DOCSLIB.ORG

World Bank Document

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
World Bank Document Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Mining Community Development Agreements FINAL REPORT for: – Practical Experiences and Field Studies June, 2010 The World Bank Environmental Resources Management 1001 Connecticut Ave, NW Suite 1115 Washington, DC 20036 Public Disclosure Authorized www.erm.com Delivering sustainable solutions in a more competitive world. FINAL REPORT Mining Community Development Agreements- Practical Experiences and Field Studies For and on behalf of Environmental Resources Management Approved by: David Blaha Signed: Position: Partner Date: 06/30/2010 This Report has been prepared by Environmental Resources Management the trading name of Environmental Resources Management Limited, with all reasonable skill, care and diligence within the terms of the Contract with the client, incorporating our General Terms and Conditions of Business and taking account of the resources devoted to it by agreement with the client. We disclaim any responsibility to the client and others in respect of any matters outside the scope of the above. This Report is intended to the client and we accept no responsibility of whatsoever nature to third parties to whom this report, or any part thereof, is made known. Any such party relies on the report at their own risk. Authors: • Sunrita Sarkar • Alastair-Gow-Smith • Tunde Morakinyo • Roberto Frau • Matthew Kuniholm TABLE OF CONTENTS: 1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1 1.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY ........................................................................................... 2 1.2 LAYOUT OF THE REPORT ............................................................................................... 3 2 METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................. 4 2.1 METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................. 4 2.1.1 Stakeholder Focused ............................................................................................... 4 2.1.2 Focus on Key Building Blocks ................................................................................ 4 2.1.3 The use of country specific case studies to illustrate context and conditions influencing the outcomes and impact of CDAs .................................................................... 4 2.1.4 Composition of the Team and Country Specific experts ........................................ 5 2.2 STUDY TASKS ................................................................................................................ 5 2.2.1 Desktop Review of Relevant Reports, Studies and other secondary literature...... 5 2.2.2 Survey Design.......................................................................................................... 6 2.2.3 Desk/ Phone Interviews........................................................................................... 6 2.2.4 Field Visits............................................................................................................... 6 2.2.5 Preparation of Draft Report.................................................................................... 6 2.2.6 Presentation of the findings at the Workshop......................................................... 6 2.2.7 Final Report............................................................................................................. 6 2.3 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY ......................................................................................... 6 3 BACKGROUND AND TRENDS IN CDA ...................................................................... 8 3.2 CHANGES TO COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT IN THE MINING SECTOR ............................ 10 3.2.1 Drivers in Community Development Agreements ................................................ 11 3.3 COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENTS – THE LACK OF GLOBAL DEFINITIONS AND STANDARDS .............................................................................................................................. 14 3.3.1 Global overview of Regulatory and non regulatory approaches......................... 16 4 CASE STUDY: GHANA.................................................................................................. 22 4.1 LEGAL CONTEXT OF CDA S IN GHANA ....................................................................... 22 4.2 SUCCESSES OF VOLUNTARY BEST PRACTICE STANDARDS FOR COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENTS IN GHANA ................................................................................. 23 4.3 CHALLENGES FACED BY THE APPLICATION OF VOLUNTARY STANDARDS FOR COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENTS IN GHANA ............................................................ 23 4.4 CHALLENGES THAT COULD BE FACED IF CDA S WERE MANDATORY ......................... 24 4.5 NEWMONT ................................................................................................................... 25 4.5.1 Background of the Ahafo Project.......................................................................... 25 4.5.2 Existing Community Agreements and Associated Processes ............................... 26 4.5.3 Lessons learnt from the Ahafo CDAs.................................................................... 29 4.6 CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................................. 31 5 CASE STUDY:PAPUA NEW GUINEA ........................................................................ 33 5.1 OVERVIEW OF PNG MINING SECTOR .......................................................................... 