Intellectual Territories in Anglo-Saxon England
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Middlewich Before the Romans
MIDDLEWICH BEFORE THE ROMANS During the last few Centuries BC, the Middlewich area was within the northern territories of the Cornovii. The Cornovii were a Celtic tribe and their territories were extensive: they included Cheshire and Shropshire, the easternmost fringes of Flintshire and Denbighshire and parts of Staffordshire and Worcestershire. They were surrounded by the territories of other similar tribal peoples: to the North was the great tribal federation of the Brigantes, the Deceangli in North Wales, the Ordovices in Gwynedd, the Corieltauvi in Warwickshire and Leicestershire and the Dobunni to the South. We think of them as a single tribe but it is probable that they were under the control of a paramount Chieftain, who may have resided in or near the great hill‐fort of the Wrekin, near Shrewsbury. The minor Clans would have been dominated by a number of minor Chieftains in a loosely‐knit federation. There is evidence for Late Iron Age, pre‐Roman, occupation at Middlewich. This consists of traces of round‐ houses in the King Street area, occasional finds of such things as sword scabbard‐fittings, earthenware salt‐ containers and coins. Taken together with the paleo‐environmental data, which hint strongly at forest‐clearance and agriculture, it is possible to use this evidence to create a picture of Middlewich in the last hundred years or so before the Romans arrived. We may surmise that two things gave the locality importance; the salt brine‐springs and the crossing‐points on the Dane and Croco rivers. The brine was exploited in the general area of King Street, and some of this important commodity was traded far a‐field. -
RULES of PLAY COIN Series, Volume VIII by Marc Gouyon-Rety
The Fall of Roman Britain RULES OF PLAY COIN Series, Volume VIII by Marc Gouyon-Rety T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S 1.0 Introduction ............................2 6.0 Epoch Rounds .........................18 2.0 Sequence of Play ........................6 7.0 Victory ...............................20 3.0 Commands .............................7 8.0 Non-Players ...........................21 4.0 Feats .................................14 Key Terms Index ...........................35 5.0 Events ................................17 Setup and Scenarios.. 37 © 2017 GMT Games LLC • P.O. Box 1308, Hanford, CA 93232 • www.GMTGames.com 2 Pendragon ~ Rules of Play • 58 Stronghold “castles” (10 red [Forts], 15 light blue [Towns], 15 medium blue [Hillforts], 6 green [Scotti Settlements], 12 black [Saxon Settlements]) (1.4) • Eight Faction round cylinders (2 red, 2 blue, 2 green, 2 black; 1.8, 2.2) • 12 pawns (1 red, 1 blue, 6 white, 4 gray; 1.9, 3.1.1) 1.0 Introduction • A sheet of markers • Four Faction player aid foldouts (3.0. 4.0, 7.0) Pendragon is a board game about the fall of the Roman Diocese • Two Epoch and Battles sheets (2.0, 3.6, 6.0) of Britain, from the first large-scale raids of Irish, Pict, and Saxon raiders to the establishment of successor kingdoms, both • A Non-Player Guidelines Summary and Battle Tactics sheet Celtic and Germanic. It adapts GMT Games’ “COIN Series” (8.1-.4, 8.4.2) game system about asymmetrical conflicts to depict the political, • A Non-Player Event Instructions foldout (8.2.1) military, religious, and economic affairs of 5th Century Britain. -
'J.E. Lloyd and His Intellectual Legacy: the Roman Conquest and Its Consequences Reconsidered' : Emyr W. Williams
J.E. Lloyd and his intellectual legacy: the Roman conquest and its consequences reconsidered,1 by E.W. Williams In an earlier article,2 the adequacy of J.E.Lloyd’s analysis of the territories ascribed to the pre-Roman tribes of Wales was considered. It was concluded that his concept of pre- Roman tribal boundaries contained major flaws. A significantly different map of those tribal territories was then presented. Lloyd’s analysis of the course and consequences of the Roman conquest of Wales was also revisited. He viewed Wales as having been conquered but remaining largely as a militarised zone throughout the Roman period. From the 1920s, Lloyd's analysis was taken up and elaborated by Welsh archaeology, then at an early stage of its development. It led to Nash-Williams’s concept of Wales as ‘a great