

English loan words found in Japanese.

6. Making the conclusions based on the result of the analysis.

The data is calculated by using Bungin‟s formula (2005: 182) as written below:

n = Fx/N x 100%

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Where: n = percentage of each type of semantic changes occurred in the research (narrowing, broadening, and shift)

Fx = number of frequency of each type of semantic changes occurred in the research

(narrowing, broadening, and shift)

N = total number of all occurrences happened to the loan words studied in the research

In analyzing the data, the writer kept in mind some points needed to be aware of.

Below are those points:

1. If the meaning in Japanese only mentions the English word; the meaning of the

word is taken as though the general meaning in English.

2. If the meaning in Japanese does not exist in the meaning in English, it is a

broadening.

3. If the meaning in Japanese broaden the meaning which exists in English, it is a

broadening.

4. If there is at least one meaning in English which is not mentioned/included in the

meaning in Japanese, it is a narrowing.

5. If the meaning in Japanese is mentioned such as it is in English, but more

specific, it is a narrowing.

6. If the original meaning in English does not exist in Japanese, and it has a new

meaning that does not exist in English, it is a shift.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 7. If the meaning in Japanese is the same as it is in English; it does not have any

semantic changes.

8. According to the situation, there might be more than one change in one word.

9. Definition from both languages are written based on the same word class. But, if

there is no other definition from the same word class, the definition from

different word class is used instead.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS AND FINDING

4.1 Analysis

In this chapter, the data gained from the sources were analyzed based on

Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyam‟s theory (2011:508). The meanings of the words based on both languages (English and Japanese) were compared and classified in a table. Words that have no changes were written in the table as “no semantic changes” while words which have semantic changes were classified and written into three types, “broadening”,

“narrowing”, or “shifting”. The analysis is written in the table below:

Meaning in Word/Origin Meaning in English Changes Japanese 1. Aidoru [aidorɯ] 1) A person or 1) Young star, 1) Narrowing: /idol [ˈaɪdl] thing that is loved young entertainer, a. No. 1 ME → No. 1 and admired very heartthrob, TV MJ much personality, idol Person/thing → only 2) A statue that is person (celebrity) worshipped as a b. No. 2 ME → - god No. 2 ME does not exist in MJ 2. Aisu [aisɯ] /ice 1) Water that has 1) Ice 1) Narrowing: [aɪs] frozen and become 2) Ice cream, No. 5 ME → - solid icecream No. 5 ME does not 2) A frozen surface exist in MJ that people skate on 3) A piece of ice used to keep food and drinks cold 4) An ice cream 5) A type of sweet food that consists of ice that has been crushed and

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA flavoured 3. Ankā [aŋka:] 1) A heavy metal 1) Anchor 1) Narrowing: /anchor [ˈæŋkə(r)] object that is 2) Link to previous a. No. 2 ME → - attached to a rope post (e.g. in web No. 2 ME does not or chain and forums) exist in MJ dropped over the b. No. 3 ME → - side of a ship or No. 3 ME does not boat to keep it in exist in MJ one place 2) Broadening: 2) A person or - → No. 2 MJ thing that gives MJ adds new somebody a feeling definition to the word of safety 3) Anchorman, anchorwoman 4. Apātomento 1) A set of rooms 1) Apartment 1) Narrowing: [apa:tomeɴto] for living in, a. No. 2 ME → - /apartment usually on one No. 2 ME does not [əˈpɑːrtmənt] floor of a building exist in MJ 2) A set of rooms b. No. 3 ME → - used for a No. 3 ME does not holiday/vacation exist in MJ 3) A room in a house, especially a large or famous house 5. Auru [aɯɾɯ] 1) A bird of prey (= 1) Owl 1) No semantic /owl [aʊl] a bird that kills changes other creatures for food) with large round eyes, that hunts at night. Owls are traditionally thought to be wise. 6. Baikingu 1) A member of a 1) Viking 1) Broadening: [baikiŋɡɯ] /Viking race of 2) Smorgasbord, - → No. 2 MJ [ˈvaɪkɪŋ] Scandinavian all-you-eat buffet MJ adds new people who definition to the word attacked and sometimes settled in parts of Northwest Europe, including Britain, in the 8th to the

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 11th centuries 7. Baiku [baikɯ] 1) A bicycle 1) Motorcycle, 1) Narrowing: /bike [baɪk] 2) A motorcycle motorbike No. 1 ME → - No. 1 ME does not exist in MJ 8. Baiorin [baioɾiɴ] 1) A musical 1) Violin 1) No semantic /violin [ˌvaɪəˈlɪn] instrument with changes strings, that you hold under your chin and play with a bow 9. Bōi [bo:i] /boy 1) A male child or 1) Boy 1) Narrowing: [bɔɪ] a young male 2) Bellboy, porter, a. No. 3 ME → No. 2 person waiter MJ 2) A young son Boy/young man who 3) A boy or young does a particular job man who does a → specifically for particular job bellboy, porter, waiter 4) A way of talking only about somebody b. No. 4 ME → - who comes from a No. 4 ME does not particular place, exist in MJ etc. c. No. 5 ME → - 5) (plural) A group No. 5 ME does not of male friends exist in MJ who often go out d. No. 6 ME → - together No. 6 ME does not 6) (plural) A way exist in MJ of talking with e. No. 7 ME → - affection about No. 7 ME does not your country‟s exist in MJ soldiers 7) Used as an offensive way of addressing a black man, especially in the past 10. Buranku 1) An empty space 1) Blank, blank 1) Narrowing: [bɯɾaŋkɯ] /blank on a printed form space a. No. 2 ME → - [blæŋk] or document for 2) Gap, time spent No. 2 ME does not you to write not doing exist in MJ answers, something (e.g. b. No. 3 ME → - information, etc working, No. 3 ME does not 2) A state of not practicing) exist in MJ being able to 2) Broadening:

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA remember anything - → No. 2 MJ 3) A cartridge in a MJ adds new gun that contains definition to the word an explosive but no bullet 11. Chakku 1) A part of a tool 1) Chuck (device 1) Narrowing: [tʃakkɯ] /chuck such as a drill that for holding a a. No. 2 ME → - [tʃʌk] can be adjusted to workpiece in a No. 2 ME does not hold something lathe or a tool in a exist in MJ tightly drill) b. No. 3 ME → - 2) A friendly way 2) Fastener, zipper No. 3 ME does not of addressing exist in MJ somebody 2) Broadening: 3) Meat from the - → No. 2 MJ shoulder of a cow MJ adds new definition to the word 12. Chēn [tʃe:ɴ] 1) A series of 1) Chain (bicycle, 1) Narrowing: /chain [tʃeɪn] connected metal measuring, tire, a. No. 2 ME → - rings, used for etc) No. 2 ME does not pulling or fastening 2) Chain (store, exist in MJ things; a length of hotel, etc) b. No. 4 ME → - chain used for a No. 4 ME does not particular purpose exist in MJ 2) A series of c. No. 5 ME → - connected things or No. 5 ME does not people exist in MJ 3) A group of shops/stores or hotels owned by the same company 4) A thing that restricts somebody‟s freedom or ability to do something 5) A situation in which a number of people selling and buying houses must each complete the sale of their house before buying from the next person 13. Chīfu [tʃi:ɸɯ] 1) A person with a 1) Chief 1) No semantic

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA /chief [tʃiːf] high rank or the changes highest rank in a company or an organization 2) A leader or ruler of a people or community 14. Chīzu [tʃiːzɯ] 1) A type of food 1) Cheese 1) No semantic /cheese [tʃiːz] made from milk 2) Say cheese! changes that can be either (when taking soft or hard and is photographs) usually white or yellow in colour; a particular type of this food 2) What you ask somebody to say before you take their photograph 15. Chokorēto 1) A hard brown 1) Chocolate 1) Narrowing: [tʃokoɾe:to] sweet food made a. No. 2 ME → - /chocolate from cocoa beans, No. 2 ME does not [ˈtʃɔːklət] used in cooking to exist in MJ add flavour to b. No. 3 ME → - cakes, etc. or eaten No. 3 ME does not as a sweet/candy exist in MJ 2) A sweet/candy c. No. 4 ME → - that is made of or No. 4 ME does not covered with exist in MJ chocolate 3) Hot chocolate 4) A dark brown colour 16. Daisu [daisɯ] 1) A small cube of 1) Dice 1) Narrowing: /dice [daɪs] wood, plastic, etc., 2) Die (tool) No. 2 ME → - with a different No. 2 ME does not number of spots on exist in MJ each of its sides, used in games of chance 2) A game played with dice 17. Daiyamondo 1) A clear precious 1) Diamond 1) Narrowing: [daijamoɴdo] stone of pure No. 5 ME → - /diamond carbon, the hardest No. 5 ME does not

