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The University of Sheffield the Cemeteries In THE UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD THE CEMETERIES IN ROMAN BRITAIN EVIDENCE FOR MANAGEMENT AND RELATED SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS, WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE LATE ROMAN PERIOD THESIS SUBMITTED BY: R. CASA HATTON DEGREE OF PhD YEAR OF SUBMISSION: 1999 THE UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND PREHISTORY THE CEMETERIES IN ROMAN BRITAIN EVIDENCE FOR MANAGEMENT AND RELATED SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS, WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE LATE ROMAN PERIOD c THESIS SUBMITTED BY: REBECCA CASA HATION DEGREE OF PhD DATE OF SUBMISSION: MARCH 1999 YEAR OF ACCEPTANCE: 1999 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 4 SUMMARY 5 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 6 Notes to General Introduction 12 CHAPTER I: ROMAN BRITAIN IN THE IV CENTURY 14 Ll INTRODUCTION 14 L2 ROMAN BRITAIN IN THE IV CENTURY 16 L2. i Economic patterns 16 L2. ii The role of the towns 17 L2. iii The countryside 20 L2. iv Decline of the towns 21 L2. v Christianity in Roman Britain 23 L3 DISCUSSION 28 Notes to Ch. 1 34 CHAPTER II: ROMANO-BRITISH CREMATION CEMETERIES 42 IL I INTRODUCTION 42 1L2 LOCATION AND PLANNING 45 112.i The cemetery sites 45 II 2. ii Planning (or internal features) 66 The act of cremation 66 Cemetery boundaries - 68 Grave markers, enclosures and tombs 69 Cemetery development 72 IL2. iii Location 74 External features 74 Location in relation to the settlement 75 Relocation and cemeteries ofmixed burial rites 76 Observations 78 IL3 DISCUSSION 79 Notes to Ch. II 85 CHAPTER III: ROMANO-BRITISH INHUMATION CEMETERIES 89 HL 1 INTRODUCTION 89 1112LOCATION AND PLANNING 92 IIL2. i The cemetery sites 92 IIL2. ii Location 120 Discussion 125 UL2. iii Planning (or internal features) 127 Orientation 127 Cemetery boundaries 129 Grave markets 130 Discussion 132 111.3CEMETERIES CONCURRENTLY IN USE 135 Notes to Ch. 111 140 CHAPTER IV: MANAGEMENT OF THE CEMETERIES 142 N. 1 IlTIRODUCTION 142 N. 2 THE LAND OF A TOWN 144 N 2. i Pomerium, Territorium, Vicus, 'town zones' 144 N 2. ii Aspects of cemetery location 146 IV 2. iii Internal regulation of the burial areas 149 N. 2.iv Management competence 151 1 IV. 2.v Conclusions 152 N. 3 THE POSITION OF THE CHURCH 154 Notes to Ch. IV 158 CHAPTER V. THE RURAL CEMETERIES 160 V. 1 INTRODUCTION 160 V. 2 BURIAL IN THE COUNTRYSIDE 163 V. 3 WHO WAS BURIED IN THE COUNTRYSIDE 166 V. 3. i The villa sites 166 Mausolea 166 The cemeteries 167 V. 3. ii The farmsteads 170 V. 4 EXCURSUS: TWO ROMANO-BRITISH FARMSTEADS 172 V. 5 PATRONAGE AND CEMETERY MANAGEMENT 176 V. 6 CONCLUSION 180 Notes to Ch. V 181 CHAPTER VI: DISCUSSION 183 VL 1 INTRODUCTION 185 VL2 LOCATION OF THE LATE ROMANO-BRITISH CEMETERIES 186 VI 3 INTERNAL LAYOUT OF THE LATE CEMETERIES 187 VL4 EVIDENCE FOR MANAGEMENT 187 VL4.1 increased bureaucratic control over the layout? 190 VL4.2 increased bureaucratic control over the rituals 193 VL5 THE CEMETERIES AS EXPRESSION OF CIVIC PRIDE 195 VL6 FAMILY GROUPS IN THE CEMETERIES 197 VL7 CONCLUSION: UNIFORMITY AND ROMANISATION 200 Notes to Ch. VI FUTURE WORK 202 BIBLIOGRAPHIC ABBREVIATIONS 205 APPENDIX: Main Latin sources for the late Roman period 216 LIST OF TABLES AND PLATES Table L General details of the early cemeteries analysed in the present work Table IL General details of the late cemeteries analysed in the presentworik Table IM Location of the cemeteries analysed in the present work Table N: Internal leatu res of the cemeteries analysed in the p resent wo rk Plate I Distribution map ofthecemeteries analysed in the p resentwo rk Plate II Location of the cemetery at St. Pancras, Cirencester. Plate III Plan of the cemetery at St. Pancras, Cirencester. Plate N Location of the cemetery at St. Stephen's Hill, St. Albans. Plate V Plan of the cemetery at St. Stephen's Hill, St Albans. Plate VI Distribution of cemeteries to the north of Winchester. Plate VII Plan of the cemetery at Hyde Street, Winchester. Plate VIII Location of Skeleton Green, Cemetery 'A', Cemetery B' atPuckeridge-Braughing Plate IX Distribution ofcemeteries at Puckeridge-Braughing. PlateX Plan of the cemetery at Skeleton Green, Puckeridge-Braughing. Plate XI Plan ofcemetery'A', Puckeridge-Braughing. Plate XII Plan of cemetery 'B', Puckeridge-Braughing. Plate XIII Location of the cemetery at Petty Knowes, High Rochester. Plate XIV Plan of the cemetery at Petty Knowes, High Rochester. Plate XV Distribution ofcemeteries around London Plate XVI Location of the Eastern Cemetery, London. Plate XVII Plan of the Eastern Cemetery at HOO88, London. Plate XVIII Plan of the Eastern Cemetery at MST87, London. Plate XIX Plan of the Eastern cemetery at MSL87, London. 