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Veganskur Vísdómur-PDF-FINAL-MKÁPU Háskóli Íslands Hugvísindasvið Heimspeki Veganskur vísdómur Rökgreining og innsæi sameinast fyrir velferð dýra Ritgerð til BA-prófs Áskell Jónsson Kt.: 1808852509 Leiðbeinandi: Henry Alexander Henrysson Maí 2019 ÁGRIP Ritgerðin fjallar um veganisma, annmarka hans og ágæti. Athyglinni verður sérstaklega beint að því sem ég kalla „gráu svæðin“ í veganisma, sem eru sérstakar áskoranir fyrir þessa hugmyndafræði. Grá svæði eru t.d. grisjun stofna sem eru að stækka of hratt, gæludýrahald, meindýravarnir og framtíð ræktaðra tegunda (þ.e.a.s. tegunda sem hafa verið ræktaðar en geta ekki sjálf lifað af í náttúrunni). Gráu svæðin hafa verið notuð af andstæðingum veganista sem uppgjöf eða aðgerðaleysi gagnvart siðferðisvandanum. Gráu svæðin hafa sömuleiðis verið hunsuð of lengi af veganistum sjálfum sem benda frekar á önnur augljósari vandamál og ýta á undan sér átökum við þessar flóknari áskoranir. Það má segja sem svo að gráu svæðin séu ákveðið öngstræti fyrir veganista og andstæðinga hans. Í ritgerðinni verður því haldið fram að ástæðan fyrir „öngstrætinu“ sé skortur á „hinu mannlega“ í umræðunni. Hið mannlega tengist hlutum eins og tilfinningum (e. feelings), innsæi (e. intuition) og huglægni (e. subjectivity). Ofuráhersla á rökgreiningu hefur tilhneigingu til að horfa framhjá þessum tilteknu fyrirbærum. Hugmyndin er að hið mannlega geti hjálpað til við að leysa vandann (a.m.k. að hluta) sem veganska hugmyndafræðin og veganska hreyfingin er að kljást við. Þá er einnig vonast til að afraksturinn geti stuðlað að ígrundaðri umræðu milli veganista og andstæðinga þeirra. Það virðist ákjósanlegt sérstaklega í ljósi þess að veganismi er að mörgu leyti mikilvæg siðferðileg meginregla þrátt fyrir talsverða annmarka. &1 EFNISYFIRLIT Ágrip 1 Inngangur 3 I. HLUTI — FORSENDUR 1. Hva" er veganismi? 5 2. Næringargildi, umhverfisáhrif og mismunandi #arfir 8 II. HLUTI — SIÐFERÐISVANDINN 3. Skynjun, upplifun, #jáning, vir"ing 11 4. Hagsmunir, eiginleikar og tegundahyggja 15 III. HLUTI — ÁSKORANIR OG ÚRLAUSNIR 5. Gráu svæ"in og hugmyndafræ"ilegir annmarkar 20 6. Mismunandi sjónarhorn og tengsl í si"fræ"i 25 7. Innsæi í si"fræ"i 28 Lokaor"! 32 Heimildaskrá 36 &2 Inngangur %essi ritger" var" til vegna vaxandi stefnu í samtímanum sem ber heiti" „veganismi“. A" mörgu leyti er um heimspekilega stefnu a" ræ"a. Stefnunni hefur smám saman vaxi" fiskur um hrygg á umli"num árum og vinsældir veganisma vir"ast vera a" færast í aukanna.1 2 3 %a" er tímabært fyrir heimspekinga a" breg"ast vi" #ví me" #ví a" spyrja spurninga, ræ"a málin, greina rökin og leita a" ásættanlegri ni"urstö"u. Veganismi er sú ástundun a" neita sér um d$raafur"ir, sérstaklega #egar kemur a" mat, samkvæmt #eirri heimsmynd sem hafnar alfari" a" d$r séu neysluvara. Sú manneskja sem fylgir #essari stefnu kallast „vegan“. Íslensku hugtökin „grænkerahyggja“ og „grænmetishyggja“ hafa stundum veri" notu" yfir #essa stefnu en #au vir"ast heldur til einblína á fæ"u úr jurtaríkinu. Tökuor"in vegan og veganismi fela í sér mun meira en bara grænmetisfæði. %ess vegna vir"ist vi" hæfi a" nota tökuor"in frekar en #au íslensku #ótt