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA [ˈdaɪəmənd] substance known. exist in MJ Diamonds are used in jewellery and also in industry, especially for cutting glass 2) A shape with four straight sides of equal length and with angles that are not right angles 3) One of the four suits (= sets) in a pack / deck of cards. The cards are marked with red diamond shapes 4) A card of this suit 5) (In baseball) the space inside the lines that connect the four bases; also used to mean the whole baseball field 18. Denimu 1) A type of strong 1) Denim 1) No semantic [deɲimɯ] /denim cotton cloth that is 2) Jeans changes [ˈdenɪm] usually blue and is used for making clothes, especially jeans 2) Trousers/pants made of denim 19. Doa [doa] 1) A piece of 1) Door (Western 1) Narrowing: /door [dɔː(r)] wood, glass, etc. style) a. No. 1 ME → No. 1 that is opened and MJ closed so that Door in general → people can get in specifically refers to and out of a room, Western-style door building, car, etc.; b. No. 2 ME → - a similar thing in a No. 2 ME does not cupboard/closet exist in MJ 2) The space when c. No. 3 ME → -

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA a door is open No. 3 ME does not 3) The area close to exist in MJ the entrance of a d. No. 4 ME → - building No. 4 ME does not 4) A house, room, exist in MJ etc. that is a e. No. 5 ME → - particular number No. 5 ME does not of houses, rooms, exist in MJ etc. away from another 5) The amount of money made by selling tickets for an event 20. Doggu 1) An animal with 1) Dog 1) Narrowing: [doɡɡɯ] /dog four legs and a tail, 2) Andiron a. No. 2 ME → No. 1 [dɔːɡ] often kept as a pet MJ or trained for work, Male dog, fox, or wolf for example → specifically refers hunting or to dog (male and guarding buildings. female) only (fox and There are many wolf are not included) types of dog, some b. No. 3 ME → - of which are wild No. 3 ME does not 2) A male dog, fox exist in MJ or wolf c. No. 4 ME → - 3) Greyhound No. 4 ME does not racing exist in MJ 4) A thing of low d. No. 5 ME → - quality; a failure No. 5 ME does not 5) An offensive exist in MJ way of describing a e. No. 6 ME → - woman who is not No. 6 ME does not considered exist in MJ attractive 2) Broadening: 6) Used, especially - → No. 2 MJ after an adjective, MJ adds new to describe a man definition to the word who has done something bad 21. Eggu [eɡɡɯ] 1) A small oval 1) Egg (especially 1) Narrowing: /egg [eɡ] object with a thin chicken eggs) a. No. 1 ME → No.1 hard shell produced MJ by a female bird Egg in general → and containing a specifically refers to

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA young bird; a chicken eggs similar object b. No. 3 ME → - produced by a No. 3 ME does not female fish, insect, exist in MJ etc 2) A bird‟s egg, especially one from a chicken, that is eaten as food 3) (In women and female animals) a cell that combines with a sperm to create a baby or young animal 22. Epuron 1) A piece of 1) Apron 1) Narrowing: [epɯɾoɴ] /apron clothing worn over a. No. 2 ME → - [ˈeɪprən] the front of the No. 2 ME does not body, from the exist in MJ chest or the waist b. No. 3 ME → - down, and tied No. 3 ME does not around the waist. exist in MJ Aprons are worn over other clothes to keep them clean, for example when cooking 2) An area with a hard surface at an airport, where aircraft are turned around, loaded, etc 3) (In a theatre) the part of the stage that is in front of the curtain 23. Erebētā 1) A machine that 1) Elevator, lift 1) Narrowing: [eɾebe:ta:] carries people or 2) Elevator No. 2 ME → - /elevator goods up and down (aviation) No. 2 ME does not [ˈelɪveɪtə(r)] to different levels exist in MJ in a building or a mine 2) A place for storing large quantities of grain

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 3) A part in the tail of an aircraft that is moved to make it go up and down 24. Erufu [erɯɸɯ] 1) (In stories) a 1) Elf 1) No semantic /elf [elf] creature like a changes small person with pointed ears, who has magic powers 25. Esukarētā 1) Moving stairs 1) Escalator 1) No semantic [esɯkaɾe:ta:] that carry people changes /escalator between different [ˈeskəleɪtə(r)] floors of a large building 26.Faiaman 1) A person, 1) Fireman 1) No semantic [ɸaiamaɴ] usually a man, changes /fireman whose job is to put [ˈfaɪərmən] out fires 27. Feminisuto 1) A person who 1) Man who 1) Broadening: [ɸemiɲisɯto] supports the belief indulges women - → No. 1 MJ /feminist that women should (from feminist), MJ adds new [ˈfemənɪst] have the same gentleman definition to the word rights and 2) Feminist opportunities as men 28. Firutā [ɸiɾɯta:] 1) A device 1) Filter (especially 1) Narrowing: /filter [ˈfɪltə(r)] containing paper, camera) a. No. 1 ME → - sand, chemicals, No. 1 ME does not etc. that a liquid or exist in MJ gas is passed b. No. 2 ME → No. 1 through in order to MJ remove any Device in general→ materials that are specifically for camera not wanted c. No. 3 ME → - 2) A device that No. 3 ME does not allows only exist in MJ particular types of d. No. 4 ME → - light or sound to No. 4 ME does not pass through it exist in MJ 3) A program that processes information to exclude the types which are not wanted or that

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA stops certain types of electronic information, email, etc. being sent to a computer 4) A light on a set of traffic lights showing that traffic can turn left or right while traffic that wants to go straight ahead must wait 29. Furesshuman 1) A first-year 1) Freshman 1) Broadening: [ɸɯɾeʃʃɯmaɴ] student at a 2) Newly hired - → No. 2 MJ /freshman university or career-track MJ adds new [ˈfreʃmən] college company employee definition to the word 2) A first-year student at high school or junior high school 30. Furippa 1) A flat part of the 1) (Seal, walrus) 1) Broadening: [ɸɯɾippa] /flipper body of some sea flipper - → No. 3 MJ [ˈflɪpə(r)] animals such as 2) Swimfin, MJ adds new seals and turtles, (diving) fin, definition to the word used for swimming (diving) flipper 2) A long flat piece 3) (Pinball) flipper of rubber or plastic that you wear on your foot to help you swim more quickly, especially below the surface of the water 31. Gamu [ɡamɯ] 1) Either of the 1) Chewing gum 1) Narrowing: /gum [ɡʌm] firm areas of flesh 2) Gum, rubber a. No. 1 ME → - in the mouth to No. 1 ME does not which the teeth are exist in MJ attached b. No. 3 ME → - 2) A sticky No. 3 ME does not substance produced exist in MJ by some types of c. No. 5 ME → - tree No. 5 ME does not 3) A type of glue exist in MJ used for sticking

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA light things together, such as paper 4) Chewing gum 5) A firm transparent fruit- flavoured sweet/candy that you chew 32. Gyararī 1) A room or 1) Gallery, corridor 1) Narrowing: [ɡʲaɾaɾi:] /gallery building for 2) Art gallery a. No. 2 ME → - [ˈɡæləri] showing works of 3) Upper gallery (in No. 2 ME does not art, especially to a theatre) exist in MJ the public 4) Spectators b. No. 3 ME → - 2) A small private (especially at a golf No. 3 ME does not shop/store where tournament) exist in MJ you can see and c. No. 6 ME → - buy works of art No. 6 ME does not 3) An upstairs area exist in MJ at the back or sides 2) Broadening: of a large hall - → No. 4 MJ where people can MJ adds new sit definition to the word 4) The highest level in a theatre where the cheapest seats are 5) A long narrow room, especially one used for a particular purpose 6) A level passage under the ground in a mine or cave 33. Gaun [ɡaɯɴ] 1) Woman‟s dress, 1) Gown 1) Narrowing: /gown [ɡaʊn] especially a long 2) Dressing gown No. 2 ME → - one for special No. 2 ME does not occasions exist in MJ 2) A long loose piece of clothing that is worn over other clothes by judges and (in Britain) by other lawyers, and by