defensive quadrilateral’ centred on the legionary fortresses at Chester and Caerleon. During recent decades whilst Nash-Williams’s perspective has been abandoned by Welsh archaeology, it has been absorbed in an elaborated form into the narrative of Welsh history. As a consequence, whilst Welsh history still sustains a version of Lloyd’s original thesis, the archaeological community is moving in the opposite direction. Present day archaeology regards the subjugation of Wales as having been completed by 78 A.D., with the conquest laying the foundations for a subsequent process of assimilation of the native population into Roman society. By the middle of the 2nd century A.D., that development provided the basis for a major demilitarisation of Wales. My aim in this article is to cast further light on the course of the Roman conquest of Wales and the subsequent process of assimilating the native population into Roman civil society. -
Coin Inscriptions and the Origins of Writing in Pre-Roman Britain1 Jonathan Williams
COIN INSCRIPTIONS AND THE ORIGINS OF WRITING IN PRE-ROMAN BRITAIN1 JONATHAN WILLIAMS Introduction THE subject of writing in pre-Roman Britain has, until recently, been the object of curious neglect among archaeologists and historians. One simple reason for this is that there is not very much of it in evidence. There are no lapidary inscriptions, and only a few, short graffiti and other scraps of evidence (on which see more below). Contrast this with the situation after the Roman conquest, and the overwhelming impression is that pre-Roman Britain was essentially a pre-literate society, and that writing was brought to Britain by the Romans. And yet there is the not inconsiderable corpus of coin legends from pre-Roman Britain which, if allowed to do so, might seem to tell a rather different story. The object of this paper is to see what kind of story that might be. It has always been a major blind-spot of numismatists, and increasingly archaeologists too since they stopped reading ancient texts, that they tend not to think very much about coin legends other than as a key to attributing the coin to a particular tribe, city or ruler. One result of this is that it seems to have gone more or less unremarked upon in most treatments of late iron-age Britain that the coin legends that appear on the coins in the late first century BC are the first, and by far the largest, body of evidence for the introduction of writing into these islands and of its uses in the pre-Roman period. -
The Britons in Late Antiquity: Power, Identity And
THE BRITONS IN LATE ANTIQUITY: POWER, IDENTITY AND ETHNICITY EDWIN R. HUSTWIT Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Bangor University 2014 Summary This study focuses on the creation of both British ethnic or ‘national’ identity and Brittonic regional/dynastic identities in the Roman and early medieval periods. It is divided into two interrelated sections which deal with a broad range of textual and archaeological evidence. Its starting point is an examination of Roman views of the inhabitants of the island of Britain and how ethnographic images were created in order to define the population of Britain as 1 barbarians who required the civilising influence of imperial conquest. The discussion here seeks to elucidate, as far as possible, the extent to which the Britons were incorporated into the provincial framework and subsequently ordered and defined themselves as an imperial people. This first section culminates with discussion of Gildas’s De Excidio Britanniae. It seeks to illuminate how Gildas attempted to create a new identity for his contemporaries which, though to a certain extent based on the foundations of Roman-period Britishness, situated his gens uniquely amongst the peoples of late antique Europe as God’s familia. The second section of the thesis examines the creation of regional and dynastic identities and the emergence of kingship amongst the Britons in the late and immediately post-Roman periods. It is largely concerned to show how interaction with the Roman state played a key role in the creation of early kingships in northern and western Britain. The argument stresses that while there were claims of continuity in group identities in the late antique period, the socio-political units which emerged in the fifth and sixth centuries were new entities. -
