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Process for Producing Food and Drink

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Process for Producing Food and Drink Europaisches Patentamt European Patent Office © Publication number: 0 574 586 A1 Office europeen des brevets EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION published in accordance with Art. 158(3) EPC © Application number: 92923564.6 mt . Ci .5 :A23L 1/221 @ Date of filing: 12.11.92 © International application number: PCT/JP92/01481 © International publication number: WO 93/09681 (27.05.93 93/13) (so) Priority: 12.11.91 JP 295955/91 4845-4, Ami 07.05.92 JP 114859/92 Ami-machi Inashiki-gun © Date of publication of application: labaraki 300-03(JP) 22.12.93 Bulletin 93/51 Inventor: NASU, Hideo 4845-4, Ami @ Designated Contracting States: Ami-machi AT BE CH DE DK ES FR GB IT LI NL SE Inashiki-gun Ibaraki 300-03(JP) © Applicant: KYOWA HAKKO KOGYO CO., LTD. Inventor: KOIWA, Yoichi 1-56-72, Sakae-cho Ohtemachi Bldg., 6-1 Ushiku-shi Ohtemachi l-chome Ibaraki 300-1 2(JP) Chiyoda-ku Tokyo 100(JP) Inventor: OHTA, Shigenori 3-6-17, Iwatokita © Inventor: YOSHIDA, Nobuko 4845-4, Ami Komae-shi Ami-machi Tokyo 201 (JP) Inashiki-gun Ibaraki 300-03(JP) Inventor: OGATA, Nobuo 1137-20, Nagakunihigashi © Representative: Lambert, Hugh Richmond Tsuchiura-shi D. YOUNG & CO., Ibaraki 300(JP) 21 New Fetter Lane Inventor: EGI, Makoto London EC4A 1DA (GB) &) PROCESS FOR PRODUCING FOOD AND DRINK. CO © A process for producing food and drink having favorable taste by giving an aroma thereto, which comprises 00 adding thereto during the production thereof an enzyme originating in animals and having the activity of synthesizing esters (in terms of ethyl butyrate) of at least 0.1 unit/mg of protein in the enzymatic reaction for which 0.5 % (w/w) of ethanol and 2.6 % (w/w) of butyric acid are used as the basic agents, or a substance containing said enzyme. Rank Xerox (UK) Business Services (3. 10/3.6/3.3. 1) EP 0 574 586 A1 Technical Field The present invention relates to a method for the production of foods and beverages with a desirable flavor, particularly an ester flavor which comprises bringing an animal-derived, ester-synthesizing enzyme or 5 a substance containing the enzyme into contact with the foods and beverages at its production stage to thereby impart an ester flavor to the foods and beverages. Prior Art io A large number of aromatic components are identified in food products. Out of the components, an ester flavor is well known as a fruity aroma. Hithertofore, many attempts to intensify the ester flavor have been made. The attempts include a method in which alcohol is added to oils and fats containing volatile fatty acids, and a method in which a lipase derived from Rhizopus chinensis or from Candida cylindracea is employed to produce an ester 75 compound [Japanese Published Examined Patent Application No. 50554/1981, Journal of the Japanese Society for Food Science and Technology, Vol. 30, No. 10, p.572, (1983)], a method in which the flavor is intensified by the addition of lipase derived from Rizopus delemar, Aspergillus niger or Candida cylindracea to fruit juice. (Japanese Published Examined Patent Application No. 39904/1977), etc. Microbial esterases, for example, baker's and brewer's yeast [J. Inst. Brew., 82, 170, (1976)], sake yeast 20 [Hakko Kogaku Kaishi, 64, 175, (1986)], sake koji [Hakko Kogaku Kaishi, 64, 247, (1986)], wine yeast [Tr. Tashk. Politekh. Inst., 107, 94, (1973)], fungi on grapes (Botrytis cinerea) [Izv. Akad. Nauk Mold. SSR. Ser. Biol. Khim. Nauk., 2, 787(1975)], lactobacillus [J. Dairy Sci., 57, 1432, (1974), ibid., 57, 535, (1974)], etc. are known to contribute to ester formation. Esterases and lipases from animal tissues are known to possess the ability to synthesize esters [Am. 25 Chem. J. 24, 491, (1900)]. However, the study is silent about the application of the esterases and lipases to foods and beverages. It is described that if lipase is allowed to work in a highly aqueous system, the reaction tends toward hydrolysis and that thus non-aqueous media are often used to induce ester synthesis [Science, 224, 1249, (1984), Japanese Published Examined Patent Application No. 39233/1988, Japanese Published Unexamined 30 Patent Application No. 1 1 6629/1 983]. Methods of producing cheese flavors by use of pregastric esterases derived from mammals and lipase derived from microorganisms are known (Japanese Published Unexamined Patent Application No. 113869/1984, Japanese Published Unexamined Patent Application No. 66856/1984, Japanese Published Unexamined Patent Application No. 14369/1972). Tests by the present inventors on the ability to synthesize 35 esters using enzymes derived from microorganisms and enzyme preparations from the larynx or pancreas of animals reveals that satisfactory ester synthesis was not observed (refer to Table 1 hereinafter). It has been found that esters produced by the ester-synthesizing enzymes derived from animal organs impart desirable flavors to foods and beverages. Particularly, the enzymes have been found to possess ester-synthesizing activity even in aqueous solutions having extremely low alcohol concentrations, which 40 indicates that the enzymes are useful as ester flavor additives for foods and beverages. Disclosure of the Invention According to the present invention, foods and beverages having a desirable aroma and a desirable taste 45 can be produced by bringing an animal-derived, ester-synthesizing enzyme having a potency in the range of 0.1 unit/mg protein or higher under the conditions that ethyl butyrate is formed by reacting 0.5% (W/W) [hereinafter % means % (W/W)] ethanol with 2.6% butyric acid, or a substance containing the enzyme [hereinafter referred to as the ester-synthesizing enzyme substance] into contact with the foods and beverages during their production processes. 