n$yr"in séu í sjálfu sér ágæt. Í grófum dráttum er veganismi sérstæ" stefna sem hefur #a" a" meginmarkmi"i a" tryggja velferð dýra #ar sem raddir veganista tala fyrir #au d$r sem ekki geta tjá" sig á mannamáli. Er si"fer"ilega ámælisvert a" drepa d$r? Ef svo er, er #á veganismi lausn á vandamálinu e"a er hægt a" fara a"rar og betri lei"ir? %essar spurningar ver"a rau"i #rá"urinn í ritger"inni og vonandi ver"ur hægt a" svara #eim almennilega í lok hennar. Si"fer"ilegar spurningar eins og #essar spretta fram #egar vi" sko"um framlei"slu d$raafur"a og neyslu á #eim. Hér er ekki einungis átt vi" hvernig framlei"slunni er hátta" heldur líka hvort hún eigi yfir höfu" rétt á sér. Fæ"uöflun felur ávallt í sér si"fer"ileg vi"mi" sem ver"a til í menningu okkar. %essi vi"mi" #arf a" sko"a, vandlega og reglulega til a" skilja ástæ"ur #eirra og rætur. Veganismi á #ess vegna margt sameiginlegt me" mannréttindahreyfingum fortí"ar. Líkt og hvítt fólk #urfti a" breyta vi"horfum sínum til #ess a" blökkumenn fengju vi"urkenningu og karlmenn breyttu vi"horfum sínum til #ess a" auka jafnrétti kynjanna #arf mannkyni" nú a" breyta vi"horfum sínum fyrir vi"urkenningu annarra d$ra. 1 Olivia Petter, „Seven per cent of British people have gone plant-based,“ The Independent https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/food- and-drink/vegans-uk-rise-popularity-plant-based-diets-veganism-figures-survey-compare-the-market-a8286471.html 2 Dan Hancox, „The unstoppable rise of veganism: how a fringe movement went mainstream,“ The Guardian https:// www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2018/apr/01/vegans-are-coming-millennials-health-climate-change-animal-welfare 3 Janet Forgrieve „The Growing Acceptance of Veganism,“ Forbes https://www.forbes.com/sites/janetforgrieve/2018/11/02/picturing-a- kindler-gentler-world-vegan-month/#11156d2d2f2b &3 %a" #arf a" sko"a hversu heildstæð hugsunin er bak vi" #essi vi"mi". Veganismi er si"fer"isafsta"a gegn núverandi vi"mi"um en #a" #$"ir ekki a" veganismi sé undanskilinn #ví sem #arf a" sko"a vandlega. %egar betur er a" gá" má sjá vankanta á rökfærslum, bæ"i me"al #eirra sem hafna si"fer"isvandanum en einnig me"al #eirra sem vi"urkenna hann. Ef veganismi er gó" og heildstæ" hugmyndafræ"i #á ætti hann a" gefa greinagó" svör vi" si"fer"ilegum álitamálum, ekki bara vi" #eim sem vir"ast augljós, heldur líka vi" #eim óljósu — #ó svo a" #au séu vandme"farin og flóknari í framkvæmd. %egar á reynir ver"ur fyrst hægt a" sjá hversu heildstæ" hugsunin er sem veganismi byggir á. Ritger"inni er skipt í eftirfarandi eftirfarandi hluta og kafla. Fyrsti hluti (forsendur) inniheldur tvo kafla, annars vegar kafla um veganisma og mismunandi tegundir hans og hins vegar kafla um næringargildi, umhverfisáhrif og mismunandi #arfir. Annar hluti (si"fer"isvandinn) telur sömulei"is tvo kafla. Fyrsti kafli fjallar um um skynjun, upplifun og #jáningu #ar sem vir"ing fyrir einstaklingum í d$raríkinu kemur í ljós. Svo kemur kafli um hagsmuni, eiginleika og tegundahyggju. Hér er átt vi" mismunandi hagsmuni og mismunandi eiginleika en líka sameiginlega hagsmuni og sameiginlega eiginleika. %ri"ji hluti (áskoranir og lausnir) telur #rjá