34 5.2 LOCAL AFFILIATIONS AND CUSTOMARY LANDOWNERSHIP ........................................ 36 5.3 LEGAL CONTEXT OF CDA ............................................................................................. 37 5.3.1 Evolution of the Mineral Policy............................................................................ 37 5.3.2 The Regulatory Environment ................................................................................ 38 5.3.3 Compensation Agreements.................................................................................... 39 5.3.4 The Development Forum....................................................................................... 39 5.3.5 Memoranda of Agreements ................................................................................... 41 5.3.6 Mining Development Contract.............................................................................. 42 5.4 SUCCESS AND CHALLENGES OF THE CDA MODEL IN PNG ............................................ 43 5.4.1 Revenue Distribution............................................................................................. 43 5.4.2 Direct community benefit streams......................................................................... 43 5.4.3 Indirect benefit streams......................................................................................... 45 5.4.4 Challenges in implementing CDA......................................................................... 46 5.5 LIHIR GOLD MINE ....................................................................................................... 48 5.5.1 Socio-Economic Development .............................................................................. 49 5.5.2 Lihir Sustainable Development Plan .................................................................... 50 5.6 CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................................. 52 6 CASE STUDY: ARGENTINA ........................................................................................ 54 6.1 HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF MINING ACTIVITIES IN ARGENTINA ................................. 54 6.1.1 Legal Context of Community Development Agreements...................................... 55 6.1.2 Social Unrest in Context of Mining Activities ...................................................... 56 6.1.3 Challenges that could be faced if CDAs were mandatory.................................... 57 6.2 VELADERO PROJECT ................................................................................................... 58 6.2.1 Successes of the Efforts ......................................................................................... 60 6.2.2 Key Challenges..................................................................................................... 61 6.2.3 Lessons Learnt....................................................................................................... 62 6.3 CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................................. 62 7 FINDINGS OF THE STUDY.......................................................................................... 64 7.1 KEY FINDINGS ............................................................................................................. 64 7.2 FINDINGS ON CONTEXT AND CONDITIONS INFLUENCING CDA .................................... 64 7.2.1 Differing views on regulated versus non regulated CDAs................................... 64 7.2.2 The critical role of partnerships, development forums/ platforms in success of CDAs 67 7.2.3 The risk of unequal development and creation of divisions and power elites ..... 68 7.2.4 Need for Integration of Closure Planning into CDAs.........................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Panguna Mine Legacy Impact Assessment
    Notice to ASX 21 July 2021 PANGUNA MINE LEGACY IMPACT ASSESSMENT Bougainville Copper Limited (BCL) welcomes and supports an agreement reached by Rio Tinto and residents of mine-affected communities to identify and assess legacy issues linked to the Panguna mine. The proposed Panguna Mine Legacy Impact Assessment will identify and assess actual and potential environmental and human rights impacts and develop recommendations for addressing them. The Impact Assessment would be overseen by a multi-stakeholder committee to be established in conjunction with the Autonomous Bougainville Government. Representatives of all relevant stakeholders will be invited to join the committee, including the Independent State of Papua New Guinea, BCL, as well as landowners and community representatives from the mine- affected areas. During the mine’s past operation, Bougainville Copper Limited was majority-owned by Rio Tinto. Today, however, BCL is predominantly locally-owned following the transfer of Rio Tinto’s entire shareholding to the Autonomous Bougainville Government and Independent State of PNG in 2016. A draft scope for the Impact Assessment and terms of reference have been prepared for consideration by the multi-stakeholder committee. The work would be conducted by an independent third-party company or consortium with strong environmental and human rights expertise at both global and local levels. The Impact Assessment would be mostly funded by Rio Tinto with BCL agreeing to contribute, provided the process and methodology is endorsed by the multi-stakeholder committee; the work can be safely completed, and an appropriate funding mechanism can be agreed. Following its completion, Rio Tinto and the residents will further engage regarding the recommendations with a view to laying a foundation for long-term solutions to issues identified.