Map 8 Britannia Superior Compiled by A.S
Map 8 Britannia Superior Compiled by A.S. Esmonde-Cleary, 1996 with the assistance of R. Warner (Ireland) Introduction Britain has a long tradition of antiquarian and archaeological investigation and recording of its Roman past, reaching back to figures such as Leland in the sixteenth century. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries the classically-educated aristocracy and gentry of a major imperial and military power naturally felt an affinity with the evidence for Rome’s presence in Britain. In the twentieth century, the development of archaeology as a discipline in its own right reinforced this interest in the Roman period, resulting in intense survey and excavation on Roman sites and commensurate work on artifacts and other remains. The cartographer is therefore spoiled for choice, and must determine the objectives of a map with care so as to know what to include and what to omit, and on what grounds. British archaeology already has a long tradition of systematization, sometimes based on regions as in the work of the Royal Commissions on (Ancient and) Historic Monuments for England (Scotland and Wales), but also on types of site or monument. Consequently, there are available compendia by Rivet (1979) on the ancient evidence for geography and toponymy; Wacher (1995) on the major towns; Burnham (1990) on the “small towns”; Margary (1973) on the roads that linked them; and Scott (1993) on villas. These works give a series of internally consistent catalogs of the major types of site. Maps of Roman Britain conventionally show the island with its modern coastline, but it is clear that there have been extensive changes since antiquity, and that the conventional approach risks understating the differences between the ancient and the modern. -
Coinage and the Settlements of the Corieltauvi in East Midland Britain
COINAGE AND THE SETTLEMENTS OF THE CORIELTAUVI IN EAST MIDLAND BRITAIN JEFFREY MAY IN the Iron Age, East Midland Britain was geographically quite different from its present-day configuration, and this difference has a direct bearing on our understanding of the region's archaeology in general and its coinage in particular.1 Recent research suggests that a vast area around the Wash, and perhaps also the middle reaches of the river Humber, consisted of marshes, creeks, low islands or even open sea,2 and much of the land at present below about 7m O.D. seems unlikely to have carried substantial Iron Age settlement. The East Midlands were virtually isolated from East Anglia, except by sea across the mouth of the Wash from the Norfolk coast around Snettisham to the south-eastern tip of the Lincolnshire Wolds. The Oxfordshire-Northamptonshire uplands extend northwards through Leicestershire and south Nottinghamshire, but in a corridor of higher ground narrowing to no more than a width of about 10 km through the Parts of Lincolnshire south of the river Witharn traditionally known as Kesteven. North and east of the Lincoln gap, where the Witham cuts through the northward-running Jurassic limestone hills, is a discrete tract of land, formed of limestone and chalk, with the intervening valleys of the lower Witham and the river Ancholme, that comprises Lincolnshire's Parts of Lindsey. It is this region of Lindsey which plays a key role in the story of the East Midland Iron Age coinage. We have no secure historical information about the East Midlands in the Iron Age, and only from 2nd century AD Ptolemy do we learn that hereabouts were people called the Corieltauvi, whose chief poleis were at Leicester and Lincoln.3 Both places, of course, have seen intensive occupation from the late first century AD to the present day, and it is not surprising that only very recently has evidence begun to appear to contradict those who would attribute their foundations to the Romans. -
Roman Leicester, a Corrigendum: for 'Coritani' Should We Now Read 'Corieltauvi'1 ?