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA members of universities (at special ceremonies) 3) Piece of clothing that is worn over other clothes to protect them, especially in a hospital 34. Guraundo 1) The solid 1) Sports ground 1) Narrowing: [ɡɯɾaɯɴdo] surface of the earth 2) Sports oval a. No. 1 ME → - /ground [ɡraʊnd] 2) Soil on the No. 1 ME does not surface of the earth exist in MJ 3) An area of open b. No. 2 ME → - land No. 2 ME does not 4) An area of land exist in MJ that is used for a c. No. 3 ME → - particular purpose, No. 3 M does not exist activity or sport in MJ 5) A large area of d. No. 4 ME → No. 1 land or sea that is & 2 MJ used for a Area of land for particular purpose particular purpose → 6) The land or specifically for sports gardens around a e. No. 5 ME → - large building No. 5 ME does not 7) An area of exist in MJ interest, knowledge f. No. 6 ME → - or ideas No. 6 ME does not 8) A good or true exist in MJ reason for saying, g. No. 7 ME → - doing or believing No. 7 ME does not something exist in MJ 9) The small pieces h. No. 8 ME → - of solid matter in a No. 8 ME does not liquid that have exist in MJ fallen to the bottom i. No. 9 ME → - 10) A wire that No. 9 ME does not connects an electric exist in MJ circuit with the j. No. 10 ME → - ground and makes No. 10 ME does not it safe exist in MJ 11) A background k. No. 11 ME → - that a design is No. 11 ME does not painted or printed exist in MJ

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA on 35. Gyangu 1) An organized 1) Gang 1) Narrowing: [ɡʲaŋɡɯ] /gang group of criminals 2) Gangster a. No. 3 ME → - [ɡæŋ] 2) A group of No. 3 ME does not young people who exist in MJ spend a lot of time b. No. 4EME → - together and often No. 4 ME does not cause trouble or exist in MJ fight against other groups 3) A group of friends who meet regularly 4) An organized group of workers or prisoners doing work together 36. Hāfu [ha:ɸɯ] 1) Either of two 1) Half 1) Narrowing: /half [hɑːf] equal parts into 2) Biracial person No. 3 ME → - which something is (especially half- No. 3 ME does not or can be divided Japanese), person exist in MJ 2) Either of two of mixed parentage 2) Broadening: periods of time into - → No. 2 MJ which a sports MJ adds new game, concert, etc. definition to the word is divided 3) Half back 4) Half a pint of beer or a similar drink 37. Haikā [haika:] 1) A person who 1) Hiker 1) No semantic /hiker [ˈhaɪkə(r)] goes for long walks changes in the country for pleasure 38. Handoru 1) The part of a 1) Handle 1) Narrowing: [haɴdoɾɯ] /handle door, drawer, 2) Steering wheel a. No. 2 ME → No. 2 [ˈhændl] window, etc that 3) (Bicycle) & 3 MJ you use to open handlebar Part of any kind of 2) The part of an object/tool that we use object, such as a to hold/carry it → it is cup, a bag, or a tool specified to be that you use to hold steering wheel and it, or carry it (bicycle) handlebar only 39. Hea [hea] /hair 1) The substance 1) Hair 1) Narrowing:

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA [heə(r)] that looks like a No. 2 ME → - mass of fine No. 2 ME does not threads growing exist in MJ especially on the head; one of these threads growing on the body of people and some animals 2) A thing that looks like a fine thread growing on the leaves and stems of some plants 40. Hītā [çi:ta:] 1) A machine used 1) Heater 1) No semantic /heater [ˈhiːtə(r)] for making air or changes water warmer 41. Iguana 1) a large tropical 1) Iguana 1) No semantic [iɡɯana] /iguana American lizard (= changes [ɪˈɡwɑːnə] a type of reptile)

42. Īguru [i:ɡɯɾɯ] 1) A large bird of 1) Eagle (bird of 1) Narrowing: /eagle [ˈiːɡl] prey (= a bird that prey, Accipitridae No. 2 ME → - kills other creatures family) No. 2 ME does not for food) with a exist in MJ sharp curved beak and very good sight 2) (In golf) a score of two strokes less than the standard score for a hole (= two under par) 43. Inbentorī 1) A written list of 1) Inventory 1) No semantic [imbeɴtoɾi:] / all the objects, 2) Stock changes inventory furniture, etc. in a 3) Goods [ˈɪnvəntri] particular building 4) List 2) All the goods in a shop 44. Indigo [iɴdiɡo] 1) A very dark blue 1) Indigo (dye) 1) Narrowing: /indigo [ˈɪndɪɡəʊ] colour 2) Indigotin a. No. 1 ME → No. 1 MJ A very dark blue colour in general → restricted for dye color b. No. 1 ME → No. 2

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA MJ A very dark blue colour in general → A dark blue compound in the indigo dye

45. Irēzā [iɾe:za:] 1) A small piece of 1) Eraser, rubber 1) Narrowing: /eraser [ɪˈreɪzə(r)] rubber or a similar No. 2 ME → - substance, used for No. 2 ME does not removing pencil exist in MJ marks from paper 2) A piece of soft material used for removing chalk marks from a blackboard 46. Jaketto 1) A piece of 1) Jacket 1) Narrowing: [dʒaketto] /jacket clothing worn on 2) Book jacket, a. No. 3 ME → - [ˈdʒækɪt] the top half of the dust cover No. 3 ME does not body over a shirt, exist in MJ etc. that has sleeves b. No. 4 ME → - and fastens down No. 4 ME does not the front; a short, exist in MJ light coat c. No. 5 ME → - 2) (also dust No. 5 ME does not jacket) a loose exist in MJ paper cover for a book, usually with a design or picture on it 3) An outer cover around a hot water pipe, etc., for example to reduce loss of heat 4) The skin of a baked potato 5) Sleeve 47. Jānaru 1) A newspaper or 1) Journal 1) Narrowing: [dʒanaɾɯ] /journal magazine that deals 2) Log a. No. 1 ME → - [ˈdʒɜːnl] with a particular No. 1 ME does not subject or exist in MJ profession b. No. 2 ME → - 2) Used in the title No. 2 ME does not of some exist in MJ

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA newspapers 2) Broadening: 3) A written record - → No. 2 MJ of the things you MJ adds new do, see, etc. every definition to the word day 48. Janpā 1) A knitted piece 1) Jacket, jumper 1) Narrowing: [dʒampa:] /jumper of clothing made of 2) (Ski) jumper a. No. 2 ME → - [ˈdʒʌmpə(r)] wool or cotton for 3) Jumper lead, No. 2 ME does not the upper part of jumper wire exist in MJ the body, with long b. No. 3 ME → - sleeves and no No. 3 ME does not buttons exist in MJ 2) Pinafore 2) Broadening: 3) A person, an a. - → No. 1 MJ animal or an insect MJ adds new that jumps definition to the word (it is also used to refer to jacket) b. - → No. 2 MJ MJ adds new definition to the word c. - → No. 3 MJ MJ adds new definition to the word 49. Jokkī [dʒokki:] 1) A person who 1) Beer mug, stein, 1) Broadening: /jockey [ˈdʒɒki] rides horses in tankard - →No. 1 MJ races, especially as 2) Jockey MJ adds new a job definition to the word

50. Jūsu [dʒɯ:sɯ] 1) The liquid that 1) Juice 1) Narrowing: /juice [dʒuːs] comes from fruit or 2) Soft drink (any a. No. 2 ME → - vegetables; a drink (sweet) non- No. 2 ME does not made from this alcoholic beverage, exist in MJ 2) The liquid that carbonated or b. No. 3 ME → - comes out of a uncarbonated) No. 3 ME does not piece of meat when exist in MJ it is cooked 2) Broadening: 3) The liquid in the No. 1 ME →No. 2 MJ stomach that helps A drink made only you to digest food from fruit/vegetables → include soft drink (any (sweet) non- alcoholic beverage, carbonated or uncarbonated)

