Power Electronics: Computer Simulation and Analysis
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Power Electronics
Diodes and Transistors Semiconductors • Semiconductor devices are made of alternating layers of positively doped material (P) and negatively doped material (N). • Diodes are PN or NP, BJTs are PNP or NPN, IGBTs are PNPN. Other devices are more complex Diodes • A diode is a device which allows flow in one direction but not the other. • When conducting, the diodes create a voltage drop, kind of acting like a resistor • There are three main types of power diodes – Power Diode – Fast recovery diode – Schottky Diodes Power Diodes • Max properties: 1500V, 400A, 1kHz • Forward voltage drop of 0.7 V when on Diode circuit voltage measurements: (a) Forward biased. (b) Reverse biased. Fast Recovery Diodes • Max properties: similar to regular power diodes but recover time as low as 50ns • The following is a graph of a diode’s recovery time. trr is shorter for fast recovery diodes Schottky Diodes • Max properties: 400V, 400A • Very fast recovery time • Lower voltage drop when conducting than regular diodes • Ideal for high current low voltage applications Current vs Voltage Characteristics • All diodes have two main weaknesses – Leakage current when the diode is off. This is power loss – Voltage drop when the diode is conducting. This is directly converted to heat, i.e. power loss • Other problems to watch for: – Notice the reverse current in the recovery time graph. This can be limited through certain circuits. Ways Around Maximum Properties • To overcome maximum voltage, we can use the diodes in series. Here is a voltage sharing circuit • To overcome maximum current, we can use the diodes in parallel. -
Digital Proportional Amplifier of Linear DC Electromagnet
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 10, Issue 10, October-2019 257 ISSN 2229-5518 Digital proportional amplifier of linear DC electromagnet 1’Hazrat Ali ([email protected]) 2’Wang Xuping ([email protected]) 3’Muhammad Hasham Khan ([email protected]) 4’Haseeb Yar Hiraj ([email protected]) 5’Muhammad Zeeshan Adil([email protected]) Abstract— Digital Signal Processor (DSP) based embedded code generation which is obtained automatically in PSIM software for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) control system. The simulation model of the PMSM control system is developed in PSIM environment using Motor Control Blocks and Embedded Target for TI 2000805 block. This control block diagram is send to Sim Coder to generate C-code that is ready to run on the DSP hardware, Sim Coder also creates the complete project files for the TI Code Composer Studio development environment where the code will be compiled, linked, and uploaded to the DSP using High Voltage Motor Control-PFC Kit. So, embedded code generation provides a very quick way to design a motor drive system from user specifications also programming greatly simplifies the generation, prototyping and modification of DSP based design, thus decreasing the development cycle time. Index Terms— Digital Signal Processing Motor Control, PMSM, DSP, Embedded Code Generation, PSIM. —————————— —————————— I. INTRODUCTION H igh capacity and qualification in industry, the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) has greatly accepted between the various types of alternative current motors. The PMSM’s have been increasingly applied for drive applications, such as robotics and weapon servo-control systems, due to their high power density, torque to inertia ratio and high efficiency [1]. -
Thermal Assessment and In-Situ Monitoring of Insulated
Thermal Assessment and In-Situ Monitoring of Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors in Power Electronic Modules Preprint Erick Gutierrez,1 Kevin Lin,1 Patrick McCluskey,1 and Douglas DeVoto2 1 University of Maryland 2 National Renewable Energy Laboratory Presented at ASME 2019 International Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems (IPACK2019) Anaheim, California October 7–9, 2019 NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy Conference Paper Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy NREL/CP-5400-73583 Operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC February 2020 This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) at www.nrel.gov/publications. Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308 Thermal Assessment and In-Situ Monitoring of Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors in Power Electronic Modules Preprint Erick Gutierrez,1 Kevin Lin,1 Patrick McCluskey,1 and Douglas DeVoto2 1 University of Maryland 2 National Renewable Energy Laboratory Suggested Citation Gutierrez, Erick, Kevin Lin, Patrick McCluskey, and Douglas DeVoto. 2020. Thermal Assessment and In-Situ Monitoring of Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors in Power Electronic Modules: Preprint. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. NREL/CP-5400-73583 https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy20osti/73583.pdf. NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy Conference Paper Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy NREL/CP-5400-73583 Operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC February 2020 This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy National Renewable Energy Laboratory Laboratory (NREL) at www.nrel.gov/publications. -