kafla. Fyrsti kaflinn fjallar um svoköllu" „grá svæ"i“ sem eru áskoranir fyrir veganisma. Grá svæ"i í veganisma eru t.d. grisjun stofna sem eru a" stækka of hratt og framtí" rækta"ra tegunda (#.e.a.s. tegunda sem hafa veri" rækta"ar en geta ekki sjálf lifa" af í náttúrunni). Gráu svæ"in hafa of oft veri" hunsu" af veganistum. Gráu svæ"in hafa líka veri" notu" af andstæ"ingum veganista sem uppgjöf e"a a"ger"aleysi gagnvart si"fer"isvandanum. Næstu tveir kaflar fjalla um hvernig mögulega er hægt a" breg"ast vi" #eirri uppgjöf í umræ"unni sem gráu svæ"in hafa (a" hluta) orsaka". Málami"lun hefur, a" er vir"ist, sjaldan veri" reynd í umræ"unni milli veganista og gagnr$nenda stefnunnar. Sömulei"is vir"ist „hi" mannlega“ í umræ"unni vera hunsa" eftir fremsta megni, #a" af bá"um fylkingum. Hi" mannlega tengist hlutum eins og tengslum, tilfinningum, innsæi (e. intuition) og huglægni (e. subjectivity). Ofuráhersla á rökgreiningu hefur tilhneigingu til a" horfa framhjá #essum tilteknu fyrirbærum. A" lokum ver"a fær" rök fyrir #ví a" veganismi sé í raun ófullkomin hugmyndafræ"i fyrir velfer" d$ra #rátt fyrir mikla kosti. %etta sést #egar veganisma er stillt upp gegn helstu áskorunum hans (gráu svæ"unum). %á má sjá a" hugmyndafræ"in sjálf stendur í vegi fyrir &4 hagsmunum d$ranna, #a" er a" segja í vegi fyrir markmi"um hugmyndafræ"innar sjálfrar. %a" er svo sem ekkert n$tt a" hugmyndafræ"i standi í vegi fyrir markmi"um sínum ef hún er tekin of bókstaflega. En #a" #$"ir ekki a" hugmyndafræ"in sé gagnslaus. Me"vitund og áminning um annmarkana er lykilatri"i. Einn megintilgangur ritger"arinnar er a" skilningur á #eim áskorunum sem veganismi stendur á móti geti a" hluta hjálpa" til vi" a" leysa vandann sem veganska hugmyndafræ"in og veganska hreyfingin er a" kljást vi". %á er einnig vonast til a" afraksturinn geti stu"la" a" ígrunda"ri umræ"u milli veganista og andstæ"inga #eirra. I. HLUTI: FORSENDUR 1. Hvað er veganismi? Fólk sem a"hyllist veganisma kallast almennt vegan grænmetisætur. %essi hópur grænmetisæta bor"ar engar afur"ir d$ra, hvorki líkama #eirra, mjólk né egg. A" sama skapi for"ast vegan alla n$tingu varnings sem prófa"ur hefur veri" e"a unninn a" einhverju leyti úr d$rum, t.a.m. le"ur, ull, silki og snyrtivörur sem innihalda d$raafur"ir e"a hafa veri" prófa"ar á d$rum. Á matse"linum eru engar d$raafur"ir og #ar af lei"andi ekkert kjötso", ostar og a"rar mjólkur vörur, majónes sem inniheldur egg, hunang e"a vörur sem innihalda gelatín svo dæmi séu tekin.4 — Samtök grænmetisæta á Íslandi (stofnu" 4. maí 2013) Veganismi hefur veri" ástunda"ur í meira en tvö #úsund ár #rátt fyrir a" hugtökin veganismi og vegan séu frekar n$leg. Me"al fyrstu heimilda um vegan-pælingar má t.d. finna hjá Gautama Búdda (um 563 f.Kr.–483 f.Kr.). Philip Kapleau skrifa"i bók um vi"horf Búdda gagnvart d$rum og hér vitnar hann í Gautama sjálfan: „Til a" sporna vi" #jáningu skyni gæddra vera #á ætti bodisattva,5 sem ræktar me" sér samkennd, a" neita sér um kjöt“.6 Hér er Búdda #ó a"eins a" tala um kjöt og #rátt fyrir a" líkamar d$ra séu kannski a"alatri"i" #á gengur veganismi talsvert lengra en #a" eins og kom fram í inngangi.
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