    [Show full text]
  • 'The Bougainville Conflict: a Classic Outcome of the Resource-Curse
    The Bougainville conflict: A classic outcome of the resource-curse effect? Michael Cornish INTRODUCTION Mismanagement of the relationship between the operation of the Panguna Mine and the local people was a fundamental cause of the conflict in Bougainville. It directly created great hostility between the people of Bougainville and the Government of Papua New Guinea. Although there were pre-existing ethnic and economic divisions between Bougainville and the rest of Papua New Guinea, the mismanagement of the copper wealth of the Panguna Mine both exacerbated these existing tensions and provided radical Bougainvilleans an excuse to legitimise the pursuit of violence as a means to resolve their grievances. The island descended into anarchy, and from 1988 to 1997, democracy and the rule of law all but disappeared. Society fragmented and economic development reversed as the pillage and wanton destruction that accompanied the conflict took its toll. Now, more than 10 years since the formal Peace Agreement1 and over 4 years since the institution of the Autonomous Bougainville Government, there are positive signs that both democracy and development are repairing and gaining momentum. However, the untapped riches of the Panguna Mine remain an ominous issue that will continue to overshadow the region’s future. How this issue is handled will be crucial to the future of democracy and development in Bougainville. 1 Government of the Independent State of Papua New Guinea and Leaders representing the people of Bougainville, Bougainville Peace Agreement , 29 August 2001 BACKGROUND Bougainville is the name of the largest island within the Solomon Islands chain in eastern Papua New Guinea, the second largest being Buka Island to its north.
    [Show full text]
  • Reopening and Developing Mines in Post-Conflict Settings: the Challenge of Company-Community Relations Volker Boege and Daniel M
    This chapter first appeared in High-Value Natural Resources and Peacebuilding, edited by P. Lujala and S. A. Rustad. It is one of 6 edited books on Post-Conflict Peacebuilding and Natural Resource Management (for more information, see www.environmentalpeacebuilding.org). The full book can be ordered from Routledge at http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9781849712309/. © 2012. Environmental Law Institute and United Nations Environment Programme. Reopening and developing mines in post-conflict settings: The challenge of company-community relations Volker Boege and Daniel M. Franksa aUniversity of Queensland, Australia Online publication date: June 2012 Suggested citation: V. Boege, D. Franks. 2012. Reopening and developing mines in post-conflict settings: The challenge of company-community relations. In High-Value Natural Resources and Peacebuilding, ed. P. Lujala and S. A. Rustad. London: Earthscan. Terms of use: This chapter may be used free of charge for educational and non-commercial purposes. The views expressed herein are those of the author(s) only, and do not necessarily represent those of the sponsoring organizations. Reopening and developing mines in post-conflict settings 87 Reopening and developing mines in post-conflict settings: The challenge of company-community relations Volker Boege and Daniel M. Franks Every mine that is reopened or developed in a fragile post-conflict setting becomes a part of that setting; as such, it can either intensify that fragility, and perhaps even trigger a recurrence of conflict, or help stabilize the situation and thereby contribute to peacebuilding.1 Drawing from case studies in Papua New Guinea and Guatemala, this chapter explores the conditions that are essential for avoiding renewed conflict and for supporting peacebuilding and development, with particular emphasis on the role of community relations practice.
    [Show full text]
  • After the Mine
    After the mine Living with Rio Tinto’s deadly legacy Contact Acknowledgements Keren Adams or Hollie Kerwin We would like to express our profound Finally, thank you to Taloi Havini, Human Rights Law Centre thanks to the Panguna mine-affected Nathan Matbob, Dina Hopstad Rui, Level 17, 461 Bourke Street communities, whose experiences and Eduardo Soteras Jalil and MISEREOR Melbourne VIC 3000 demands for justice are the basis for for the generous contribution of images this report and in particular to the for the report and to Axel Müller for T: + 61 3 8636 4433 community members who participated the map. E: [email protected] in interviews. [email protected] This report was made possible by the W: www.hrlc.org.au Thank you also to the Catholic Diocese of generous support of SAGE Fund, Sigrid Bougainville and in particular, all those Rausing Trust and Oak Foundation. Human Rights Law Centre involved in the Panguna Listening Project (PLP) initiated by the late Bishop Bernard The Human Rights Law Centre protects Cover Image: Unabali, on whose work this report and promotes human rights in Australia 23-year old Geraldine Damana and her builds. Special thanks to Fr. Polycarp and beyond through strategic legal baby Joylin, outside their home inside Kaviak for giving us permission to use action, research and advocacy. the Panguna mine pit. parts of the data and stories collected by that project in this report. We are an independent and not-for-profit organisation and Thank you to the Autonomous donations are tax-deductible. Bougainville Government (ABG), in particular the ABG Minister of Health, Follow us: @rightsagenda the Hon.