50 The one unit as used herein is defined as the potency of the enzyme activity which produces 1 micromole of ethyl butyrate in 1 minute, under the assay conditions described below. The foods and beverages to which the present invention is applied, include any foods and beverages whose production involves a step suitable for an enzyme reaction. In particular, considerable effects may be expected when the present invention is applied to foods and beverages whose production requires a 55 fermentation step. Specifically, bread (including sweet bread, etc.), fermented seasonings (miso, soy sauce, etc.), alcoholic liquors (sake, wine, beer, shochu, whiskey, brandy, gin, rum vodka, Huangjiu, Baijiu, etc.) alcoholic seasonings (alcoholic products stipulated by the Japan Liquor Tax Act; for example, sweet sake, sake-like seasonings, etc.), processed meat products (ham, bacon, sausage, corned beef, smoked chicken, 2 EP 0 574 586 A1 roast pork, smoked tongue, hamburg steak, meatballs, jiaozi, shao-mai, etc.), daily products [fermented milk (yoghurt, etc.), cheese, fermented butter, fermented cream, etc.], and pickles (soy pickles, miso pickles, sake kasu pickles, malted rice pickles, vinegar pickles, rice bran pickles, mustard pickles, moromi pickles, suguki pickles, pickled cucumbers, Korean pickles, sauerkraut, etc.) are mentioned. 5 As the enzyme substance to be used in the present invention, any purified enzyme, crude enzyme or enzyme-containing substance can be used, so long as it is derived from animals, has the ability to produce an ester in the presence of an alcohol and an organic acid, and has the ability to produce ethyl butyrate in the potency of 0.1 unit/mg of protein or higher in the enzyme reaction of 0.5% ethanol with 2.6% butyric acid as the substrates. io Particularly, when the ester-synthesizing activity at a 5% ethanol concentration is defined as 100, then ester-synthesizing enzyme substance having 30 or higher of the ester-synthesizing activity at a 0.5% ethanol concentration, preferably 60 or higher, is considered to be the most preferable enzyme substance. The enzyme (lipase) which possesses ester-synthesizing activity generally tends towards hydrolysis in solutions having low alcohol concentrations, and is considered to be poor in production of ester. The is enzyme substance having such ester-synthesizing activity in a 0.5% alcohol solution can so adequately produce esters as to impart a flavor to foods in particular, foods and beverages having a high water content. As the alcohols, methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, butanol, isobutanol, amyl alcohol, isoamyl alcohol, phenetyl alcohol, hexanol, etc. may be used. As organic acids, formic acid, acetic acid, butyric acid, isobutyric acid, folic acid, isofolic acid, caproic 20 acid, enanthic acid, caprylic acid, pelargonic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, fumaric acid, lactic acid, malic acid, citric acid, tartric acid, pyruvic acid, levulinic acid, gluconic acid, phenylacetic acid, etc. may be used. The ester-synthesizing enzyme substance used may be taken from, for example, the liver, kidney, heart or other organ of an animal, such as pig, cow, horse and goat. 25 A detailed explanation for a method for the production of the preferred enzyme substance from the animal organs is given below. According to the present invention, an ester-synthesizing enzyme substance may be added during any step of the production process for foods and beverages, so long as no inactivation of the enzyme is occurred. For fermented foods and beverages it is preferable to make the addition of the ester-synthesizing 30 enzyme substance during the fermentation step. Formation of esters during the enzyme reaction requires the presence of the above mentioned alcohol and organic acid, but if these components are produced during the process then no addition is required. Addition of alcohols and organic acids is not necessary in case of fermented food, particularly fermentations involving yeast where alcohols and organic acids are usually produced. In cases where the present 35 invention is applied to foods and beverages in which alcohols or organic acids are not present or only in small amounts, an appropriate substrate may be added to the foods or beverages along with an ester- synthesizing enzyme substance for the ester production reaction, in order to impart a desirable flavor to the foods or beverages.
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