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 51. Kameraman 1) A man whose 1) Cameraman 1) Broadening: [kameɾamaɴ] job is operating a 2) Photographer a. - → No. 2 MJ /cameraman camera for making 3) MJ adds new [ˈkæmrəmæn] films/movies or Cinematographer definition to the word television b. - → No. 3 MJ programmes MJ adds new definition to the word 52. Kēki [ke:ki] 1) A sweet food 1) Cake 1) Narrowing: /cake [keɪk] made from a 2) Tart cake No. 1 ME → No. 2 mixture of flour, MJ eggs, butter, sugar, Cake in general → etc. that is baked in specifically used to an oven. Cakes are refer tart cake made in various shapes and sizes and are often decorated, for example with cream or icing. 2) A food mixture that is cooked in a round flat shape 53. Koramu 1) A tall, solid, 1) Column (e.g. in 1) Narrowing: [koɾamɯ] /column vertical post, newspaper), stand- a. No. 1 ME → - [ˈkɒləm] usually round and alone feature article No. 1 ME does not made of stone, framed by a box exist in MJ which supports or b. No. 2 ME → - decorates a No. 2 ME does not building or stands exist in MJ alone as a c. No. 3 ME → - monument No. 3 ME does not 2) A thing shaped exist in MJ like a column d. No. 5 ME → - 3) One of the No. 5 ME does not vertical sections exist in MJ into which the e. No. 6 ME → - printed page of a No. 6 ME does not book, newspaper, exist in MJ etc. is divided 4) A part of a newspaper or magazine which appears regularly and deals with a particular subject

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA or is written by a particular writer 5) A series of numbers or words arranged one under the other down a page 6) A long, moving line of people or vehicles 54. Kūrā [kɯ:ɾa:] 1) A container or 1) Cooler 1) Narrowing: /cooler [ˈkuːlə(r)] machine that cools 2) Air conditioner No. 2 ME → - things, especially No. 2 ME does not drinks, or keeps exist in MJ them cold 2) Broadening: 2) A drink with ice - →No. 2 MJ and usually wine in MJ adds new it definition to the word 55. Kyanbasu 1) A strong heavy 1) Canvas 1) Broadening: [kʲambasɯ] rough material 2) (Baseball) base - →No. 2 MJ /canvas [ˈkænvəs] used for making MJ adds new tents, sails, etc. and definition to the word by artists for (the word refers to painting on base (in baseball) in 2) A piece of MJ) canvas used for painting on; a painting done on a piece of canvas, using oil paints 56. Makaroni 1) Pasta in the 1) Macaroni 1) No semantic [makaɾoɲi] shape of hollow changes /macaroni tubes [mækəˈrəʊni] 57. Mama [mama] 1) mother 1) Mama 1) Narrowing: /mama [ˈmæmə] 2) In some places 2) Female No. 2 ME → - in Africa, a mother proprietress (of a No. 2 ME does not or older woman bar, etc) exist in MJ (often used as a 2) Broadening: title that shows - →No. 2 MJ respect) MJ adds new definition to the word 58. Manshon 1) A large 1) Large apartment 1) Shifting: [maɴʃoɴ] /mansion impressive house 2) Apartment house No. 1 & 2 ME → No. [ˈmænʃn] 2) (Plural) used in 1 & 2 MJ

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA the names of A large impressive blocks of flats house/used in the names of blocks of flats → apartment 59. Mazā [maza:] 1) A female parent 1) Mother 1) Broadening: /mother [ˈmʌðə(r)] of a child or 2) Motherboard - →No. 2 MJ animal; a person 3) Mother MJ adds new who is acting as a (Superior), a title of definition to the word mother to a child a senior nun 2) The title of a woman who is head of a convent (= a community of nuns) 60. Mishin [miʃiɴ] 1) A piece of 1) Sewing machine 1) Narrowing: /machine [məˈʃiːn] equipment with a. No. 1 ME → No. 1 moving parts that is MJ designed to do a Machine in general → particular job. The specifically refers to power used to work sewing machine a machine may be b. No. 2 ME → - electricity, steam, No. 2 ME does not gas, etc. or human exist in MJ power c. No. 3 ME → - 2) A particular No. 3 ME does not machine, for exist in MJ example in the d. No. 4 ME → - home, when you do No. 4 ME does not not refer to it by its exist in MJ full name 3) A group of people that control an organization or part of an organization 4) A person who acts automatically, without allowing their feelings to show or to affect their work 61. Napukin 1) A piece of cloth 1) (Table) napkin, 1) Narrowing: [napɯkiɴ] /napkin or paper used at serviette No. 3 ME → - [ˈnæpkɪn] meals for 2) Sanitary napkin No. 3 ME does not protecting your exist in MJ

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA clothes and cleaning your lips and fingers 2) Sanitary napkin 3) Nappy 62. Nekku 1) The part of the 1) Neck 1) Broadening: [nekkɯ] /neck body between the 2) Bottleneck - →No. 2 MJ [nek] head and the MJ adds new shoulders definition to the word 2) The part of a piece of clothing that fits around the neck 3) Neck (of something) a long narrow part of something 4) The neck of an animal, cooked and eaten 63. Nobu [nobɯ] 1) A round switch 1) Knob 1) Narrowing: /knob [nɒb] on a machine such 2) Doorknob a. No. 1 ME → - as a television that No. 1 ME does not you use to turn it exist in MJ on and off, etc b. No. 4 ME → - 2) A round handle No. 4 ME does not on a door or a exist in MJ drawer c. No. 5 ME → - 3) A round lump No. 5 ME does not on the surface or exist in MJ end of something 4) A small lump of something such as butter 5) A penis 64. Nōto [no:to] 1) A short piece of 1) Notebook, copy- 1) Narrowing: /note [nəʊt] writing to help you book, exercise a. No. 2E M → - remember book No. 2 EM does not something 2) Note exist in MJ 2) A short informal 3) Notebook PC b. No. 5 EM → - letter No. 5 EM does not 3) A short exist in MJ comment on a c. No. 6 ME → - word or passage in No. 6 ME does not a book exist in MJ

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 4) Information that d. No. 7 ME → - you write down No. 7 ME does not when somebody is exist in MJ speaking, or when e. No. 8 ME → - you are reading a No. 8 ME does not book, etc exist in MJ 5) Information f. No. 9 ME → - about a No. 9 ME does not performance, an exist in MJ actor‟s career, a g. No. 10 ME → - piece of music, etc. No. 10 ME does not printed in a special exist in MJ book or on a CD 2) Broadening: case, record cover, a. - →No. 1 MJ etc MJ adds new 6) A piece of paper definitions to the word money b. - →No. 3 MJ 7) A single sound MJ adds new of a particular definition to the word length and pitch (= how high or low a sound is), made by the voice or a musical instrument; the written or printed sign for a musical note 8) A particular quality in something, for example in somebody‟s voice or the atmosphere at an event 9) An official document with a particular purpose 10) An official letter from the representative of one government to another 65. Nyūsu [ɲɯ:sɯ] 1) New 1) News 1) Narrowing: /news [njuːz] information about No. 4 ME → - something that has No. 4 ME does not

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA happened recently exist in MJ 2) Reports of recent events that appear in newspapers or on television or radio 3) A regular television or radio broadcast of the latest news 4) A person, thing or event that is considered to be interesting enough to be reported as news 66. Oisutā 1) A large flat 1) Oyster 1) No semantic [oisɯta:] /oyster shellfish. Some changes [ˈɔɪstə(r)] types of oyster can be eaten and others produce shiny white jewels called pearls 67. Ōkesutora 1) A large group of 1) Orchestra 1) Narrowing: [o:kesɯtoɾa] people who play No. 2 ME → - /orchestra various musical No. 2 ME does not [ˈɔːkɪstrə] instruments exist in MJ together, led by a conductor 2) The seats that are nearest to the stage in a theatre 68. Orenji 1) A round citrus 1) Orange 1) No semantic [oɾeɴdʒi] /orange fruit with thick changes [ˈɒrɪndʒ] reddish-yellow skin and a lot of sweet juice 2) Orange juice, or a drink made from or tasting of oranges 3) A bright reddish-yellow colour 69. Orugan 1) A part of the 1) Organ (musical 1) Narrowing:

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA [oɾɯɡaɴ] /organ body that has a instrument) a. No. 1 ME → - [ˈɔːɡən] particular purpose, No. 1 ME does not such as the heart or exist in MJ the brain; part of a b. No. 2 ME → - plant with a No. 2 ME does not particular purpose exist in MJ 2) A penis c. No. 5 ME → - 3) A large musical No. 5 ME does not instrument with exist in MJ keys like a piano. d. No. 6 ME → - Sounds are No. 6 ME does not produced by air exist in MJ forced through pipes 4) A musical instrument similar to a pipe organ, but without pipes 5) An official organization that is part of a larger organization and has a special purpose 6) A newspaper or magazine that gives information about a particular group or organization; a means of communicating the views of a particular group 70. Ōshan [o:ʃaɴ] 1) The mass of salt 1) Ocean 1) Narrowing: /ocean [ˈəʊʃn] water that covers No. 2 ME → - most of the earth‟s No. 2 ME does not surface exist in MJ 2) One of the five large areas that the ocean is divided into 71. Pantsu 1) Underpants or 1) Underpants, 1) Narrowing: [paɴtsɯ] /pants knickers pants, briefs, a. No. 2 ME → No. 2 [pænts] 2) Trousers panties, shorts, MJ