2 plateXX Location of the cemetery at King Harry Lane, St. Albans. Plate XXI Location of excavated areas within the cemetery at King Harry Lane, St. Albans. Plate XXII Plan of the excavated areas within the cemetery at King Harry Lane, St. Albans. Plate XXIII Distribution of cemeteries at York. Plate XX1V Location of the cemetery at Trentholme Drive, York. PlateXXV Plan of the cemetery at Trentholme Drive, York. First layer. plate XXVI Plan of the cemetery atTrentholme Drive, York. Second layer. Plate XXVII Location of the cemetery the Derby Race Course, Derby. Plate XXVIII Plan of the cemetery at the Derby Race Con rse, Derby. PlateXXIX Location ofArea'J', Kelvedon. PlateXXX Plan ofArea'J', Kelvedon. P1ateXXXI Distribution of cemeteries at Dorchester. Plate XXXII Plan of the cemetery at Alington Avenue, Foidington, Dorchester. Plate XXXII[ Plan of the cemetery at the Old Vicarage, High Street, Ford ington, Dorchester. PlateXXXIV Roman Cirencester. PIatCXXXV Distribution of cemeteries to the north and west of Cirencester. Plate XXXVI Plan of the cemetery at Bath Gate (CT69 (b), CS 70,71,72-73 8), Cirencester. PlateXXXVII Plan of the cemetery at Bath Gate (CS 71-73 4), Cirencester. Plate XXXVIII Plan of the cemetery at Bath Gate (CS 74 10), Cirencester. Plate XXXIX Plan of the cemetery at Bath Gate (CI'), Cirencester. Plate XL Distribution of cemeteries at Colchester. PlateXLI Plan of the cemetery at Butt Road, Colchester. Plate XLII Plan of the cemetery Po undb u ry Camp, Dorchester. Plate XLIII Location of the Kingsholm area, Gloucester. Plate XLIV Location of the sites at Gambier Parry Lodge and at 76, Kingsholm Rd. Plate XLV Location of the cemetery at 76, Kingsholm Rd., Gloucester. Plate XLVI Plan of the cemetery at 76, Kingsholm Rd., Gloucester. Plate XLVII Location of the cemetery at Vera lam Hills Field, St. Albans. PlateXLVIII Plan of the cemetery at Verulam Hills Field, St. Albans. Plate XLIX Plan of the cemetery at Lankh ills, Winchester. Plate L Location of the West Cemetery at Ancaster. Plate LI Location of the cemetery and burials in plots at Ashton. Plate LII Location and plan of the cemetery and burials in plots at Ashton Plate LIII Plan of the cemetery at Can n in gto n. Plate LIV Distribution of cemeteries aro und Dorchester on Thames Plate LV Plan of the cemetery at Queensford Farm, Dorchester on Thames. Plate LVI Location of the cemetery at Dunstable Plate LVII Plan of the cemetery at Dunstable. Plate LVIII Distribution of cemeteries at Ilchester. PlateLIX Plan of the cemetery at Little Spittle, Ilchester Plate LX Plan of the cemetery at Townsend Close, Ilchester. PlateLXI Plan of the cemetery at Bradley Hill, Somerton. Plate LXII Plan ofthecemetery at Lynch Farm, Peterborough. 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author would like to thank Prof. Keith Branigan, Department of Archaeology University, for his initial and Prehistory at Sheffield suggestion concerning the have present work and thereafter continuous assistance and encouragement which been invaluable and very much appreciated. Grateful thanks are also due to Dr. John Moreland and Dr. John Barrett (Department of Archaeology and Prehistory, Sheffield University) for their help through stimulating comments. Friends and colleagues have been most generous in the provision of unpublished information. In particular, thanks are due to Mr. Mark Wood, director of Professional Independent Services for Archaeology Ltd. (P. I. S.. A for his .) useful comments on pottery production and trade in late Roman Britain, and Messrs. Tom Lane and Dale Trimble, managers of Archaeological Project Services (A. P. S.), Heritage of Lincolnshire, for supplying data concerning the excavation at the Market Deeping by-pass (South Kesteven District, Lincolnshire). I would also like to thank Mr. Simon Kaner (Department of Property, Libraries and Heritage, Cambridge County Council) for providing information on excavations of Roman cemeteries in Cambridgeshire and Mr. Tim Malim, Dr. Paul Sparrey and Mr. William Wall, managers of the Archaeological Field Unit (Cambridge County Council) for giving me the opportunity to take part in a rescue intervention of Roman burials at Durobrivae (near Water Newton, Peterborough, Cambridgeshire). Finally, a special thank goes to Mn Andrew Hatton director of Professional Independent Services for Archaeology Ltd (P. I. S. A. ) for his generous support and encouragement The author reserves all errors of facts or interpretation to herself. 4 SUMMARY Following the conquest, local and 'Roman' funerary customs introduced to Britain mainly through the medium of the army began to interact at a different speed and rate according to the geographical distribution and intensity of pre- existing burial traditions. At the early stage of the invasion, the new-corners made themselves 'identifiable' by following their own Romanised customs. During the 11 century the fashion of urned cremation spread throughout the province with the funerary trends in the civilian areas progressively conforming to the military. The towns continued to follow the trends imported from the Continent by adopting the rite of inhumation during the course of the 111 century, with a movement of ideas from the major to the minor urban centres and the rural settlements.
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