    [Show full text]
  • Growing Bougainville's Future
    GROWING BOUGAINVILLE’S FUTURE: Choices for an Island and its peoples GROWING BOUGAINVILLE'S TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction to “Growing Bougainville's future”, Christina Hill, Dr Luke 4 FUTURE Fletcher and Dr Cathal Doyle This is a publication of the Jubilee Australia Research Centre. Chapter 1: The crisis began in 1886: A long view of Bougainville’s 13 Editors: Christina Hill and Luke Fletcher decolonisation struggle, Prof Kristian Lasslett Design by: Dina Hopstad Rui Published September 2018 Chapter 2: Women’s contributions to Bougainville’s past, present and 24 Some photos for this publication were sourced from International Women’s Development future, Dr Ruth Saovana-Spriggs Agency (IWDA) that works in partnership with the indigenous organisation Nazareth Centre for Rehabilitation (NCfR) from Bougainville. The views and options expressed in this publication Chapter 3: Mining and development: Is “good governance” really the 32 may not necessarily represent the views of IWDA and/or NCfR. cure?, Dr Catherine Coumans The information in this report may be printed or copied for non-commercial purposes with Chapter 4: The distorting effects of the resource sector on national 42 proper acknowledgement of Jubilee Australia. economies: A case study from Papua New Guinea, Paul Flanagan Acknowledgements Chapter 5: Can Panguna save Bougainville?, Dr Luke Fletcher and 50 Christopher Prince Jubilee Australia would like to thank all the contributors to this report. The authors of each pa- per generously shared their ideas and experience and gave their time to the project. We would Chapter 6: Towards a just and equitable economy, and a gender equal 60 also like to thank Dr Elizabeth Thurbon, Dr Kate Macdonald and Prof Kristian Lasslett for peer society, Helen Hakena and Kate Lappin reviewing the individual papers.
    [Show full text]
  • Gold Mining in Papua New Guinea: a Curricular Omission?, the Journal of the Science Teacher Association of the Northern Territory, Volume10 (1989-1990), Pp
    CITATION Palmer, W. P. (1989). Gold Mining in Papua New Guinea: A Curricular Omission?, The Journal of the Science Teacher Association of the Northern Territory, Volume10 (1989-1990), pp. 10-18. ABSTRACT What criteria should be used to include or exclude particular topics within a country's science curriculum? It will be argued here that gold/gold mining is a suitable and relevant topic for inclusion in PNG's science curricula and suggestions towards achieving that end will be offered. The teaching of the mining of copper ore and the metal's extraction are already a well established feature of the science curriculum being taught at Grade 10 and Grade 11 Amongst the reasons for the inclusion of copper were that it was considered to be an appropriate introduction to chemical technology and that it had major economic importance. Other advantages are that there are a wide variety of experiments that can be carried out using copper and its compounds in school laboratories and at least some of its chemistry is relatively straightforward. In Australian chemistry curricula a little knowledge of industrial chemistry is now required of students, whilst many years ago industrial chemistry made up a considerable proportion of the curriculum. In this context a unit on gold and gold mining might well be a sensible choice at Grade 10 or 11 levels in Papua New Guinea to extend the pupils' knowledge and understanding of the interactions between science, technology and society. Practical work based on the extraction of gold or the chemistry of gold is limited mainly due to its high cost.