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 3) Something you knickers Trousers in general → think is of poor 2) Trousers especially women‟s quality (especially b. No. 3 ME → - women‟s), No. 3 ME does not jodhpurs, breeches, exist in MJ pants, trunks (e.g. 2) Broadening: swimming) - →No. 2 MJ MJ adds new definition to the word (the word also refers to trunks in MJ) 72. Posuto 1) The official 1) Post, position 1) Narrowing: [posɯto] /post system used for 2) Postbox, mail a. No. 1 ME → - [pəʊst] sending and box, pillar box No. 1 ME does not delivering letters, exist in MJ packages, etc b. No. 2 ME → - 2) Letters, No. 2 ME does not packages, etc. that exist in MJ are sent and c. No. 3 ME → - delivered No. 3 ME does not 3) An occasion exist in MJ during the day d. No. 5 ME → - when letters, etc. No. 5 ME does not are collected or exist in MJ delivered e. No. 6 ME → - 4) A job, especially No. 6 ME does not an important one in exist in MJ a large f. No. 7 ME → - organization No. 7 ME does not 5) An act of exist in MJ sending somebody g. No. 8 ME → - to a particular place No. 8 ME does not to do their job, exist in MJ especially for a h. No. 9 ME → - limited period of No. 9 ME does not time exist in MJ 6) The place where i. No. 10 ME → - somebody, No. 10 ME does not especially a soldier, exist in MJ does their job 2) Broadening: 7) A piece of wood - →No. 2 MJ or metal that is set MJ adds new in the ground in a definition to the word vertical position, especially to

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA support something or to mark a point 8) The place where a race finishes, especially in horse racing 9) Goalpost 10) A message sent to a discussion group on the Internet; a piece of writing that forms part of a blog 73. Potto [potto] 1) A deep round 1) Pot (especially 1) Narrowing: /pot [pɒt] container used for teapot, coffee-pot) a. No. 1 ME → - cooking things in 2) Vacuum bottle, No. 1 ME does not 2) A container thermos flask exist in MJ made of glass, clay b. No. 2 ME → - or plastic, used for No. 2 ME does not storing food in exist in MJ 3) (Especially in c. No. 3 ME → No. 1 compounds) a MJ container of Container in general various kinds, → especially refers to made for a teapot, coffee-pot particular purpose d. No. 4 ME → - 4) The amount No. 4 ME does not contained in a pot exist in MJ 5) A bowl, etc. that e. No. 5 ME → - is made by a potter No. 5 ME does not 6) The total amount exist in MJ of money that is f. No. 6 ME → - bet in a card game No. 6 ME does not 7) All the money exist in MJ given by a group of g. No. 7 ME → - people in order to No. 7 ME does not do something exist in MJ together, for h. No. 8 ME → - example to buy No. 8 ME does not food exist in MJ 8) Marijuana i. No. 9 ME → - 9) Potshot No. 9 ME does not 10) (In the game of exist in MJ billiards, pool or j. No. 10 ME → - snooker) the act of No. 10 ME does not

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA hitting a ball into exist in MJ one of the pockets k. No. 11 ME → - around the edge of No. 11 ME does not the table exist in MJ 11) Pot belly 2) Broadening: - →No. 2 MJ MJ adds new definition to the word 74. Puranto 1) A living thing 1) Plant (i.e. 1) Narrowing: [pɯɾaɴto] /plant that grows in the equipment, a. No. 1 ME → - [plɑːnt] earth and usually machinery, etc) No. 1 ME does not has a stem, leaves exist in MJ and roots, b. No. 2 ME → - especially one that No. 2 ME does not is smaller than a exist in MJ tree or bush c. No. 4 ME → - 2) A factory or No. 4 ME does not place where power exist in MJ is produced or an d. No. 5 ME → - industrial process No. 5 ME does not takes place exist in MJ 3) The large machinery that is used in industrial processes 4) Something that somebody has deliberately placed among another person‟s clothes or possessions in order to make them appear guilty of a crime 5) A person who joins a group of criminals or enemies in order to get and secretly report information about their activities 75. Pūru [pɯ:ɾɯ] 1) Swimming pool 1) Swimming pool 1) Narrowing: /pool [puːl] 2) A small area of 2) Pool (billiards) a. No. 2 ME → - still water, 3) Pool (together) No. 2 ME does not

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA especially one that exist in MJ has formed b. No. 3 ME → - naturally No. 3 ME does not 3) A small amount exist in MJ of liquid or light c. No. 7 ME → - lying on a surface No. 7 ME does not 4) A supply of exist in MJ things or money that is shared by a group of people and can be used when needed 5) A group of people available for work when needed 6) A game for two people played with 16 balls on a table, often in pubs and bars. Players use cues (= long sticks) to try to hit the balls into pockets at the edge of the table 7) Football pools 76. Raisu [ɾaisɯ] 1) Short, narrow 1) Rice (especially 1) Narrowing: /rice [raɪs] white or brown when served on a No. 1 ME → No. 1 grain grown on wet plate) MJ land in hot Rice in all forms → countries as food; especially refers to the plant that cooked rice, served on produces this grain a plate in MJ 77. Ratto [ɾatto] 1) A small animal 1) (Laboratory or 1) Narrowing: /rat [ræt] with a long tail, pet) rat a. No. 1 ME → No. 1 that looks like a MJ large mouse, Rat in general → usually considered laboratory or pet rat a pest (= an animal b. No. 2 ME → - which is disliked No. 2 ME does not because it destroys exist in MJ food or spreads disease) 2) An unpleasant

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA person, especially one who is not loyal or who tricks somebody 78. Rekōdā 1) A machine for 1) Recorder (e.g. 1) Narrowing: [ɾeko:da:] recording sound or tape recorder, time a. No. 3 ME → - /recorder pictures or both recorder), No. 3 ME does not [rɪˈkɔːdə(r)] 2) A musical recording device exist in MJ instrument in the 2) Recorder b. No. 4 ME → - shape of a pipe that (musical No. 4 ME does not you blow into, with instrument), exist in MJ holes that you English flute 2) Broadening: cover with your No. 1 ME → No. 1 fingers MJ 3) A judge in a A machine for court in some parts recording sound or of Britain and the pictures or both → US recorder in general 4) A person who (any type of recorder) keeps a record of events or facts 79. Robotto 1) A machine that 1) Robot 1) Narrowing: [ɾobotto] /robot can perform a No. 3 ME → - [ˈrəʊbɒt] complicated series No. 3 ME does not of tasks exist in MJ automatically 2) (Especially in stories) a machine that is made to look like a human and that can do some things that a human can do 3) A traffic light 80. Rokkā [ɾokka:] 1) A small 1) Locker 1) No semantic /locker [ˈlɒkə(r)] cupboard that can changes be locked, where you can leave your clothes, bags, etc. while you play a sport or go somewhere 81. Saidā [saida:] 1) An alcoholic 1) Carbonated 1) Shifting: /cider [ˈsaɪdə(r)] drink made from beverage, No. 1-3 ME → No. 1 the juice of apples especially fruit MJ

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2) A drink made flavored An alcoholic or non- from the juice of alcoholic drink made apples that does not from the juice of contain alcohol apples/a glass of cider 3) A glass of cider → carbonated beverage, especially fruit flavored 82. Sain [saiɴ] 1) An event, an 1) Autograph, 1) Narrowing: /sign [saɪn] action, a fact, etc. signature a. No. 1 ME → - that shows that 2) Sign No. 1 ME does not something exists, is exist in MJ happening or may b. No. 3 ME → - happen in the No. 3 ME does not future exist in MJ 2) A piece of c. No. 4 ME → - paper, wood or No. 4 ME does not metal that has exist in MJ writing or a picture d. No. 5 ME → - on it that gives you No. 5 ME does not information, exist in MJ instructions, a 2) Broadening: warning, etc - →No. 1 MJ 3) A movement or MJ adds new sound that you definition to the word make to tell somebody something 4) A mark used to represent something, especially in mathematics 5) A star sign 83. Sākuru 1) A completely 1) Circle 1. Narrowing: [sa:kɯɾɯ] /circle round flat shape 2) Club (group with No. 4 ME → - [ˈsɜːkl] 2) The line that common interest) No. 4 ME does not forms the edge of a (e.g. company exist in MJ circle sports club) 3) A thing or a group of people or things shaped like a circle 4) (also balcony) an upper floor of a theatre or

