Semantic Changes of English Loan Words Found In
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SEMANTIC CHANGES OF ENGLISH LOAN WORDS FOUND IN JAPANESE A THESIS By: HANNAH REG. NO. 140705140 DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2019 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA AUTHOR’S DECLARATION I, HANNAH, DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED ANOTHER DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT DUE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION. Signed : Date : February 7 2019 i UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA COPYRIGHT DECLARATION NAME : HANNAH TITLE OF THESIS : SEMANTIC CHANGES OF ENGLISH LOAN WORDS FOUND IN JAPANESE QUALIFICATION : S1/SARJANA SASTRA DEPARTMENT : ENGLISH I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA. Signed : Date : February 7 2019 ii UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost, all praise, honor, and glory to Jesus Christ for it is only because of His grace, and blessing this research can be finished until the end. Thanks God for giving me knowledge, strength, ability, and opportunity to undertake, persist, and finish this research study satisfactorily. Thanks God for all His guidance, and encouragement whenever I am stuck with the study. Without His blessings, this achievement would not have been possible. Special thanks to my family. My deepest gratitude to my parents, Akim Rina and Sayuri, for all the supports, encouragements, prayers, and everything you have done for my sake. Thank you to my siblings: Gracia and Ivan Joshua, who makes my life never flat. Hope your studies will be better than mine. Thanks to my grandma, Tjong Mie Moi, who has been taking care of me since I was a baby. I can be where I am now thanks to all of you. I am deeply indebted to my supervisor, Prof. Dr. Drs. Syahron Lubis, M.A., B.A., for his thoughtful guidance, time, patience, advice, input, and encouragement through the whole process of the research. I also express my gratitude to my co- supervisor Dian Marisha Putri, S.S., M.Si, who has helped me a lot to better my research from the beginning to the end of this study. Greatest gratitude also goes to my examiners, Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D and Dr. Drs. Umar Mono, Dipl. Trans., M. Hum, for their advices, inputs, and crucial contributions to the improvement of this study. Furthermore, I would also like to thank my academic supervisor, Drs. Mohammad Syafi’ie Siregar, M.A. who always checks upon me to make sure that everything is ok throughout my study. My deepest gratitude also goes to the Head and the Sectretary of English Department, Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D. and Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D., and all the lecturers of the English Department of University of Sumatera Utara for all the knowledge they have been teaching me, and all the oppurtunity iii UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA that has been given to me throughout my academic years. I would also like to express my special appreciation to our administrator of the English Department, Mr. Sukirno, who is also known as Bang Kibot, for all of his help since the beginning until the end of the research. Last but not least, I would like to thank my friends. Thanks to all 3 classes of English Literature 2014, especially to class C where I belong, for saying hello whenever we meet, for helping me, for smiling, and chatting with me. You rock! Thanks to Nadra, Felicia, Lidya, Firola (Olla), Suci, Teguh, Christine, Wigun, Nini, Ayna, and to all of those, whose names cannot be written for, then, it will be too long as acknowledgments. Thank you for accompanying me in this wonderful journey during these years. I really enjoy all of our talk about every random thing, any topic possible. I really appreciate all kinds of recommendation you all have told me, from basic things like movie, drama series, food, songs to specific ones like k- drama, manga, anime, novels, reality shows. I may sometimes be a pain to deal with, especially when I forcefully asked you to listen to the songs I recommended, hoping that you would also love it, but, even so, thank you for still bearing with me. Moving on to a new stage in life can be a challenging process. Even so, I wish for the best of luck for the next phase of our life. Medan, February 7 2019 Hannah Reg. No. 140705140 iv UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ABSTRAK Skripsi yang berjudul “Semantic Changes of English Loan Words Found in Japanese” ini adalah sebuah studi mengenai bahasa dalam bidang semantik, terutama mengenai kontak bahasa. Skripsi ini mendiskusikan mengenai jenis perubahan makna apa saja yang ada pada kata serapan bahasa Inggris dalam bahasa Jepang dan yang mana yang paling dominan. Teori yang digunakan untuk mengklasifikasikan tiap-tiap perubahan makna yang ada adalah teori yang dikemukakan oleh Fromkin, Rodman, dan Hyam (2011). Mereka mengelompokkan perubahan makna menjadi tiga jenis, yaitu, penyempitan, perluasan, dan perubahan total. Penelitian yang dilakukan untuk skripsi ini adalah penelitian kepustakaan, melihat bahwa dokumen tertulislah, yang dalam hal ini merupakan buku-buku, yang akan dianalisa. Dalam penelitian ini, ditemukan 215 perubahan makna. Ditemukan ketiga jenis perubahan makna pada kata serapan bahasa Inggris dalam bahasa Jepang dengan penyempitan yang paling dominan dengan total 175 kejadian (81.4%), diikuti dengan perluasan dengan 36 kejadian (16.7%), dan perubahan total dengan 4 kejadian (1.9%). Dalam penelitian ini juga ditemukan bahwa di antara 110 sampel kata serapan, 83 di antaranya mengalami perubahan makna (75.5%) sedang 27 sisanya tidak mengalami perubahan makna (24.5%). Terdapat 62 kata serapan yang mempunyai 2 jenis perubahan makna (74.7%) dan 21 kata serapan yang hanya mempunyai 1 jenis perubahan makna (25.3%). Kata kunci: Semantik, kontak bahasa, kata serapan, perubahan makna, penyempitan, perluasan, perubahan total v UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ABSTRACT This thesis entitled “Semantic Changes of English Loan Words Found in Japanese” is a study about language in the semantic field, especially, regarding the language contact. It discusses about what kind of semantic changes that occur in English loan words found in Japanese along with which one is the most dominant. The theory that is used for classifying each semantic change is the one proposed by Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyam (2011). They divide the semantic changes into three, which are narrowing, broadening, and shifting. The research conducted for this thesis is a library research, as written documents, which are books in this case, are the ones which are to be analyzed. In this research, 215 occurrences of semantic changes are found. All types of semantic changes are exist in the English loan words found in Japanese, with narrowing taking the first place with a total of 175 occurrences (81.4%), followed by broadening with 36 occurrences (16.7%), and shifting with 4 occurrences (1.9%). It is also found that among 110 samples of loan words, 83 of them have semantic changes (75.5%) while the remaining 27 have no semantic changes (24.5%). There are 62 loan words which have 2 types of semantic changes (74.7%) and 21 loan words which have only 1 type of semantic changes (25.3%). Keywords: Semantic, language contact, loan word, semantic changes, narrowing, broadening, shifting vi UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA TABLE OF CONTENTS AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ................................................................................. i COPYRIGHT DECLARATION .............................................................................. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ......................................................................................... iii ABSTRAK .................................................................................................................. v ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................ vi TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................... vii LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................... viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................... ix CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION .............................................................................. 1 1.1 Background of the Study .................................................................. 1 1.2 Problems of the Study ....................................................................... 6 1.3 Objectives of the Study ..................................................................... 6 1.4 Scope of the Study ............................................................................ 7 1.5 Significances of the Study ................................................................ 7 CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE .......................................................... 9 2.1 Loan Words ....................................................................................... 9 2.2 Words in Japanese