    [Show full text]
  • Grass Roots and Deep Holes: Community Responses to Mining in Melanesia
    Grass Roots and Deep Holes: Community Responses to Mining in Melanesia Colin Filer and Martha Macintyre The Regional Configuration Imagine that a group of experts had been brought together in 1985 to dis- cuss how the mining sector could contribute to sustainable development in Melanesia. It is exceedingly unlikely that anyone at the meeting would have forecast the outbreak of the Bougainville rebellion in 1988 and the forced closure of the Panguna copper mine in 1989. It is quite unlikely that anyone would have foreseen the internationalization of debate about the environmental impact of the Ok Tedi mine, let alone the Australian litigation against Broken Hill Propriety Limited (bhp) as the mine’s oper- ator (Banks and Ballard 1997). Instead, the Papua New Guinea contingent at the meeting would probably have been congratulating themselves for having a mineral policy framework that was the envy of other develop- ing countries. They would have cited the mineral exploration boom of the mid-1980s as proof that they were on the right track; and they would probably have cited Bougainville Copper Limited’s training and localiza- tion program and Ok Tedi Mining Limited’s environmental monitoring program as examples of industry best practice. Policy makers from around the region would have nodded in agreement and undertaken to emulate this shining example. The articles in this issue are restricted to the Independent State of Papua New Guinea and the French Territory of New Caledonia, so we need to take some care in generalizing from these two
    [Show full text]
  • PAPUA NEW GUINEA by Travis Q
    THE MINERAL INDUSTRY OF PAPUA NEW GUINEA By Travis Q. Lyday1 The mineral industry was the cornerstone of the country's Environmental Issues economy in 1994, as it had been since 1972 when the world- class Panguna porphyry copper-gold deposit on Bougainville Mining-related environmental matters were legislated Island in North Solomons Province concluded its first full under several statutes, including the following, noting the year of production. The country's gross domestic product year of original enactment: the Environmental Planning Act (GDP) rose for the third successive year, growing at a rate of (EPA), 1978; the Environmental Contaminants Act, 1978; 3% in 1994. The minerals sector, however, including the Conservation Areas Act, 1978; the Water Resources Act, exploration programs, mining, and the associated 1982; and the National Parks Act, 1982. construction and development undertakings, declined for the The EPA required a review of the potential environmental first time in 4 years. impact of all natural resource extraction and industrial- and Mining consisted of large, modern, mechanized operations, human-development projects. If significant environmental or such as the Ok Tedi copper mine in Western Province and social impacts were foreseen, then an environmental plan, the Misima opencast and Porgera underground-open pit gold similar to a U.S. environmental impact statement, must be operations in Milne Bay and Enga Provinces, respectively, as prepared describing any expected changes and the measures well as panning and crude sluicing
    [Show full text]
  • Small-Scale Mining in Bougainville: Impacts and Policy Responses
    Small-scale mining in Bougainville: Impacts and policy responses Interim report on research findings May 2016 Ciaran O’Faircheallaigh, Anthony Regan, Dennis Kikira and Simon Kenema The research on which this Report is based is funded by the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade through the Australian Development Research Awards Scheme (ADRAS) under an award titled ‘Small Scale and Illegal Mining in Bougainville: Impacts and Policy Responses’ Authors Ciaran O’Faircheallaigh is Professor of Politics and Public Policy in the School of Politics and International Relations, Griffith University, Brisbane. Anthony Region is a Fellow in the State, Society & Governance in Melanesia Program, School of International, Political & Strategic Studies, Australian National University. Dennis Kikira is Project Officer with the ADRAS Project ‘Small Scale and Illegal Mining in Bougainville’. Simon Kenema is Research Fellow with the ADRAS Project ‘Small Scale and Illegal Mining in Bougainville’. © Copyright Griffith University 2016 1. Introduction This Report presents interim research findings from a research project on small scale mining (SSM) in Bougainville. An Interim Report has been produced because while the project is still under way, substantial information has already been compiled that will be of interest to researchers and to a range of stakeholders, including those directly involved in SSM, the Autonomous Bougainville Government (ABG), and the funding agency, Australia’s Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Drawing on field research conducted
    [Show full text]
  • Community Issues
    CHAPTER 17.1 Community Issues Robin Evans and Deanna Kemp INTRODUCTION of economic benefits and the environmental impacts of mine waste on the local river system featuring prominently. The excavation, refining and shipping of this ore to According to Denoon (2000), for many of the landowners the smelters of Japan could bring great profit over "Panguna was a social, economic and environmental disaster, the next 20 years to the shareholders of Rio Tioto­ and a spur to militant protest." Zinc-at the cost of damage to the physical, social Mines and the communities they are associated with have and spiritual well-being of Bougainville, which, always been inextricably linked via a complex network of until the mine came, was a peaceful and prosperous relationships and issues such as these. Local community mem~ island. Moreover there is a danger that arguments bers usually fonn part ofthe work force at a mining operation, over the ownership ofthe mine could cause political while others in the area supply goods and services. At the same strife, even civil war, in this part ofthe South Pacific time, individuals, families, and sometimes whole communities (West 1972). can be displaced by the development ofa mining lease, while some may be affected by environmental impacts associated In 1989, following a series of increasingly violent pro~ with an operation. Community livelihoods can be impacted tests that included sabotage of power supplies and attacks on both directly by land~use changes, and also by changes within mine workers, Bougainville Copper Ltd. evacuated its work local social structures. While safety standards in the industry force from the Panguna mine located on Bougainville Island in have improved significantly in most areas.