Roman Leicester, a corrigendum: for 'Coritani' should we now read 'Corieltauvi' 1 ? by R.S.O. Tomlin Roman Leicester (Ratae) was the tribal capital of a civitas known to us as the Coritani, a familiar name which may have to be corrected because of a new reading of a graffito from the tribal territory. The graffito was inscribed with a nib-like point on the damp clay of a newly-made flanged roofing tile (tegula) (Plate 1), part of which was recovered in 1965 during excavation of the Roman settlement of Tripontium (Cave's Inn Farm, Churchover, Warwickshire) about fifteen miles from Ratae as the crow flies, or two posting-stages according to the Antonine Itinerary. The graffito (Fig. 1) consists of at least four lines of Roman 'cursive' writing, now incomplete, which was first published by Mr R.P. Wright in 1966, who read: [CIV] ITATISCORIELSOLILIOROM [. .. JI L .. ]NIOM I [. .. ]MJ [. ..]CESOM . He suggested that it might be evidence of a new tribe in Roman Britain, the civitas Corielsoliliorum. 2 The present writer, however, who has recently examined the various inscribed tiles from Tripontium, prefers another reading: [CIJVITATISCORIEL TA VVOROML .. l [. .. Ll'~HOM L.. J.M L .. JCESA!yl [. .. l The subscript dots mark letters whose reading is probable. The other letters seem certain, even though fragmentary 'cursive' inscriptions can be difficult since the Romans used a variety of letter-forms which changed in the course of time. Mr Wright has kindly expressed his approval of the new reading. The damaged letter in the middle of the first line cannot be S, since there is no 'tail', but what survives is quite compatible with the two Ts of civitatis. -
The University of Sheffield the Cemeteries In
THE UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD THE CEMETERIES IN ROMAN BRITAIN EVIDENCE FOR MANAGEMENT AND RELATED SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS, WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE LATE ROMAN PERIOD THESIS SUBMITTED BY: R. CASA HATTON DEGREE OF PhD YEAR OF SUBMISSION: 1999 THE UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND PREHISTORY THE CEMETERIES IN ROMAN BRITAIN EVIDENCE FOR MANAGEMENT AND RELATED SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS, WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE LATE ROMAN PERIOD c THESIS SUBMITTED BY: REBECCA CASA HATION DEGREE OF PhD DATE OF SUBMISSION: MARCH 1999 YEAR OF ACCEPTANCE: 1999 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 4 SUMMARY 5 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 6 Notes to General Introduction 12 CHAPTER I: ROMAN BRITAIN IN THE IV CENTURY 14 Ll INTRODUCTION 14 L2 ROMAN BRITAIN IN THE IV CENTURY 16 L2. i Economic patterns 16 L2. ii The role of the towns 17 L2. iii The countryside 20 L2. iv Decline of the towns 21 L2. v Christianity in Roman Britain 23 L3 DISCUSSION 28 Notes to Ch. 1 34 CHAPTER II: ROMANO-BRITISH CREMATION CEMETERIES 42 IL I INTRODUCTION 42 1L2 LOCATION AND PLANNING 45 112.i The cemetery sites 45 II 2. ii Planning (or internal features) 66 The act of cremation 66 Cemetery boundaries - 68 Grave markers, enclosures and tombs 69 Cemetery development 72 IL2. iii Location 74 External features 74 Location in relation to the settlement 75 Relocation and cemeteries ofmixed burial rites 76 Observations 78 IL3 DISCUSSION 79 Notes to Ch. II 85 CHAPTER III: ROMANO-BRITISH INHUMATION CEMETERIES 89 HL 1 INTRODUCTION 89 1112LOCATION AND PLANNING 92 IIL2. i The cemetery sites 92 IIL2. -
The Tribes of Wales Reconsidered1, by E.W.Williams
J.E.Lloyd and his intellectual legacy; the tribes of Wales reconsidered1, by E.W.Williams In an earlier article, the present author considered the manner in which the racial model of history developed by the Oxford school of Germanist historians in relation to England was adopted by J. E. Lloyd and applied to Wales. This article is focused on the way in which that racial model was employed by Lloyd in his analysis of the tribes of Wales and contributed to the establishment of a widely accepted view of the location of those tribal territories. The major challenges that emerged to this facet of his work in the period to 1939 are then outlined. Subsequently, the manner in which Lloyd’s historical work influenced Welsh archaeology is delineated, before considering the erosion of his hypothesis within that field in the period through to 2010. A number of longstanding archaeological perspectives which diverged from the orthodox historical view developed by Lloyd are then outlined. These provide a basis for a significantly different concept of the territories accorded to the tribes of Wales. The implications of this alternative view of the tribal structure of Wales with regard to both the Roman conquest and the subsequent integration