Data Sheet Freemaq PCSK-Multi PCSK
POWER ELECTRONICS 45 FREEMAQ PCSK FREEMAQ MULTI PCSK UTILITY SCALE BATTERY INVERTER POWER CONVERSION SYSTEM FRU FIELD REPLACEABLE UNITS MODULAR DESIGN UP TO 3 INDEPENDENT BESS INPUTS ICOOL 3 PROVEN HARDWARE AND ROBUST OUTDOOR DESIGN FEATURED WITH THE 4 QUADRANT LATEST CONTROL The Freemaq PCSK is a modular solution from 1700 kW 3 LEVEL TOPOLOGY to 3800 kW with configurable DC and AC voltages making it compatible with all battery technology and manufacturers. Power Electronics is a proven partner in the solar and energy NEMA 3R / IP55 storage market. The PCSK has been designed to be the lowest LCOE solution in the market for storage applications. The Power Electronics Freemaq PCSK offers proven hard- ware to meet storage and grid support challenges.The energy production industry is embracing renewable energy sources. However, high penetration creates power transmission instability challenges, thus Grid Operators require stringent dynamic and static grid support features for solar inverters and Power Conversion Systems (PCS). The MULTI PCSK can support two or three independent battery systems and optimize the storage facility. The converters can perform grid support functions such as: Peak Shaving, Ramp Rate Control, Frequency Regulation, Load Leveling and Voltage Regulation, controlled by a Power Plant Controller or SCADA. The converters stations are turn- key solutions ready for connection to the battery container and MV power distribution wiring. Units are designed for concrete pads or piers, open skids or integrated into full container solutions. POWER ELECTRONICS COMPACT DESIGN - EASY TO SERVICE By providing full front access the Freemaq PCSK series With the Freemaq PCSK, Power Electronics offers its most simplifies the maintenance tasks, reducing the MTTR (and compact solution, achieving 3.8MW in just 12ft long, reducing achieving a lower OPEX). -
Eaton's Power Electronics Portfolio
Eaton’s Power Electronics Portfolio • Bob Yanniello • June 27, 2017 © 2015 Eaton. All Rights Reserved.. © 2015 Eaton. All Rights Reserved.. 2 © 2015 Eaton. All Rights Reserved.. 3 © 2015 Eaton. All Rights Reserved.. 4 Power Xpert Inverter – 1.0 – 2.5 MW Inverter Throat – direct Step-up coupling Transformer Tracker (or AC) power and controls © 2015 Eaton. All Rights Reserved.. 5 Power module design • Latest generation of Semikron Skiip 4 IGBT – integrated driver & heat sink • Rated for 175°C and high cyclic duty applications • Vishay film capacitors • User replaceable modules © 2015 Eaton. All Rights Reserved.. 6 Power Xpert Utility-Scale Solar Inverter 1500Vdc – 98.5% efficiency DC Power Conversion AC Compartment Compartments Compartment Up to 21x 350A contactors with fuses AC Line Filter 3200A Main Breaker with MO and Close LOTO coupled to DC Feeders . Transformer AC Line From . Filter Combiner . boxes Open / 20A with LOTO Close AC Line Contactor Filter opens Positive and UPS Negative DC LOTO SEL Inverter poles 751 Control Relay Power © 2015 Eaton. All Rights Reserved.. 7 Power Xpert™ Energy Storage Inverter 1250 V max • Battery Types • LG Chem (LMO) • Kokam (LTO) • Enerdel (LTO) • Altair Nano (LTO) • ZBB (flow) 500kW outdoor Inverter • Xtreme (ALA) 3MW site (indoor Inverters) • Mitsubishi (LMO) • JCI (NCA) • Samsung (LMO) • SPS/Lischen • Powin • Primus 500kW Compact Pad Mount © 2015 Eaton. All Rights Reserved.. 8 Power Xpert® Energy Storage Inverter Power Xpert Inverter 60A @ 480 Inverter DC VAC connection AC Line Filter To Battery container for aux power To Transformer From Battery AC Line container Filter AC Line Filter Inverter Controls Power Inverter Controller 15A @ 3A @ 120VAC F.O. -
LECTURE 18 Switches and Switch Stress: the Concept of Safe Operating Area for a Device
1 LECTURE 18 Switches and Switch Stress: The Concept of Safe Operating Area for a Device I. Ideal Switch Characteristics A. Block +V with IOFF º 0 B. Pass +I with VON º 0 C. Zero switching delay and its benefits D. Power loss due to switches: zero in every way 1. DC Loss: RON = 0, VON = 0 2. Switching Loss: No delays, no device stored charge E. No stray Lp or Cp for undesired ringing! F. Real Switches 1. Limited quadrants of operation for real solid state switches a. One quadrant and device example II. Active Switch Stress (S) and Switch Utilization (U) A. General Definitions sw sw S(active) ~ V( ) Irms( ) per switch off on P(load) U º per switch S B. Case of Flyback Converter 2 V(off) ~ Vg/D’ } Dopt } for I(on) ~ I D } Umax C. Table of Umax and Dopt for various Converters The above selection of solid state switches will be matched to the I(D) through the device and the V(D) across the device as determined by detailed circuit analysis in the next few lectures. Analysis of V(D) and I(D) will follow the same procedure as M(D). 3 LECTURE 18 Switches and Switch Stress: The Concept of Safe Operating Area for a Device A. Ideal Switch Characteristics: There are five characteristics of a SPST ideal switch. You make think of a semiconductor power switch as you do of a light switch at home. It operates with no concern for losses in either the on or the off state. -
Fundamentals of MOSFET and IGBT Gate Driver Circuits