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA cinema/movie theater where the seats are arranged in curved rows 5) A group of people who are connected because they have the same interests, jobs, etc. 84. Sofa [soɸa] 1) A long 1) Sofa 1) No semantic /sofa [ˈsəʊfə] comfortable seat changes with a back and arms, for two or more people to sit on 85. Sunakku 1) A small meal or 1) Snack 1) Narrowing: [sɯnakkɯ] /snack amount of food, 2) Snack bar No. 2 ME → - [snæk] usually eaten in a No. 2 ME does not hurry exist in MJ 2) A thing that is 2) Broadening: easy to do - →No. 2 MJ MJ adds new definition to the word 86. Tagu [taɡɯ] 1) A small piece of 1) Tag, label 1) Narrowing: /tag [tæɡ] paper, cloth, 2) Game of tag a. No. 2 ME → - plastic, etc. 3) Tag-team match No. 2 ME does not attached to 4) Working exist in MJ something to together as a team b. No. 3 ME → - identify it or give No. 3 ME does not information about exist in MJ it c. No. 4 ME → - 2) A name or No. 4 ME does not phrase that is used exist in MJ to describe a d. No. 5 ME → - person or thing in No. 5 ME does not some way exist in MJ 3) A word or e. No. 7 ME → - phrase that is added No. 7 ME does not to a sentence for exist in MJ emphasis, for 2) Broadening: example I do in a. - →No. 3 MJ Yes, I do MJ adds new 4) A set of letters definition to the word or symbols that are b. - →No. 4 MJ put before and after MJ adds new

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA a piece of text or definition to the word data in order to identify it or show that it is to be treated in a particular way 5) A short quotation or saying in a foreign language 6) A children‟s game in which one child chases the others and tries to touch one of them 7) A symbol or name used by a graffiti writer and painted in a public place 87. Tanburā 1) A glass for 1) Tumble dryer, 1) Narrowing: [tambɯɾa:] drinking out of, tumbler, tumbler a. No. 2 ME → - /tumbler with a flat bottom, dryer No. 2 ME does not [ˈtʌmblə(r)] straight sides and 2) Drinking cup exist in MJ no handle or stem b. No. 3 ME → - 2) The amount held No. 3 ME does not by a tumbler exist in MJ 3) An acrobat who 2) Broadening: performs - →No. 1 MJ somersaults (= a MJ adds new jump in which you definition to the word turn over (the word also refers completely in the to tumble dryer, air) tumbler dryer in MJ) 88. Taoru [taoɾɯ] 1) A piece of cloth 1) (Hand) towel 1) Narrowing: /towel [ˈtaʊəl] or paper used for No. 1 ME → No. 1 drying things, MJ especially your Towel in general → body hand towel 89. Toranpu 1) (also trump 1) Playing cards 1) Shifting: [toɾampɯ] /trump card) (in some No. 1 & 2 ME → No. [trʌmp] card games) a card 1 MJ that belongs to the Things used as tools to suit (= one of the play cards → playing four sets in a pack / cards

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA deck of cards) that has been chosen for a particular game to have a higher value than the other three suits 2) Trumps (in some card games) the suit that has been chosen for a particular game to have a higher value than the other three suits 90. Torēnā 1) A shoe that you 1) Trainer 1) Narrowing: [toɾe:na:] /trainer wear for sports or (Someone who a. No. 1 ME → - [ˈtreɪnə(r)] as informal works with sports No. 1 ME does not clothing athletes) exist in MJ 2) A person who 2) Sweatshirt b. No. 2 ME → No. 1 teaches people or MJ animals to perform Teaches people or a particular job or animals to perform a skill well, or to do particular job or skill a particular sport well, or to do a particular sport → teaches specifically sport athletes only 2) Broadening: - →No. 2 MJ MJ adds new definition to the word 91. Uehāsu 1) A thin crisp light 1) Wafers 1) Narrowing: [ɰeha:sɯ] /wafer biscuit/cookie, a. No. 2 ME → - [ˈweɪfə(r)] often eaten with ice No. 2 ME does not cream exist in MJ 2) A very thin b. No. 3 ME → - round piece of No. 3 ME does not special bread given exist in MJ by the priest during Communion 3) A very thin piece of something 92. Uesu [ɰesɯ] 1) The act of using 1) Rag (for 1) Shifting: /waste [weɪst] something in a wiping), waste No. 1 – 5 ME → No. 1 careless or (cloth) MJ

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA unnecessary way, Unneeded/unnecessary causing it to be lost act, situation, or destroyed materials or land with 2) A situation in very few inhabitants which it is not → Rag (for wiping), worth spending waste (cloth) time, money, etc. on something 3) Materials that are no longer needed and are thrown away 4) Material that the body gets rid of as solid or liquid material 5) A large area of land where there are very few people, animals or plants 93. Ukurere 1) A musical 1) Ukulele 1) No semantic [ɯkɯɾeɾe] /ukulele instrument with changes [ˌjuːkəˈleɪli] four strings, like a small guitar 94. Unikōru 1) (In stories) an 1) Unicorn 1) Narrowing: [ɯɲiko:ɾɯ] animal like a white No. 2 ME → - /unicorn horse with a long No. 2 ME does not [ˈjuːnɪkɔːn] straight horn on its exist in MJ head 2) A new company valued at more than a billion dollars, typically in the software or technology sector 95. Ūsuteddo 1) A type of cloth 1) Worsted 1) No semantic [ɯ:sɯteddo] made of wool with changes /worsted [ˈwʊstɪd] a smooth surface, used for making clothes 96. Waipā [ɰaipa:] 1) Windscreen 1) Windshield 1) No semantic /wiper [ˈwaɪpə(r)] wiper wipers changes

97. Wakkusu 1) A solid 1) Wax (for 1) Narrowing:

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA [ɰakkɯsɯ] /wax substance that is polishing) a. No. 1 ME → No. 1 [wæks] made from MJ beeswax or from Wax in general → various fats and specifically refers to oils and used for the one for polishing making candles, b. No. 2 ME → - polish, models, etc. No. 2 ME does not It becomes soft exist in MJ when it is heated 2) A soft sticky yellowish substance that is found in your ears 98. Webu [ɰebɯ] 1) Spider‟s web 1) Web 1) Narrowing: /web [web] 2) A complicated 2) World Wide a. No. 2 ME → - pattern of things Web, WWW, Web No. 2 ME does not that are closely exist in MJ connected to each b. No. 4 ME → - other No. 4 ME does not 3) World Wide exist in MJ Web 4) A piece of skin that joins the toes of some birds and animals that swim, for example ducks and frogs 99. Wētā [ɰe:ta:] 1) A person whose 1) Waiter 1) No semantic /waiter [ˈweɪtə(r)] job is to serve changes customers at their tables in a restaurant, etc 100. Wiggu 1) A piece of 1) Wig 1) No semantic [ɰiɡɡɯ] /wig artificial hair that is changes [wɪɡ] worn on the head, for example to hide the fact that a person is bald, to cover somebody‟s own hair, or by a judge and some other lawyers in some courts of law 101. Yādo [ja:do] 1) An area outside 1) Yard (unit of 1) Narrowing: /yard [jɑːd] a building, usually distance) a. No. 1 ME → -

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA with a hard surface No. 1 ME does not and a surrounding exist in MJ wall b. No. 2 ME → - 2) A piece of land No. 2 ME does not next to or around exist in MJ your house where c. No. 3 ME → - you can grow No. 3 ME does not flowers, fruit, exist in MJ vegetables, etc., d. No. 5 ME → - usually with a lawn No. 5 ME does not 3) An area of land exist in MJ used for a special purpose or business 4) A unit for measuring length, equal to 3 feet (36 inches) or 0.9144 of a metre 5) A long piece of wood fastened to a mast that supports a sail on a boat or ship 102. Yān [ja:ɴ] 1) Thread that has 1) Yarn 1) Narrowing: /yarn [jɑːn] been spun, used for No. 2 ME → - knitting, making No. 2 ME does not cloth, etc. exist in MJ 2) A long story, especially one that is exaggerated or invented 103. Yōguruto 1) A thick white 1) Yogurt, yoghurt, 1) No semantic [jo:ɡɯɾɯto] liquid food, made yoghourt changes /yogurt [ˈjɒɡət] by adding bacteria to milk, served cold and often flavoured with fruit; an amount of this sold in a small pot 104. Yotto [jotto] 1) A large sailing 1) Yacht (usually 1) Narrowing: /yacht [jɒt] boat, often also only used for a No. 1 ME → No. 1 with an engine and sailing boat with MJ a place to sleep on one mast) A large sailing boat, board, used for often also with an