    [Show full text]
  • The Evolution of Agriculture in a Solomon Island Society
    The Australian Development Studies Centre National University Monograph no.12 Taim bilong mani The evolution of agriculture in a Solomon Island society John Connell ������� d<f'J Q f'J Q f'J (ff& �er; O& �er; O& �er; lJ� °' � °' � OIL� Taim bilong mani The Development Studies Centre has been set up within the Australian National University to help foster and co-ordinate development studies within the University and with other Institutions. The work of the Centre is guided by an Executive Committee under the chairmanship of the Vice Chancellor. The Deputy Chairman is the Director of the Research School of Pacific Studies. The other members of the Committee are: Professor H.W. Arndt Dr W. Kasper Dr C. Barlow Professor D.A. Low Professor J.C. Caldwell (Chairman) Mr E.C. Chapman Dr T.G. McGee Dr R.K. Darroch Dr R.C. Manning Dr C.T. Edwards Dr R.J. May Mr E.K. Fisk Mr I .S. Mitchell Professor J. Fox Dr S.S. Richardson Mr J. L. Gold ring Dr L. T. Ruzicka Professor D.M. Griffin Dr R. T. Shand Mr D.0. Hay Professor T.H. Silcock Mr J. Ingram Dr R.M. Sundrum Professor B. L.C. Johnson Professor Wang Gungwu Dr G.W. Jones (Dep. Chairman) Professor R. G. Ward Development Studies Centre Monograph no.12 Taim bilong mani The evolution of agriculture in a Solomon Island society Series editor R TShond The Australian National University Canberra 1978 © John Connell 1978 This work is copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of private study, research, criticism, or review, as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part may be reproduced by any process without written permission.
    [Show full text]
  • The Closure of Bougainville Copper Limited's Mine: Lessons for the Mining Industry
    The Closure of Bougainville Copper Limited's Mine: Lessons for the Mining Industry by Allan Manning VICTORIA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY 3 0001 00452 7661 firtf"" Supervisor: Robert Howard Victoria University of Technology Minor Thesis "The Closure of Bougainville Copper Limited's Mine Lessons for the Mining Industry" Student: Allan Manning ID Number: 9205017 ^ER THESIS 338.274309959 MAN 3000T004527661 Manning, Allan The closure of Bougainville Copper Limited's mine : lessons for the mining Victoria University of Technology City Campus October, 1994 Declaration The candidate hereby declares that the information reported in this thesis has not been submitted to any other university or institute for the award of a degree. Table of Contents MBA Minor Thesis 1 Literature Review: 2 2 Research Methodology: 3 3 Introduction: 5 4 Pre Independence History: 6 5 Independence to 1987 15 5.1 The Bougainville Initiative 16 5.2 Landowners' Concerns 16 5.3 Distribution of Payments 17 5.4 Road Mining Tailings Leases Trustee Ltd 18 5.5 "The Economic Coup" 20 6 1987-1988 21 7 Events - 22 November 1988 to 30 September 1989 23 7.1 Other Enquiries Not Reported in the Press 27 8 The Dilemma facing the Government of the Papua New Guinea 29 8.1 Political 29 8.2 Economic 29 9 Essential Qualities of Insurrection 29 9.1 The Existence of a Defined Group or 'Movement' 30 9.2 A Defined Purpose of Overthrowing the Government 30 9.3 The Use of Violence to Achieve the End 30 9.4 Crucial Date 31 10 The Managerial Question 33 10.1 Long Term Issues 35 10.1.1 Environmental 35 10.1.2 Landowner Liason 35 10.1.3 Staff Relations 36 10.1.4 Summary 37 10.2 The Last Opportunity 37 10.3 Correct Decisions 38 11 Conclusion 38 12 Bibliography 40 13 Table of Statutes 44 14 Table of Cases Cited 44 15 Glossary of Terms 45 16 List of Appendices 47 Minor Thesis Allan Manning "The Forced Closure of Bougainville Copper Ltd's Mine - Lessons for the Mining Industry" Literature Review: Since the beginning of history individuals or groups have dominated, and/or exploited other groups for financial gain.
    [Show full text]