Application Report SLUA618A–March 2017–Revised October 2018 Fundamentals of MOSFET and IGBT Gate Driver Circuits Laszlo Balogh ABSTRACT The main purpose of this application report is to demonstrate a systematic approach to design high performance gate drive circuits for high speed switching applications. It is an informative collection of topics offering a “one-stop-shopping” to solve the most common design challenges. Therefore, it should be of interest to power electronics engineers at all levels of experience. The most popular circuit solutions and their performance are analyzed, including the effect of parasitic components, transient and extreme operating conditions. The discussion builds from simple to more complex problems starting with an overview of MOSFET technology and switching operation. Design procedure for ground referenced and high side gate drive circuits, AC coupled and transformer isolated solutions are described in great details. A special section deals with the gate drive requirements of the MOSFETs in synchronous rectifier applications. For more information, see the Overview for MOSFET and IGBT Gate Drivers product page. Several, step-by-step numerical design examples complement the application report. This document is also available in Chinese: MOSFET 和 IGBT 栅极驱动器电路的基本原理 Contents 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 2 2 MOSFET Technology ...................................................................................................... -
Overview of the DOE Advanced Power Electronics and Electric Motor R&D
VEHICLE TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE Overview of the DOE Advanced Susan Rogers Power Electronics and Electric Steven Boyd Motor R&D Program Advanced Power Electronics and Electric Motors June 17, 2014 Vehicle Technologies Office 1 APEEM R&D Program Vehicle Technologies Office Hybrid Electric Systems R&D Energy Storage Vehicle Systems Advanced Power Electronics & Electric Motors (APEEM) R&D Industry Federal Agencies Academia National Labs 2 APEEM R&D Mission and Budget Develop advanced power electronics, electric motors and electric drive systems to enable large market penetration of hybrid and electric vehicles Meeting program targets will enable market success: increase performance, efficiency and reliability, while lowering cost, weight, and volume FY 2014 Budget R&D emphasis accelerates: • Adoption of wide bandgap Power Electronics semiconductors • Reduction or elimination of 29% 29% Electric Motors rare earth magnets Thermal Management FY 2014 FOAs: 7% • Power Electronics - $6M Testing & Analysis • Wide bandgap commercialization 24% 11% • Incubator - $1.6M FY 14 FOAs • “Off-Roadmap” technology R&D FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 Request $27.2 M $24 M $35.5 M 3 Electric Drive System Components • Electric motor – converts electrical energy to mechanical power for motive power • Inverter – converts high voltage direct current to varying pulses that control and power the electric motor • Charger – modifies and controls electrical energy to re-energize the battery • Converter(s) – increases the battery voltage for the traction drive system and decreases -
Power Electronics for Distributed Energy Systems and Transmission and Distribution Applications
ORNL/TM-2005/230 POWER ELECTRONICS FOR DISTRIBUTED ENERGY SYSTEMS AND TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION APPLICATIONS L. M. Tolbert T. J. King B. Ozpineci J. B. Campbell G. Muralidharan D. T. Rizy A. S. Sabau H. Zhang* W. Zhang* Y. Xu* H. F. Huq* H. Liu* December 2005 *The University of Tennessee-Knoxville ORNL/TM-2005/230 Engineering Science and Technology Division POWER ELECTRONICS FOR DISTRIBUTED ENERGY SYSTEMS AND TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION APPLICATIONS L. M. Tolbert T. J. King B. Ozpineci J. B. Campbell G. Muralidharan D. T. Rizy A. S. Sabau H. Zhang W. Zhang Y. Xu H. F. Huq H. Liu Publication Date: December 2005 Prepared by the OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831 managed by UT-BATTELLE, LLC for the U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY Under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725 DOCUMENT AVAILABILITY Reports produced after January 1, 1996, are generally available free via the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Information Bridge. Web site http://www.osti.gov/bridge Not available externally. Reports are available to DOE employees, DOE contractors, Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDE) representatives, and International Nuclear Information System (INIS) representatives from the following source. Office of Scientific and Technical Information P.O. Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831 Telephone 865-576-8401 Fax 865-576-5728 E-mail [email protected] Web site http://www.osti.gov/contact.html This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. -
Chapter 3 Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor
Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto Traction Control in Electric Vehicles Tiago Oliveira Bastos Pinto de Sá Dissertation prepared under the Master in Electrical and Computers Engineering Major Automation Supervisor: Adriano Carvalho July 2012 © Tiago Sá, 2012 ii To my mother and grandma iii iv Resumo O sector dos transportes é um dos maiores setores industriais hoje em dia. Desde o desenvolvimento do motor de combustão interna e da sua aplicação ao setor dos transportes, as pessoas estão cada vez mais dependentes de uma forma económica e confortável de viajar. Com o aumento do preço dos combustíveis fósseis causado pela sua procura excessiva, e com as recentes preocupações ambientais relativas à emissão de gases poluentes gerados pela queima do combustível, a existência de uma alternativa é fulcral. A forma de transporte alternativo mais comum num ambiente urbano é o autocarro. É mais barato, mais conveniente em determinados casos e produz menos poluição per capita do que um carro próprio. No entanto, continua a poluir. Com isto em mente, e com a recente eminência dos motores elétricos no setor dos transportes, é analisado o controlo de motores síncronos de ímanes permanentes, em particular a aplicação de um de 150kW num autocarro elétrico. O objetivo deste documento é analisar o domínio do controlo na mobilidade elétrica e discutir o projeto do controlador que alimenta o motor, permitindo o seu acionamento e travagem, com a possibilidade de regenerar a energia da travagem, recarregando dessa forma as baterias. O sistema deverá ser capaz de funcionar sem sensores de velocidade ou posição. Pretende-se validar os resultados obtidos na simulação aplicando um motor menos potente do que o objetivo final, de forma a poder validar laboratorialmente esses mesmos resultados. -
Data Sheet Freemaq PCSM-Multi PCSM
POWER ELECTRONICS 21 FREEMAQ PCSM FREEMAQ MULTI PCSM UTILITY SCALE MV BATTERY INVERTER POWER CONVERSION SYSTEM FRU FIELD REPLACEABLE UNITS MODULAR DESIGN UP TO 3 INDEPENDENT BESS INPUTS THE INNOVATIVE MEDIUM VOLTAGE CENTRAL STRING ICOOL 3 BATTERY INVERTER 4 QUADRANT The Power Electronics PCSM medium voltage battery inverter is designed for utility scale storage applications, that require the advantages of a central inverter solution but also the modularity of a string architecture. The PCSM can reach 3 LEVEL TOPOLOGY up to a nominal power of 3.6 MVA and it is compatible with all battery technology and manufacturers. It also has the added advantage of having an integrated medium voltage NEMA 3R transformer and switchgear. The MULTI PCSM can support two or three independent battery systems and optimize the storage facility. Power Electronics converters have been designed to be the lowest LCOE solution in the market for storage applications. The Power Electronics Freemaq PCSM offers proven hardwa- re to meet storage and grid support challenges.The energy production industry is embracing renewable energy sources. However, high penetration creates power transmission instability challenges, thus Grid Operators require stringent dynamic and static grid support features for solar inverters and Power Conversion Systems (PCS). The converters can perform grid support functions such as: Peak Shaving, Ramp Rate Control, Frequency Regulation, Load Leveling and Voltage Regulation, controlled by a Power Plant Controller or SCADA. The Freemaq PCSM stations are turn-key solutions ready for connection to the battery contai- ner and MV power distribution wiring. Units are designed for concrete pads or piers. POWER ELECTRONICS REAL TURN-KEY SOLUTION - EASY TO SERVICE With the PCSM, Power Electronics offers a real turn-key By providing full front access the PCSM series simplifies solution, including the MV transformer and switchgear fully the maintenance tasks, reducing the MTTR (and achieving assembled and tested at the factory. -
Lecture Notes on Power Electronics Subject Code – BEE1602
VEER SURENDRA SAI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY BURLA, ODISHA, INDIA DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Lecture Notes on Power Electronics Subject code – BEE1602 6th Semester B.Tech. (Electrical Engineering) Disclaimer This document does not claim any originality and cannot be used as a substitute for prescribed textbooks. The information presented here is merely a collection by the committee members for their respective teaching assignments. Various sources as mentioned at the end of the document as well as freely available material from internet were consulted for preparing this document. The ownership of the information lies with the respective authors or institutions. Further, this document is not intended to be used for commercial purpose and the committee members are not accountable for any issues, legal or otherwise, arising out of use of this document. The committee members make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this document and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. The committee members shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. (6TH SEMESTER) POWER ELECTRONICS (3-1-0) MODULE-I (10 HOURS) Thyristors, Static V-I Characteristics of SCR, TRIAC, GTO & IGBT, Turn-On & Turn-OFF Mechanism of SCR, Gate Turnoff Thyristor (GTO) .Power BJTs . Power MOSFETs - Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs) - Basic Structure and VI Characteristics. Static, dynamic and thermal characteristics. Protection, cooling and mounting techniques. Series and Parallel operation of devices. Triggering and basics of driver circuits.