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA pleasure trips and engine and a place to racing sleep on board, used for pleasure trips and racing → only used for a sailing boat with one mast 105. Yunibāshiti 1) An institution at 1) University 1) No semantic [jɯɲiba:ʃiti] the highest level of changes /university education where [ˌjuːnɪˈvɜːsəti] you can study for a degree or do research 106. Zebura 1) An African wild 1) Zebura 1) No semantic [zebɯɾa] /zebra animal like a horse changes [ˈziːbrə] with black and white lines (stripes) on its body 107. Zerachin 1) A clear 1) Gelatin, gelatine 1) No semantic [zeɾatʃiɴ] /gelatin substance without changes [ˈdʒelətɪn] any taste that is made from boiling animal bones and is used to make jelly, film for cameras, etc 108. Zero [zeɾo] 1) Nought/0 1) Zero 1. No semantic /zero [ˈzɪroʊ] 2) A temperature, 2) Nought changes pressure, etc. that is equal to zero on a scale 3) The lowest possible amount or level; nothing at all 109. Zonbi [zoɴbi] 1) A person who 1) Zombie 1) Narrowing: /zombie [ˈzɒmbi] seems only partly No. 1 ME → - alive, without any No. 1 ME does not feeling or interest exist in MJ in what is happening 2) A dead body that has been made alive again by magic 110. Zurōsu 1) Knickers or 1) Drawers, 1) Broadening: [zɯɾo:sɯ] underpants, knickers, bloomers - →No. 1 MJ

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA /drawers [drɔːz] especially ones that MJ adds new cover the upper definition to the word parts of the legs (the word also refers to bloomers in MJ)

From the analysis shown in the table, it can be seen that there are some loan words which have no semantic changes and some loan words which have semantic changes. All types of semantic changes, which are narrowing, broadening, and shifting, are found in the result of the analysis. The analysis is explained here by taking some words from the table above as the examples.

For the words which have no semantic changes, the word violin (no. 8) is taken as the example. In English, this word means “a musical instrument with strings, that you hold under your chin and play with a bow”, while in Japanese, the definition of it is only written as “violin”. So, in this case, the writer refers to point number one of things needed to be aware of in analyzing the data which is written before in chapter III. It is said there that if the meaning in Japanese only mentions the English word; the meaning of the word is taken as though the general meaning in English. Thus, the definition

“violin” in Japanese is taken as what it is in the general meaning in English. As the word in general would mean as it is in English definition, a musical instruments with strings attached to it, which is held under the chin and played with a bow, it has no semantic changes.

Another example of words which have no semantic changes is the word university (no. 105). In English, it would mean as “an institution at the highest level of education where you can study for a degree or do research”, while in Japanese, similar to

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA the first example, the definition of the word is only written as “university”. So, by applying the same point, the writer put this word in the no semantic changes type, as the meaning written in English definition is basically the general idea of the word meaning.

Next is the explanation of the analysis for the narrowing type. For this type, the word chain (no. 12) is taken as the example. In English, the word has five meanings, which are:

1. A series of connected metal rings, used for pulling or fastening things; a length of

chain used for a particular purpose

2. A series of connected things or people

3. A group of shops/stores or hotels owned by the same company

4. A thing that restricts somebody‟s freedom or ability to do something

5. A situation in which a number of people selling and buying houses must each

complete the sale of their house before buying from the next person.

Meanwhile in Japanese, it has two meanings which are:

1. Chain (bicycle, measuring, tire, etc)

2. Chain (store, hotel, etc).

It can be seen that the first meaning in English and Japanese has a similarity. The first meaning in English tells that chain is a series of connected metal rings or a length of chain used for a particular purpose such as pulling or fastening things. As for the first

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA meaning in Japanese, it refers chain as a length of connected metals used for many purposes such as for supporting bicycle mechanical system, measuring, and strengthening tires especially in the tough environment (e.g. snowy road). As they share the same general idea, it has no semantic changes at this point.

Looking at the definition in English and Japanese, the second meaning in

Japanese also has the same general idea with the third meaning in English, which refers chain as a group of stores or hotels that is owned by the same company, which usually have the same brand, too. So, it also has no semantic changes.

Excluding those two points above, other definitions which exist in English (the second, forth, and fifth meaning) does not exist in Japanese. In this case, the writer refers to point number four of things needed to be aware of in analyzing the data which is written before in chapter III. It is said there that if there is at least one meaning in

English which is not mentioned/included in the meaning in Japanese, it is a narrowing.

Thus, as there are three meanings in English which is not mentioned in the meaning in

Japanese, there are three narrowings that occur in this analysis.

Another example for narrowing type is taken from the word wax (no. 97). In

English, the word has two meanings:

1. A solid substance that is made from beeswax or from various fats and oils and used

for making candles, polish, models, etc. It becomes soft when it is heated

2. A soft sticky yellowish substance that is found in your ears.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA While in Japanese, it only has one meaning:

1. Wax (for polishing).

It can be seen that the first meaning in English and Japanese has a similarity, although the meaning in Japanese is more specific. The first meaning in English tells that wax is a solid substance that becomes soft when heated made from beeswax or various fats and oils used for many purposes such as candle-making, polishing, and model-making. However, in Japanese it refers specifically only to wax for polishing. As they share the same general idea, but Japanese has it more specific, the writer refers to point number five of things needed to be aware of in analyzing the data which is written before in chapter III. It says that if the meaning in Japanese is mentioned such as it is in

English, but more specific, it is a narrowing. Thus, as the first meaning in English is conveyed to the meaning in Japanese, but more specific, it is considered as narrowing.

Furthermore, as the second meaning in English does not take any place in the Japanese, it is also considered as narrowing. In total, there are two narrowings that occur in this analysis.

Next is the explanation of the analysis for the broadening type. For this type, the word Viking (no. 6) is taken as the example. In English, the word only means:

1. A member of a race of Scandinavian people who attacked and sometimes settled in

parts of Northwest Europe, including Britain, in the 8th to the 11th centuries.

Meanwhile, in Japanese it means:

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 1. Viking

2. Smorgasbord, all-you-eat buffet.

It can be seen that the first meaning in English and Japanese has a similarity. The first meaning in English tells that Viking is a member of a race of Scandinavian people who attacked and sometimes settled in parts of Northwest Europe, including Britain, in the 8th to the 11th centuries. Following point number one in chapter III, the first meaning in Japanese is taken as what it is in the general meaning in English. As the word in general would mean as it is in English definition, it has no semantic changes at this point.

However, in Japanese the word also refers to smorgasbord, or all-you-can-eat buffet, the kind of buffet, where people can eat as much food as they want in the specified time. As the Japanese has new meaning to the word, by referring to point number two in chapter III which says that if the meaning in Japanese does not exist in the meaning in English, it is a broadening, it is considered as broadening. So, there is one broadening that occurs in this analysis.

Another example for broadening type is taken from the word tag (no. 86). In

English, the word would mean:

1. A small piece of paper, cloth, plastic, etc. attached to something to identify it or give

information about it

2. A name or phrase that is used to describe a person or thing in some way

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 3. A word or phrase that is added to a sentence for emphasis, for example I do in Yes, I

4. A set of letters or symbols that are put before and after a piece of text or data in order

to identify it or show that it is to be treated in a particular way

5. A short quotation or saying in a foreign language

6. A children‟s game in which one child chases the others and tries to touch one of them

7. A symbol or name used by a graffiti writer and painted in a public place.

While in Japanese, it would mean as:

1. Tag, label

2. Game of tag

3. Tag-team match

4. Working together as a team.

It can be seen that the first meaning in English and Japanese has the same general idea which lead to them having no semantic changes. This also occurs in the sixth meaning in English with the second meaning in Japanese. As they have the same general idea of a game played by the children where one child chases the others and tries to touch one of them, they have no semantic changes. The other meanings exist in English do not exist in Japanese, and vice versa. Thus, as there are five meanings in English which do not have any place in Japanese definition, there are five narrowings that occur

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA here. Furthermore, the remaining two meanings exist in Japanese are considered to be broadenings. So, in total, there are five narrowings and two broadenings in this case.