of the western tribes into the Roman civil system are then briefly considered. The historian, J.E.Lloyd is commonly regarded as having established the foundations of modern Welsh History.2 In an earlier article, this author drew attention to key weaknesses in his analysis and highlighted the fact that in 1939 Lloyd had acknowledged that his earlier hypothesis regarding the formation of pre-Roman Wales could not be sustained.3 Accordingly, in the third edition of his A History of Wales, he replaced the initial three chapters of his first and second editions with a very different introduction.4 One of the aspects which led to Lloyd’s decision to establish new foundations for his work lay in the inadequacies of his analysis of the tribal structure of pre-Roman Wales. -
Personnel of Legio II Augusta
6/28/2018 1 6/28/2018 Native Tribes of Celtic Britain, 43AD 01: Caledones 15: Corieltauvi 02: Taexali 16: Iceni 03: Carvetii 17: Demetae 04: Venicones 18: Catuvellauni 05: Epidii 19: Silures 06: Damnonii 20: Dubunni 07: Novantae 21: Dumnonii 08: Selgovae 22: Durotriges 09: Votadini 23: Belgae 10: Brigantes 24: Atrebates 11: Parisi 25: Regni 12: Cornovii 26: Cantiaci 13: Deceangli 27: Trinovantes 14: Ordovices 2 6/28/2018 12 IX 9 10 XIV 1. Bononia (Boulogne) 2. Rutupiae (Richborough) 7 XX 3. Chichester (Noviomagus) XX 4. Southhampton (King Atrebates) 4a. Isle of Wight 5. River Medway 6 6. River Thames 7. Camulodunum (Colchester) 5 2 8. Exeter 9. Lindim Colonia (Lincoln) 10.Cheshire Gap (47‐48) 11.Caer Caradoc (50AD) 4 12.Anglesey (60AD) 1 8 3 II 4a II Legio II Augusta XIV Legio XIV Gemina IX Legio IX Hispana XX Legio XX Valeria Victrix 3 6/28/2018 Rough Timeline of Conquest 1. Bononia (Boulogne, France) 2. Rutupiae (Richborough) 3. Noviomagus (Chichester) 4. Southampton (also Hampshire King Atrebates) 4a. Isle of Wight 5. Rochester on River Medway 6. River Thames 7. Camulodunum (Colchester) 8. Exeter 9. Lindim Colonia (Lincoln) 10. Cheshire Gap (47‐48) 11. Caer Caradoc (50AD) 12. Anglesey (60AD) Native Tribes of Britain, 43‐45AD Hostile 01: Caledones 15: Corieltauvi Passive 02: Taexali 16: Iceni Friendly 03: Carvetii 17: Demetae Uninvolved 04: Venicones 18: Catuvellauni 05: Epidii 19: Silures 06: Damnonii 20: Dubunni 07: Novantae 21: Dumnonii 08: Selgovae 22: Durotriges 09: Votadini 23: Belgae* 13 15 14 16 10: Brigantes 24: Atrebates 18 11: Parisi 25: Regni* 17 19 20 27 24 12: Cornovii 26: Cantiaci 26 22 23 25 13: Deceangli 27: Trinovantes 21 Anti‐Rome 14: Ordovices Coalition *Created by Rome 4 6/28/2018 The Conquest of Britannia, 43‐45AD Belligerents Roman Empire Various British kings and tribes Various British kings and tribes Commanders and leaders Emperor Claudius (10‐54AD; r. -
Pendragon Errata & Clarifications
Pendragon Errata & Clarifications Latest update: 30-Dec-2017 Rulebook 1.4.1 Optional replacement (Clarification): - when a Command, Feat or Event text specifies that the executinG faction has a choice as to the number of pieces it can replace (example: Entreat which says “up to”), then if the executing Faction does not wish to replace the maximum allowed number (typically when no Available piece left and no wish to remove from the map), then the excess tarGeted pieces are not removed. (Example: “Entreat” allows the Scotti player to replace up to 2 Militia by Scotti Warbands; if for any reason the Scotti player replaces none or only 1 Militia, then every other Milita unit(s) in the tarGeted ReGion remain on the map). 1.7.2 and 3.6.5 (3rd bullet) PlunderinG a captured City (Clarification): - when a City is successfully captured but the number of survivinG assailants is not enough to carry off the City’s Prosperity as Plunder (i.e. <4 of Londinium, and <2 for Eboracum), the City is still fully deprived of Prosperity and the excess Plunder is lost (removed off-map). 1.8 Dux Resources (Clarification): - Dux (red) Resources are the sole property of the Dux faction. No other faction may spend these but him (though the Scotti may Ransom away some). The Dux, as long as Army Preemption is in effect, can freely mix Briton and Dux Resources when paying for any cost (unless explicitly prohibited by the action or event text). - Before FraGmentation, the only options to accrue Dux Resources are 1/ Requisition, 2/ Events (for instance, Imperial Subsidies) and 3/ Transfer of Wealth from the Civitates (1.5.2, Tribute).