Next is the explanation of the analysis for the shifting type. For this type, the word mansion (no. 58) is taken as the example. In English, the word means:

1. A large impressive house

2. Used in the names of blocks of flats.

While in Japanese, it means:

1. Large apartment

2. Apartment.

It can be seen that the meaning in English and Japanese has no similarity whatsoever. According to the first meaning in English, the word mansion means a large impressive house such as the ones owned by the upper class, with the roof and the likes, lived by one family (and servants). While the other meaning of mansion is used only in plural form for naming blocks of flats, for example: 2 Moscow Mansions, Cromwell

Road (taken from Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary). While in Japanese, the word is used to refer to a large apartment used as a house, not as a villa or other things. While in English the word is used only for naming the blocks of flats, and must be in the plural form, in Japanese, the word itself describes what kind of place someone is living in – which is a large kind of apartment – and it is used in a singular form. So, for this case, the writer refers to point number six in chapter III which says that if the original

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA meaning in English does not exist in Japanese and it has a new meaning that does not exist in English, it is a shift. According to this point, as the meaning of mansion in

English does not exist in Japanese, and vice versa, it is considered as a shift.

Another example for shifting is taken from the word waste (no. 92). In English, the word means:

1. The act of using something in a careless or unnecessary way causing it to be lost or

destroyed

2. A situation in which it is not worth spending time, money, etc. on something

3. Materials that are no longer needed and are thrown away

4. Material that the body gets rid of as solid or liquid material

5. A large area of land where there are very few people, animals or plants.

While in Japanese, it means:

1. Rag (for wiping), waste (cloth).

It can be seen that the meaning in English and Japanese also has no similarity whatsoever. According to the meaning in English, the word waste means an unworthy act that has been done, a situation not worth it of any spending, unneeded materials which are ready to be thrown away, body excretion, or land with very few inhabitants.

While in Japanese, such definitions do not exist. Instead, the word waste means rag or cloth which is usually used for wiping things, such as table and window. In this point of

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA view, it is still used and needed for wiping things, a value that does not exist in the

English definition. Thus, as the meaning in Japanese mentions a thing that is not mentioned in English, with a value that does not exist in English, it is a shifting.

4.2 Finding

Figure 4.2.1 Frequency of Semantic Changes and No Semantic Changes 100

80 60 40

Frequency 20 0 No Semantic Semantic Changes Changes Total 83 27

Looking at the figure, from a total amount of 110 loan words, 27 of them have no semantic changes while the other 83 loan words have semantic changes. The quantity of semantic changes occurrences from the selected loan words is far higher than the quantity of those having no semantic changes. From the result, one can see that English loan words in Japanese have a tendency of having semantic changes. Because, by looking at the analysis, it can be seen that there are a lot of English loan words in

Japanese which do not have the exact same meaning compared to its original meaning they have in English. The meaning of those loan words in Japanese go through changes, may it be broadened, narrowed, or shifted. While English loan words in Japanese which have the exact same meaning as it is in original meaning in English, are not as many as

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA the others which go through changes. By using Bungin‟s formula, one can count the percentage of each category:

Percentage of semantic changes = 83/110 x 100% = 75.4545…% = 75.5%

Percentage of no semantic changes = 27/110 x 100% = 24.5454…% = 24. 5%.

So, in this case, the most dominant type is the English loan words in Japanese which have semantic changes.

Figure 4.2.2 Frequency of Each Semantic Changes Types 200

150

100

Frequency 50

0 Narrowing Broadening Shifting Total 175 36 4

From 83 loan words which have semantic changes, there are, in total, 215 occurences of semantic changes. The frequency of the occurrences is higher than the amount of the loan words because one loan word may have more than one type and for each type, it may have more than one occurrence. From the figure above, it can be seen that there are 175 occurrences of narrowing, 36 occurrences of broadening and 4 occurrences of shifting. Those 175 occurences are considered as narrowing because the meaning of the English loan words in Japanese is more specific/narrower than they are in English, or there is at least one meaning in English which is not mentioned/included

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA in the meaning in Japanese. While another 36 occurences are called as broadening because there is/are additional meaning(s) of the English loan words in Japanese which do(es) not exist in the meaning in English, or the meaning in Japanese broaden the meaning which exists in English. The rest 4 occurences are mentioned as shifting because the original meaning in English does not exist in Japanese, and instead, it has a new meaning that does not exist in English. By using Bungin‟s formula, one can count the percentage of each category:

Percentage of narrowing = 175/215 x 100% = 81.3953…% = 81.4%

Percentage of broadening = 36/215 x 100% = 16.7441…% = 16. 7%

Percentage of shifting = 4/215 x 100% = 1.8604…% = 1. 9%.

So, in this case, narrowing is the most dominan type of semantic changes occurred in the

English loan words found in Japanese.

Figure 4.2.3 Frequency of Amount of Semantic Changes Types A Loan Word Has 70 60 50 40 30

Frequency 20 10 0 2 Types 1 Type Total 62 21

Like what it is said above, there are in total 215 occurrences of semantic changes from a total amount of 83 samples of English loan words in Japanese which have

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA semantic changes. It can be happened as one loan word may have more than one type and for each type, it may have more than one occurrence. There can be a loan word which has 5 narrowings and 2 broadenings, for example. So, it means that in the example there is a total of 7 semantic changes in this one loan word. From the analysis, it can be seen that at most, there can be 2 types of semantic changes that happen in one loan word. Those 2 types are always narrowing and broadening, while shifting is always in the 1 type category, as it cannot occur in the company of any other types of semantic changes. However, shifting is not the only one which is placed in the 1 type category.

Narrowing and broadening also have their place in the 1 type category, individually.

From the figure above, it can be seen that there are 62 loan words which have 2 types of semantic changes and 21 loan words which have 1 type of semantic changes. By using

Bungin‟s formula, one can count the percentage of each category:

Percentage of 2 types category = 62/83 x 100% = 74.6987…% = 74.7%

Percentage of 1 type category = 21/83 x 100% = 25.3012…% = 25. 3%.

So, in this case, English loan words found in Japanese which have 2 types of semantic changes are the most dominant one. It is said so because they get a hgher percentage than loan words which only have 1 type of semantic changes. Loan words which have 2 types of semantic changes get a percentage of 74.7%. On the other hand, loan words which have 1 type of semantic changes only get a percentage of 25.3%.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusion

Based on the analysis and the finding, it can be concluded that English loan words in Japanese may and may not have semantic changes. Some may have changes in the meaning compared to the original meaning and some may not have any changes at all, which means it adopts the whole meaning of the words in English. The result of the analysis shows that loan words with semantic changes are taking the first place as they have 83 out of 110 samples of loan words (75.5%). While, loan words with no semantic changes get the remaining 27 (24.5%).

The semantic changes are divided into three types, which are narrowing, broadening, and shifting in this thesis. Based on the result of the analysis, the writer concludes that all those three types are found when analyzing the semantic changes in the English loan words found in Japanese. Narrowing has taken the first place, which means it is the most dominant type regarding this topic, with a total of 175 out of 215 occurrences (81.4%). Broadening comes next with a total of 36 occurrences (16.7%), followed by shifting with only 4 occurrences (1.9%).

The occurrences of semantic changes are far higher than the total amount of loan words which have semantic changes, as they are 215 occurrences with only 83 loan words having semantic changes. Based on the analysis and finding, one can conclude that it is not limited to have only one occurrence and/or one type of semantic change for

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA each loan word. Looking at the result of the analysis, it can be seen that loan words which have 2 types of semantic changes come first with a total of 62 out of 83 loan words which have semantic changes (74.7%). While the remaining 21, goes for the loan words which have only 1 type of semantic changes (25.3%).

5.2 Suggestion

Semantic changes are important to be discussed, especially for people who want to learn particular language or people who often travel to new places. Even if they have loan words from language which people in general are familiar with, such as English, one must not take it easy as it may not mean the same as English in general. Lack of attention of this regard may cause a misunderstanding which is a hindrance in communicating with other people. This is why, to avoid confusion, more attention to this topic is necessary.

In analyzing this topic, it would be better for the other researchers who also study about this topic to equip themselves with the latest and the most completed edition of dictionary (English-English dictionary and Japanese-English dictionary). Having better dictionary, especially Japanese-English dictionary, would definitely help in improving the accuracy of the analysis result regarding this topic. Furthermore, by having native speaker who is an expert in this field from each language to be the respondents, the result of the analysis would be more dependable. However, regardless of all that, the most important things that need to be done in extra awareness are in taking the samples and analyzing the data as detail as possible.

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